BIO 111 Test 1

What did God create on the fifth day?

Birds and sea animals.

Consider a Christian historian and an atheist historian discussing Joseph (and his coat). What types of questions will they be able to agree on? Be sure to explain how you reached your conclusion.

Both an atheist historian and a Christian historian would agree on the steps of how Joseph' story happened and what exactly happened, such as how his father gave him his coat and his experiences as a slave. I reached this conclusion because science can only answer questions of what and how things happen. A Christian historian and an atheist historian would simply just have to look at the reported facts and historical findings in order to answer these questions.

behavioral isolation example: Western Meadowlark vs Eastern Meadowlark

Both birds look very similar but have different mating calls. Birds of one species are drawn to calls from their own species...this prevents the two from mating with each other

Which of the following would be an example of artificial selection. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Breeding chickens to produce more eggs. Breeding dogs for a specific trait (i.e. pug for a smashed face) Darwin's finches evolving differences in beaks and feeding habitis Longer-necked giraffes are more sucessful ("fit") and therefore their offsprings have longer necks

Breeding chickens to produce more eggs. Breeding dogs for a specific trait (i.e. pug for a smashed face)

A scientist discovers a new horse-like fossil with 3 toes that dates to 25 MYA. Indicate at which letter this new fossil should be placed on the horse evolutionary tree shown below.

C

Moths that can evade a bat's echolocation have _____ that increase their likelihood of survival and reproduction.

adaptations

Different firefly species use different flashing patterns to attract mates

behavioral isolation

-The field of _________ groups organisms by common descent -A _______ is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

cladistics; clade

Assortative and disassortative mating are similar in that both ____.

change only the expected Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies in a population.

Microevolution

change w/in a species •Ex: different kinds of dogs from wolflike ancestor •Ex: flu virus evolves so different every year

What is microevolution?

change within a species

True or false: OE believe that macroevolution exists (humans just poof things showed up out of nowhere).

false

True or false: YE believe the Earth is 4.3 billion years old.

false

If species are competing for the same resource, one species is likely to go extinct through competitive exclusion, or natural selection will drive the evolution of

character displacement

True or false: every view believes that the bible and science are great sources of information.

false

Young earth & old earth agree the earth is billions of years old, true or false?

false

Darwin proposed that natural selection occurs in an environment by

favoring heritable features that make the organism better suited to survive and reproduce.

describe what happens with "stabilizing selection"

genetic diversity decreases and the population mean stabilizes on a particular trait value

Chance alone can cause changes in the allele frequencies of a population, especially in small populations. This is a case of ___________ serving as an agent of evolutionary change.

genetic drift

Causes of microevolution

genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, nonrandom mating, natural selection

Over time, any two isolated populations will diverge due to ____________ even if no selection. Adaptation to different conditions can cause ___________

genetic drift; reproductive isolation;

A volcanic island erupts destroying all life on this island that sits in the middle of a chain of three small islands. The two remaining islands are

geographic isolation that leads to allopatric speciation

The model that assumes that evolution proceeds with slow successive change in a given evolutionary line is referred to as

gradualism

what are the limits of selection

pleitropy, lack of genetic variation, epistasis

The most common mechanism for sympatric speciation in plants is

polyploidy

Selection can be __________, meaning that a certain trait gives an organism an advantage in reproduction selection can be __________, meaning that a certain trait decreases or eliminates successful reproduction among individuals with the trait

positive;negative

A type of isolating mechanism that leads to reproductive isolation after a hybrid zygote has formed is called a _____________ isolating mechanism.

postzygotic

Sea urchins broadcast their gametes into the ocean where sperm and eggs fuse to form zygotes and then develop into larvae. The Giant Red Urchin and Purple Urchin cohabit the rocky inter-tidal along the western U.S. but their eggs and sperm cannot join together

prevention of gamete fusion

Natural selection favors the perfection of ___________ Random changes may cause _____________

reproduction; reproductive isolation

On Day 7, God did what?

rested

____________ can answer questions of what happened and how it happened. Big questions of why it happened and who made it happen are the realm of ______________ and _____________.

science; philosophy; religion

Once isolating mechanisms arise, _________ may reinforce them.

selection

what is positive frequency dependent selection?

selection favors the common focus, thus tending to eliminate variation from a population

assortative mating

the type of mating that occurs when an organism selects a mating partner that resembles itself

Boa constrictors have hip bones and rudimentary hind legs that have no role in locomation. These hip bones and rudimentary hind legs would best best described as

vestigial structures

Body parts that have little/no use are called

vestigial structures

Structures that have no apparent function but had a function in ancestral species are

vestigial structures

The side toes of a horse, the pelvis of the whale, and the human appendix are all examples of structures that resemble structures of presumed ancestors, which are known as

vestigial structures

what is disassortative mating

when phenotypically different individuals mate and produces an excess of heterozygotes

divergent evolution

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

Punctuated equilibrium proposed by Eldredge and Gould in 1972 is an evolutionary process that involves

"spurts" of change observable in the fossil record followed by periods of stasis.

What does the fallacy called the "God of the Gaps" state?

"God of the Gaps" is a false statement that says that the more science an individual learns the smaller God's role in their life.

Describe mutation

--Changes in actual genetic codes (base sequences) --May influence natural selection (inherited variability) • Ex. Sickle cell anemia

Hybrid sterility

--Postzygotic --Even when hybrids survive the embryo stage, they may still not develop normally. If the hybrids are less physically fit than their parents, they will almost certainly be eliminated in nature. Even if a hybrid is vigorous and strong, it may still be sterile and thus incapable of contributing to succeeding generations.

