Bio 150 exam 4
What kind of bacteria convert N2 (a gas) to NH3 (ammonia)?A) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.B) Ammonifying bacteria.C) Nitrifying bacteria.D) Denitrifying bacteria.
a
Which of the following is responsible for the hydrological cycle?A) Solar-powered evaporation.B) Chemical transformations carried out by microbes.C) Biological, chemical, and physical processes.D) The coriolis effect.
a
NPP in aquatic ecosystems is most often limited by:A) Light only.B) Light and nutrient availability.C) Temperature and latitude.D) Lght and temperature.
b
Populations vary throughout space. Density pertaining to a single species population may, perhaps, be correlated to that of density of other species population. Which statement below best explains this claim?A) Population density is the number of people per measure within an area.B) Population density is dynamic.C) A population of 100 fireflies that live in a specific area of 200 square miles has a density of 0.5 fireflies per square mile.D) None of the above.
b
Scarlet King Snakes are non-venomous, but their skin patterns mimic that of the venomous Eastern Coral Snake. This form of mimicry is an example of:A) Müllerian mimicry.B) Batesian mimicry.C) Symbiosis.D) Evolutionary homology
b
The "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana can be traced to:A) Oil drilling.B) Nitrogen runoff from the Midwest. C) Toxic chemicals that kill algae.D) Invasive species.
b
The GPP of a community is 40 units per day on average, while the NPP of the community is 15 units per day. How many units are used for cellular respiration and other catabolic processes of the plants?A) 0B) 15C) 25D) 40
c
Why does the Earth receive uneven inputs of solar radiation from the sun?A) The sun turns around and has dark spots that do not release rays.B) The earth has shining spots that send rays to the sun.C) The earth's spherical shape and tilt of its axis determines how it receives solar radiation while orbiting the sun.D) It does not receive solar radiation at all.
c
A community has five species of beetles of roughly equal abundance. A storm substantially reduces the population of one species. This results in:A) increased diversity and richness.B) increased diversity and evenness.C) decreased diversity and no change in evenness.D) decreased diversity and no change in richness.
d
A researcher is comparing the heights of the tallest plants found in communities where pollinators are abundant to those in communities where pollinators are scarce. The researcher is testing whether there is a relationship between pollinators andA) Succession.B) Species richness.C) Community structure.D) habitat structure.
d
According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species with similar requirements: A) Generally grow to the same height.B) Cannot take up water equally well.C) Cannot photosynthesize equally well.D) Cannot coexist indefinitely in the same habitat.
d
An upwelling zone off the coast of Peru, in South America, has a very high net productivity. The factor that probably contributes most to the region's high NPP is its:A) Low latitude.B) Arid regions on the coast.C) Long distance from the coast.D) Increased nutrients from deep water.
d
Most ecosystem-studies are done at the local scale due to the immediacy of abiotic and biotic interactions, and due to the physical limitations of researchers. Despite this, how are