Hybrid inviability

--Postzygotic --In hybrids, the genetic complements of two species may be so different that they cannot function together normally in embryonic development.

ecological isolating mechanism

--Prezygotic --Even if two species occur in the same area, they may utilize different portions of the environment and thus not hybridize because they do not encounter each other --Ex: Lions and tigers

Prevention of gamete fusion

--Prezygotic --In animals that shed gametes directly into water, the eggs and sperm derived from different species may not attract or fuse with another. Many animals that have internal fertilization may not hybridize successfully because the sperm of one species function so poorly within the reproductive tract of another that fertilization never takes place.

Behavioral isolation

--Prezygotic --Related species of organisms such as birds often differ in their courtship rituals, which tends to keep these species distinct in nature even if they inhabit the same places.

mechanical isolation

--Prezygotic --Structural differences prevent mating between some related species of animals. Aside from such obvious features as size, the structure of the male and female reproductive organs may be incompatible.

Temporal isolation

--Prezygotic --When species of closely related organisms have different breeding seasons that prevent hybridization.

Describe Gene flow (migration)

--The movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals --Tends to homogenize allele frequencies

Describe genetic drift

--random reduction in population size changes the allele frequency in the population (due to chance) --Bottleneck effect --Founder's effect

What is systematics?

--reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships --Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships

natural selection

-A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. -The only agent that produces adaptive evolutionary changes. Some individuals leave behind more progeny than others and the rate at which they do so is affected by phenotype and behavior.

Describe nonrandom mating

-Mating is rarely completely random -Organisms normally mate with individuals in close proximity -This promotes inbreeding and could lead to a change in allelic proportions favoring individuals that are homozygous for certain traits

founder effect (genetic drift)

-When a few individuals disperse and become the founders of a new, isolated population at some distance from their place of origin. These are not likely to carry all the alleles present in the source population, so some may be lost from the new population. -rare allele occur in a higher frequency in a new population than they do in the general population

bottleneck effect

-When a population is reduced in size and the surviving population may constitute a random genetic sample of the original population. This results in alterations and loss of genetic variability

In a population of 200 within Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions, 18 people are homozygous recessive for sickle cell anemia. What is the frequency of individuals with the heterozygous phenotype?

0.42

The theory of biological evolution from Darwin's The Origin of Species makes two very bold claims: 1)? 2)?

1) All living things on earth are related (common ancestor) 2) Evolution is powered by natural processes

Which TWO of the following statements are TRUE for allopatric speciation. -Allopatric speciation is more likely than sympatric speciation. -Allopatric speciation takes place when two populations are geographically separated. -Allopatric speciation commonly occurs via allopolyploidy. -Allopatric speciation takes place when two populations share a geographic area.

1) Allopatric speciation is more likely than sympatric speciation. 2) Allopatric speciation takes place when two populations are geographically separated.

Evidence for Evolution Independent Lines of Evidence: All living things are related by a common ancestor

1) Comparative Anatomy 2) Embryology & Development 3) Fossil Record 4) DNA Comparisons

Evidence of Evolution Independent Lines of Evidence

1) Comparative Anatomy 2) Embryology & Development 3) Fossil Record 4) DNA Comparisons 5) Species Distribution 6) Evolution Observed 7) Predictive Power of Evolution 8) Nested Hierarchies of Traits

Which TWO of the following statements are TRUE for Darwin's theory of evolution.

1) In Darwin's theory of evolution,individuals in a species show a variety of traits that influence survival but acquired characteristics are NOT passed onto the offspring. 2) Lamarck's theory proposed natural selection or genetically-based variation leads to evolutionary change.

Limits of Selection

1) Multiple phenotypic effects of alleles (pleiotropy) 2) Lack of genetic variation 3) Epistasis (fitness of one allele may vary depending on the genotype of a second gene)

Two of the following statements are beliefs that would be held by a young earth creationist. Select the two correct statements.

1) No dinosaurs, humans, or lions died before Adam and Eve ate the apple and sin entered the world. 2) Noah's flood was a global event and central to how science should interpret the fossils in the geological layers.

Two of the following statements provide correct definitions of biological evolution. Select the TWO correct definitions.

1) Through time, species accumulate differences; as a result, descendants differ from their ancestors. 2) descent with modification

Match the examples indicated here with the agent of evolutionary change: 1) white fur in a snowy environment 2) nucleotide change from A to G 3) A few birds colonize an island 4) Plant hybridization producing fertile offspring 5) Antibotic resistance 6) Transfer of a gene from one bacteria species to another 7) A few ancestors of cheetahs survived and reproduced 8) Male fish prefer females with the same colors.

1) natural selection 2) Mutation 3) Genetic Drift 4) Gene Flow 5) Natural Selection 6) Gene Flow 7) Genetic Drift 8) Nonrandom mating

Identify whether each piece of hypothetical evidence would support that whales evolved from land mammals OR that whales evolved from fish. 1) The oldest whale-like fossils have leg bones 2) The oldest whale-like fossils have gills 3) Whales have vestigial pelvic bones 4) Whales have vestigial gills 5) Transitional fossils show scales evolving into hair

1) whales evolved from land mammals 2) whales evolved from fish 3) whales evolved from land mammals 4) whales evolved from fish 5) whales evolved from fish

What three conditions are required for selection to occur?

1. Phenotypic variation must exist among individuals in a population 2. Variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring surviving in the next generation 3. Phenotypic variation must have a genetic basis

What are the requirements for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

1. large population size, 2. random mating, 3. no mutations, 4. no selection, 5. no gene input from external sources

What three conditions must be met for selection

1. phenotypic variation in population 2. variation must lead to differences among individuals in lifetime reproductive success 3. phenotypic variation among individuals must be genetically transmissible to the next generation

What are are three conditions necessary for natural selection?

1. variation in phenotypes 2. variation results in different number of offspring in the next generation 3. differences in phenotypes must have a genetic basis

what is the frequency of heterozygous genotype

2pq

How old is the earth?

4.6 billion years old

How old is the earth according to young earth

6000-12000 years

A horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62 chromosomes. A cross between a female horse and a male donkey produces a mule, which is usually sterile. How many chromosomes does a mule have? Can you think of any reasons for the fact that most mules are sterile?

63 chromosomes; during meiosis, there is an unequal pairing of chromosomes

Consider a Christian historian and an atheist historian discussing Joseph (and his coat). What types of questions will they NOT be able to agree on? Be sure to explain how you reached your conclusion.

A Christian historian and an atheist historian would not be able to agree on the questions of why it happened or who made it happen. They would disagree on these questions because questions such as these fall into the realm of religion and philosophy, not science. A Christian historian would believe that God allowed these things to happen for his greater will. An atheist historian would believe Joseph's experience happened due to things such as human nature or chance, and not due to supernatural force.

What does yom mean?

A day or long period of time

How could epistasis constrain genetic change by natural selection?

A favored allele from one gene may decrease the fitness of an allele from a different gene.

Stabilizing selection

A form of selection in which selection acts to eliminate both extremes from a range of phenotypes. The result is to increase the frequency of the already common intermediate type.

Directional selection

A form of selection in which selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes. The genes promoting the extreme become less frequent in the population and may eventually disappear.

Disruptive selection

A form of selection in which selection acts to eliminate the intermediate type

Ernst Mayr's biological species concept:

A species is groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Give an example of a vestigial structure

A whales pelvic bones

Fitness

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

What kind of polyploidy is this? One species of buttercup pollinates another species of buttercup. Later in development the hybrid's chromosome doubles.

Alloploidy

Some flowering plants cannot self-pollinate which increases their tendency to mate with phenotypically different mates, a process called disassortative mating. What effect would this have on a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

An increase in heterozygotes would be observed.

How does the fossil record help support evolution?

Arraying fossils according to age provides evidence of successive evolutionary change

Historically, humans have preferred mating with individuals of the same racial and/or religious background? What principle does this best illustrate?

Assortative mating

All chromosomes from a single species?

Autopolyploidy

For a gene with two alternative alleles, A (with a frequency of p) and B (with a frequency of q), the term in the algebraic form of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the heterozygote genotype frequency is A. p2. B. 2pq. C. (p+q)2. D. q2. E. 2Aa.

B

What does old earth believe is a reliable source for the explanation of creation?

BOTH the Bible and Science

Why have antibiotics become less effective in treating some bacteria?

Bacteria have evolved around the antibiotics (via mutation)

What is the reliable source for YE?

Bible

What do young earth believe are reliable sources of how life was created

Bible only unless science supports it fully

"Huntington's Disease also occurs in unusually high frequency near Lake Maraciabo, Venezuela. 200 years ago, a women had 10 children all of whom stayed in the area to raise their own children. Unfortunately, Huntington's is a dominant allele meaning that if one parent carries it, there is a 50:50 chance it will be passed to the offspring. The disease has been able to persist for so long because natural selection (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. no longer acts after reproduction, which is when Huntington's begins to take its effects." In this case, Huntington's Disease is an example of the _________ effect which is a form of ____________. A. bottleneck, genetic drift B. bottleneck, gene flow C. founder, genetic drift D. butterfly, gene flow

C. founder, genetic drift

Evolution

Change over time (decent with modification)

biological evolution

Changes in allele frequencies, populations, and lineages; also descent with modification.

Compare and contrast convergent and divergent evolutions. Give examples.

Convergent- two species of organisms from different evolutionary backgrounds under the same selection pressure develop similar structures Divergent: two species of organisms from the same evolutionary backgrounds that evolve different structure that fit different selection pressures Convergent: dolphins and sharks Divergent: dogs and dolphins

According to Genesis, what was created on the fifth day?

Creatures that live in the water and birds

Darwin's theory of evolution is supported by

DNA evidence, fossil evidence, embryology

Explain the difference between Jean Baptiste Lamarcks theory of evolution and Charles Darwin theory of evolution

Darwin said it was caused by natural selection that has a genetic background and not by acquired characteristics as stated by Lamarcks.

Psalm 90:4 says, "for a thousand years in your sight is like a day." How could this be interpreted?

Days of creation could be thousands of years.

What did Darwin observe in the Galapagos Islands?

Different types of beaks on finches

______ could not be involved in gene flow.

Disassortative mating within a population

Standard poodles are much larger in size than toy poodles. What type of selection pressure is responsible for this?

Disruptive selection

How did the peppered months evolve during the industrial revolution

During periods of pollution the black peppered months survived because their coloration was better suited for hiding themselves against soot-covered trees.Since the whiter moths could no longer blend in, they were preyed on more often which led to a decrease in white moths.

From what was Adam formed?

Dust

On Day 2, God created

Earth's atmosphere by separating the waters of the earth from each other. (Oceanic and subterranean water and Atmospheric water)

In central and northern California, the Red-legged Frog breeds in fast-moving, ephemeral streams. Artificially introduced Bullfrogs breed in permanent ponds.

Ecological isolation

What is directional selection?

Elimination of one of the extremes of a phenotype.

Explain Jean Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution

Evolution occured by the inheritance of acquired characteristics (meaning changes an organism acquired during their lifetime were passed on to offspring)

Evidence for evolution can only be found in the fossil record. True/False

False

OE & YE believe there was death among the mammals before The fall in the Garden of Eden, true or false.

False, OE believe there was death & YE believe there was no death before the fall.

T/F, OE creationists believe that the earth was created 6,000-12,000 yrs ago?

False, billions of yrs

What does a theistic evolutionist believe about the Bibles creation account.

Fictional Jewish poetry that is meant figuratively to imply that God created the universe.

As we discuss the creation of the earth in biology, what lesson can we learn from Galileo Galilei? (Do NOT tell me that the earth goes around the sun; explain how the situation with Galileo can give us wisdom as we discuss evolution.)

Galileo's story is relevant to our understanding of how Christians approach the concept of evolution because some Christians refer to passages of the Bible as being true, word-for-word accurate. When Galileo presented his beliefs, he was seen as acting under blasphemy. We can use this example in regards to how we interpret the Bible and the beliefs of others. We can also learn from Galileo's situation in how we accept the opinions of others. When we are quick to blame others and berate them for their opinion, no good can come out of the situation. Instead, we should be slow to anger and quick to listen to the opinions of others, even if they are not our own.

The five agents of change can each lead to evolutionary differences in populations by changes in allele or genotype proportions. The five agents are Mutation, Gene Flow, Nonrandom Mating, Genetic Drift, and Natural Selection. "During the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s, many American servicemen had children with Vietnamese women. Most of the servicemen returned to the United States after the war. However, they left copies of their genes behind in their offspring. In this way, they changed the allele frequencies in the Vietnamese gene pool. " The change in the allele frequencies in the Vietnamese gene pool was most likely due to which agent of change? A. Mutation B. Nonrandom Mating C. Selection D. Gene Flow E. Genetic Drift

Gene Flow

Which statement would NOT be true for an old earth creationist?

God created humans by guiding the macroevolutionary process and did not utilize a special act of creation or an act of supernatural intervention in the creation of man.

What does old earth believe about the creation of mankind.

God created mankind in His image as a result of supernatural intervention

What is a brief account of creation according to young earth

God created the earth in 6 days without the use of macroevolution

According to the article on Pope Benedict XVI, which statement below would best indicate his opinion on evolution as it regards the creation of life on earth?

God used the evolutionary process in his creation of life on earth.

heterozygote advantage

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.

Genotypes are said to be in ___________ equilibrium if there is random mating and no other forces tend to alter the proportions of alleles from one generation to the next

Hardy-Weinberg

When the proportions of genotypes do not change, the system is in ______________

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Describe natural selection

High reproductive capacity Limited resources Competition Inherited variation --Differential survival and reproduction (fitness) -- "Good" alleles increase, "bad" alleles decrease --Allele frequencies change through time

Compare homology and vestigial structures

Homology refers to different species with the same evolutionary background that have structures with similar build, but are used for different functions. Vestigial structures are those a species receives from its ancestor but no longer serves a purpose.

What questions do science answer?

How and what happened?

Science can answer ...

How things happen but never who is ultimately responsible for the universe and.or why the universe exists the way it does

What was created on the day God referred to as "very good?"

Humans and land animals.

Two of the statements below would be TRUE for someone who believes in theistic evolution. Select BOTH of the correct statements.

Humans were created in God's image via an evolutionary process. God created life on earth using evolutionary processess.

Which scenario would be most likely to promote the evolution of prezygotic isolating mechanisms between two similar species in a hybrid zone?

Hybrid offspring have low fitness relative to the parental species

PROBLEMS WITH THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT -HYBRIDS

Hybrids may result from crosses between different, but similar, species e.g. Liger, Tigon, Mule, Hinny, Zonkey, Beefalo

Define heterozygote advantage

If heterozygotes are favored over homozygotes, then natural selection tends to maintain variation in the population. This favors individuals with copies of both alleles, thus working to maintain both alleles in the population.

Two populations of organisms come into contact with each other; various outcomes are listed below. Which ONE of the following descriptions is possible.

If the hybrid offspring are not fit, then natural selection will reinforce any reproductive isolation mechanisms until the two populations are completely reproductively isolated.

example of stabilizing selection

In humans, infants with intermediate weight at birth have the highest survival rate.

example of directional selection

In the Drosophila population, eliminating flies that move toward light causes the population over time to contain fewer individuals with alleles promoting such behavior.

What do young earth creationists believe about the Genesis account of creation.

It is 100% completely true. No exceptions whatsoever

Radioactive isotopes are used in dating materials from the distant past. Which of the following statements about radioactive dating techniques is true?

It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured, the older the rock the more radioactive decay.

What is the role of macroevolution in old earth creationists?

Macroevolution is credited except when it comes to the creation of mankind.

Exterminators have spotted a new species of a cockroach that can survive the cold weather of places such as New York. Some are worried that these cockroaches would mate with the ones already in NY and breed a super roach. But, this is impossible because their genitalia do not match. This is an example of what form of prezygotic isolation?

Mechanical

What does young earth believe about microevolution

Microevolution is accepted because it is a minor change within species

____ would produce the smallest evolutionary change in a given period of time in a population of birds.

Mutation

Choose the best cause and effect sequence for the process of speciation by natural selection

Mutation --> Variation --> Selection --> Reproductive Isolation --> Speciation

List the five agents of evolutionary change

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, selection

Do YE believe in death before the fall?

No

Do young earth creationists believe in physical death before the fall

No

Hardy-Weinberg pointed out that the original proportions of the genotypes in a population would remain constant from generation to generation if certain assumptions are met. Which one of the following is NOT a Hardy-Weinberg condition? Random mating occurs. The population is very large. No gene flow occurs. No selection occurs. No polymorphic loci exist in the population.

No polymorphic loci exist in the population.

While YE believe. Noah's flood was an event that covered the earth, what do OE believe?

Noah's flood was geographically localized

What did God create on the seventh day?

Nothing, He rested.

Which Christian view of creation believes the bible & science can be used with one another when properly interpreted, YE, OE, or TE?

Old earth

What is natural selection?

Organisms with good adaptations survive and reproduce.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Original proportions of genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation as long as --population size is very large --random mating --no mutation --no gene input from external sources --no selection occurring

What do old earth believe about death before the fall in the garden?

Plants and animals died before the fall but humans did not.

what is pleitropy?

Pleitropy occurs when one gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits

The horse, donkey, & mule relationships best illustrates:

Postzygotic hybrid sterility

Define post-zygotic isolating mechanism.

Prevent hybrids from reproducing.

Define prezygotic isolating mechanism

Prevents the formation of zygotes.

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

What is adaptive radiation

Process producing a cluster of species, occupying a series of similar habitats from a recent ancestor

____ would keep a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Random mating

negative frequency dependent selection

Rare phenotypes are favored by selection

positive frequency dependent selection

Selection favors the common forms, thus tending to eliminate variation from a population

The frequency of a particular allele within a population can be changed, over time, by

Selection

Gradualism

Slow changes that accumulate over time

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

What are homologous structures

Structures in different species that serve different purposes but have the same basic structure

What are vestigial structures

Structures that no longer serve a purpose to an organism, but served a purpose to their ancestors

What structures in human embryos point to them having similar evolutionary backgrounds with other species

Tails and phoryngeal slits

The red-legged frog breeding season lasts from January to March. The closely related Yellow-legged Frog breeds from late March through May

Temporal Isolation

What does the old earth believe about the gaps in the fossil record?

The O.E. explains the fossil gap as a result of God's supernatural invention, when He deemed necessary, to create new creatures.

Industrial melanism involving the peppered moths (Biston sp.) is cited as an example of natural selection that has been observed in the last one hundred years. Recall that the peppered moth exhibits two distinct morphological types with dark and light colored wings. Which of the following statements about changes in these two types of moths as a result of industrial melanism is true?

The dark forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests.

example of disruptive selection

The different beak sizes of the African black-bellied seed cracker finch. Populations of these birds contain individuals with large and small beaks, but very few with intermediate-sized beaks.

What is allopatric speciation?

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

How can natural selection cause reproductive isolation?

The formation of species is a continuous process, and as a result, two populations may have gone only part of the way toward becoming different species and thus be only partially reproductively isolated.

On Day 1, God created

The heavens and the earth. God also created light and separated it from darkness on this day.

What is epistasis?

The interaction of genes that are not alleles, in particular the suppression of the effect of one such gene by another.

Describe an example of selection to match climate conditions.

The mummichog has a certain enzyme that allows them to survive in the colder climates of the north, and an enzyme that allows them to survive in the warmer climates of the south.

What is speciation?

The process by which new species arise, either by: • Transformation of one species into another • Splitting of one ancestral species into two descendant species

What is speciation?

The process by which new species arise.

A virgin pine forest covers a valley, and one of the inhabitants is a red squirrel species. A large volcanic eruption occurs and separates the valley with a huge lava flow, thus producing two populations of squirrels. What must occur for the two populations of squirrels to be considered separate species?

The two squirrel populations must be reproductively isolated.

What is mutation?

The ultimate source of genetic variation. It involves a change in the cell's DNA

Describe an example of selection for pesticide resistance.

The widespread use of insecticides has led to the rapid evolution of resistance in more than 500 pest species. In the housefly, the resistance alleles at the pen gene decreases the uptake of insecticide.

Theistic evolutionists believe what about death before the fall

There was death before the fall, just not death in sin

Describe how vestigial structures can be used to support the evolutionary argument that modern whales descended from four-legged land mammals.

These can be used to support the evolutionary argument that modern whales descended from four-legged land mammals because they resemble structures that their ancestors once possessed. This signifies that these ancestors once were four-legged mammals.

What do young earth creationists believe is the role of macroevolution in creation

They believe it has no impact on creation because they don't believe it occurs at all

What does young earth believe about the role of Noah's flood

They believe it was a worldwide flood that created the layers of the earth. This explains the fossil record

What do theistic evolutionists believe about the origin of human beings?

They evolved from apes, following the scientific understanding of evolution. They evolved into the image of God where they reached the ability of free thinking.

A population of lizards lives in a rocky area next to a desert. Some lizards are light colored and blend into the sand. Others are dark and blend into the rocks. What may happen to this population of lizards over time?

They may evolve into two separate species as a result of disruptive selection.

What is special about how humans were created?

They were created in God's image.

What is the purpose of introducing the stories of Galileo and Joseph?

To illustrate how science and faith can be connected if the information is interpreted correctly.

True or False; Adam and Eve could be seen as historical.

True

True or false: TE believe that God created everything, but everything is backed up by science.

True

True or false; Theistic Evolutionist believe that God is the creator.

True

Which is an example of ecological isolation?

Two plant species live on the same mountainside, but one lives on rocky outcrops and the other in open meadows.

Example of ecological isolation

Until about 150 years ago, the ranges of lions and tigers overlapped in India. However, lions and tigers do not hybridize normally in the wild because lions live in open grassland whereas tigers are solitary animals that live in the forest.

Explain Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

Variation between individuals in a species exists due to preexisting genetic differences among individuals (ie this variation that allows evolution is NOT caused by the actions of individuals)

What is stabilizing selection?

When both extremes of a phenotype are eliminated. The intermediate is favored.

Describe an example of selection to avoid predators.

When moths near a factory adapt to a darker color to blend in with the smog and camouflage themselves from birds that could normally see their white color

What is assortative mating?

When organisms pick mates that are phenotipically similar.

What is nonrandom mating?

When organisms with the same genotype mate.

What is disruptive selection?

When the extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.

What is alloploidy?

When two species hybridize and the the hybrids chromosomes are doubled spontaneously.

What questions can religion answer?

Who and why

As we consider the origins of life on earth, faith/religion/philosophy can properly answer questions about ....

Who created life and why it was created

Philosophy and/or theology can answer ...

Who made things happen? (as in did God placed Joseph in Egypt or Joseph's brothers made him go to Egypt) Why do things happen? (as in God's plan vs brother's selfishness)

Do young earth creationists view God as the creator of earth and life on it

Yes

Transition species, showing progression from extinct ape species to modern day humans, conclude that humans are both 1)descendents of an apelike ancestor and 2) are not the only human species to have ever excisted. This is regarded as truth according to science. Which point of view would you find this scientific fact as false and be wrong in the eyes of modern science?

Young Earth and Old Earth creationists

A bird's wing is homologous to

a dog's front leg

In the laboratory, fruit flies (Drosophila) were artificially selected for the number of bristles on their bodies. One population (R) was selected for low numbers of bristles, a second population (S) for high numbers of bristles. After 35 generations (about 1 year's time), the two populations R and S were studied. Researchers found

a huge increase in S, a huge decrease in R, with no overlap whatsoever.

Simple definition of species:

a kind of an organism that is different from other organisms

What questions can atheists and Christians agree upon? disagree?

agree: what/how disagree: why/who

Autopolyploidy:

all chromosomes from a single species • Form tetraploids

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p and q are ___________

allele frequencies

Natural selection for a certain phenotype will affect the ______________

allele frequency of a population

The type of speciation that results in the formation of separate species as a result of geographic isolation is called ____________ speciation.

allopatric

An inherited characteristics that increases an animal's ability to survive and reproduce is

an adaptation

In a muddy pool, light colored fish get eaten more than dark colored fish. Dark coloration is

an adaptation

Structures in different species with different evolutionary backgrounds that serve the same function

analogous structures

Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be ______________ characteristics.

ancestral

Which is NOT a part of Darwin's theory of evolution?

aquired traits

Organisms with limited genetic variation

are less likely to survive a changing environment

Which of these would an animal breeder use to increase the amount of milk produced by cows?

artificial selection

The biological species concept of Ernst Mayr cannot be applied to

asexually-reproducing organisms.

In studying the medium ground finch on Daphne Major, the Grants noted that each generation of finches had beaks

best suited for their parents' environment. -Each generation of finches inherited beak size from the previous (parental) generation; it was the parental generation on which selection had acted to produce the offspring generation's distribution of beak size.

A restriction in genetic variability caused by a drastic reduction in population size is called a

bottleneck effect

The evolution of similar forms in different lineages when exposed to the same selective pressures is

called convergence

Polyploidy

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

In certain cases, natural selection appears to have favored parellel evolutionary adaptations in similar environments which ultimatlely makes two groups more similar. This is phenonomeon is known as

convergent evolution

The marsupials in Australia closely resemble the placental animals of the rest of the world. This is an example of

convergent evolution

The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance, even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related, is called

convergent evolution

Two groups of mammals (marsupials and placentals) have evolved in very similar ways.

convergent evolution

On Day 5, God created

creatures of the sea and of the sky

Yom is Hebrew word for

day; Can be translated as a period of daylight, a 24-hour day, or a longer, indefinite period of time

Which variable is measured in an experiment?

dependent variable

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called

derived characters

what is the biological definition of evolution

descent with modification

Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in

different areas evolve similarities through natural selection acting on those characteristics.

In a forest, trees that get more sunlight grow taller than other nearby trees. This is a form of ______.

directional selection

In early ancestors of the modern giraffe, longer necks allowed animals to reach higher tree branches as food. This would lead to _________ in the ancestral giraffe population.

directional selection

Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by C-section because their characteritically large heads can become lodged in the birthing canal. What type of selection led to this?

directional selection

Which type of selection is described here: Selection favors the extreme forms of the trait such that over time the middle range of the phenotype decreases in frequency.

disruptive selection

On Day 3, God created

dry land on Earth; the oceans; vegetation, seed-bearing plants, and fruit-bearing trees

What is the founder effect?

effect by which rarer alleles and combinations of alleles may be enhanced in new populations

The key point in Darwin's proposal is that the ___________ imposes the conditions that determine the direction of selection.

environment

Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds?

feathers

How well an animal survives and reproduces in its environment can be described as

fitness

Reproductive success of an individual is known as:

fitness

The evolutionary change in body size, tooth size and shape and toe reduction in horses is a prime example of evidence of evolution from

fossils

Certain small towns in the western United States have remained isolated and inbred since their settlement many years ago. Some alleles are more common in these communities as compared to the rest of the population. This effect is known as

founder effect

Maple syrup urine disease is due to a failure to break down certain amino acids. The disorder is more common in Amish, Mennonite, and Jewish communities. This is best explained by?

founder effect

A small cruise ship sinks and the survivors populate an island in the Pacific. By chance, severel red-headed families are in the group of survivors. This population is discovered 100 years later, and at that point in time it is discovered that this island population has a higher then average proportion of red-headed individuals. What evolutionary term best describes this situation? Explain how you reached your conclusion.

founder's effect; the survivors of the ship had to form a new population with what little gene variation they had to work with. In some cases, previously rare alleles in the source population may be a new significant portion of the new population.

tetraploid

four sets of chromosomes

Term that describes alterations in the composition of a gene pool due to migration?

gene flow

What is the movement of alleles from one population to another (tends to bring rarer alleles into a population)?

gene flow

Mutts tend to be healthier than purebreed dogs... this illustrates

heterozygote advantage

People homozygous for the sickle-cell anemia allele develop a life threatening disease, while those homozygous for the normal allele are at the highest risk of dying from malaria. Carriers have some resistance to malaria, but do not develop sickle cell anemia. This is an example of ____

heterozygote advantage

Structures shared by species that come from a common ancestor

homologous structures

During development in the mother's uterus, human embryos have pharyngeal pouches (sometimes called gill slits) that later develop into various glands. Fish also have pharyngeal pouches as embryos, but these develop into gills. The best explanation for why human and fish embryos develop pharyngeal pouches is

humans and fish share a common ancestor that had gills.

Which isolating mechanism is postzygotic?

hybrid sterility

Which of the following is a post-zygotic isolating mechanism?

hybrid sterility

Prezygotic mechanisms lead to reproductive isolation by preventing the formation of

hybrid zygotes.

A phylogenetic tree represents a _________ about evolutionary relationships -Each branch point, or ________, represents the divergence of two species -____________are groups that share an immediate common ancestor -A _______ is a branch from which more than two groups emerge

hypothesis;node;sister taxa;polytomy

what is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's view of evolution

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Once species have formed, they keep their identity by

isolating mechanisms

Natural selection has favored the dark form of the peppered moth in areas subject to severe air pollution, perhaps because on darkened trees, moth-eating birds see them less easily. As pollution abated, the light forms increased in the population because

light moths were able to produce more offspring than dark moths

On an island some species thrived while others decreased. What might explain this scenario?

limited food resources

On Day 6, God created

living creatures of the land among the following categories: livestock, creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals; man (Adam) in His own image

Gene flow, defined as the movement of genes from one population to another, can take place by migration, as well as

mating between individuals of adjacent populations.

What was Galileo's belief?

model of the solar system proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus with stated that the earth revolves around the sun

Peppered moths vary in color from light gray to black. In areas with factories we would expect

mostly dark colored moths

Example of selection pressure

moths in industrial britain

what are the 5 agents of evolutionary change?

mutation, gene flow, non random mating, genetic drift, selection

Genetic variation is a prerequisite for evolutionary change; without it, _____________ cannot produce evolution

natural selection

Members of a population differ so that some survive when the environment changes demonstrates

natural selection

The shape of the beaks of Darwin's finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of the process of _______________ leading to evolutionary change.

natural selection

negative selection

natural selection that decreases the frequency of a harmful allele

positive selection

natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele

Many species might coexist in a particular environment by occupying different ecological

niches

In a Cladogram, 1) Each branch point or _____ represents a common ancestor 2) The branches above a node represent a _______ 3) All the organisms in a clade share a number of features

node; clade

An ___________ is a species or group of species that is closely related to the ___________, the various species being studied

outgroup; ingroup

Hardy Weinberg Mathematical representation: p = q = p2 = 2pq = p2 + 2pq = q2 =

p=frequency of the dominant allele q=frequency of the recessive allele p2 = freq of homozygous dominant genotype 2pq = freq of heterozygous genotype p2 + 2pq = freq of dominant phenotype q2 = freq of homozygous recessive genotype = frequency of the recessive phenotype

what is the frequency of the dominant phenotype

p^2+2pq

-Phylogenetic trees do show _______________________ -Phylogenetic trees do not indicate ________________ or how much ___________________________

patterns of descent; when species evolved; genetic change occurred in a lineage

In order for natural selection to occur within a population, certain conditions must be met. One such condition is

phenotypic variations that are genetic

disassortative mating

phenotypically different individuals mate; produces excess of heterozygotes

A ___________ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species, usually represented as a branching "tree"

phylogeny

Both pigs and rabbits have gill slits during development. This suggests that

pigs and rabbits share a common ancestor

When species are kept separate by preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes, the mechanism that keeps the species separate is known as a _____________ isolating mechanism.

prezygotic

In the southeastern U.S., two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca) do not usually form hybrids, because they bloom at different seasons. The means of isolation appears to be

prezygotic and temporal.

Many male songbirds have very distinctive songs that are used to attract females. These songs are an example of a ________ isolating mechanism.

prezygotic, behavioral

Several species of sea urchins may inhabit the same tide pool and their reproductive periods overlap. Although they practice external fertilization, they seldom interbreed because eggs produce chemicals that are only attractive to sperm of their own species. This is an example of a _________ barrier that _______________.

prezygotic; prevents gamete fusion

Adaptive radiation

process producing a cluster of species, occupying a series of similar habitats, all evolving from a recent ancestor

what is the frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

q^2

what is the frequency of recessive phenotype

q^2

what is negative frequency dependent selection

rare phenotypes are favored by selection

The presence of the disease sickle cell anemia illustrates that natural selection does not always eliminate _________ alleles

recessive

The Basis for Cladistics: -A ________________ is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon (e.g. Backbones in mammals) -A ________________ is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade (e.g. Hair in mammals)

shared ancestral character; shared derived character

The California populations of the Northern elephant seal are descendants from a very small population of seals that was over-hunted in the 1890s. Heterozygosity in this population would be expected to be ________ due to _______________.

slight; a bottleneck effect

Which statement below describes a valid problem associated with the biological species concept? - some organisms reproduce asexually -some organisms look similarly and therefore should be considered the same species. -reproductive isolating mechanisms are not observed in nature. -some organisms could interbreed and produce viable offspring

some organisms reproduce asexually

According to the biological species concept, two groups of organisms that are unable to form fertile, viable hybrids are considered to be different

species.

The midrange of an array of phenotypes is favored in ____.

stabilizing selection

Homologous structures are

structures of animals that have different appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

What did the Roman Catholic Church believe about the earth and the sun?

sun revolves around the earth

If populations within the same area split into species, the process is known as

sympatric speciation

Which form of speciation is most rapid?

sympatric speciation via polyploidy

If two species are able to mate and produce an offspring which can mate with itself, but is unable to mate with either parent's species, it is an example of

sympatric speciation via polyploidy.

If a new species is produced by the interbreeding of two members of distinct species, this would be __________ speciation achieved via _________.

sympatric; allopolyploidy

The study and reconstruction of phylogenies is

systematics

In which prezygotic isolating mechanism do species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of day?

temporal isolation

In disruptive selection, over time

the population is strongly selected for in two directions (e.g., larger beak size and smaller beak size).

What is sympatric speciation?

the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region • One species diverging into two due to reproductive isolation

Who is more fit: a strongly built, athletic greyhound that has been neutered or a skinny stray dog with several puppies?

the stray dog

On Day 4, God created

the sun and the moon, and they served as signs to mark the seasons, days, and years

What is intelligent design?

the theory that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity.

Occum's razor states that if______________________________ AKA: This is called __________________

there are two or more conflicting hypotheses to explain a phenomenon the simplest is chosen as the working hypothesis The Principle of Parsimony

Cheetahs have been through a genetic bottleneck; evidence for this is that

there is very little genetic variability

Hybridization regularly occurs between three species of Darwin's finches on Daphne Major, but the finches are still considered different species because

they occupy different niches.

What did the Roman Catholic Church threaten to do to Galileo? And what did they force him to do?

they threatened to burn Galileo at the stake. The forced him to renounce his belief and state that the earth stands still and the sun revolves around it.

True or False: OE claim that the world was built in 24 hour periods, but there are millions of years between each day.

true

True or false, YE, OE, & TE all believe that god is the creator of the earth?

true

True or false: YE believe that the flood covered the whole world.

true

True/false, micro evolution plays a part in all 3 views.

true

YE, OE, & TE all believe that God was the creator of the earth and life on it, T/F?

true

allopolyploidy

two species hybridize now offspring has one copy of each chromosome from each species so infertile but if spontaneously double chromosome number now can interbreed with each other

Peter and Rosemary Grant's research on Darwin's finches demonstrated that dry years on the Galapagos Island Daphne Major favored deep beaks in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) and that very wet years favored narrow beaks. In years that were neither wet nor dry (intermediate years), many different types of foods were available, and birds with intermediate beak sizes were favored. Immediately following an intermediate year, average beak size in G. fortis is expected to be

wider than after a wet year and narrower than after a dry year.

Allopatric speciation

• Due to geographic separation • Separate populations may evolve independently through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift • One species diverges into two different species because of geographic isolatuon

Punctuated equilibrium

• Evolution normally proceeds in spurts, with long periods of little movement in between

The Principle of the Unity of Truth

• God is truthful and desires to reveal truth, both in the creation and in the written Word. He does not trick or deceive • Bible tells us that creation reveals God's existence and his power. Seems reasonable to conclude that honest investigation of nature leads to discovery of truths. • Seems like correctly interpreting the Bible and the science should lead to one truth and compatibility between them.

WALKING CATFISH: Evidence for Evolution

• It can breath air • Movements very similar to certain amphibians species (think about a salamander movement)

Describe the founder's effect (genetic drift)

• New population established. • Limited variety of genes. • New population less diverse than original one. • Ex. Island colonization

Sympatric speciation

• Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic isolation • Subpopulations become reproductively isolated (reproductive timing, genetic changes, behavioral changes, etc.) even though they overlap • See polyploidy

Describe the bottleneck effect (genetic drift)

• Total gene pool is reduced. • New population much different from original. • Ex. Natural disaster

PROBLEMS WITH THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT

• What extent of reproductive isolation is required for separate species? (high levels of hybridization) • Difficult to apply to species that do not occur together in nature • Cannot be applied to asexual reproduction or fossils • Hybrids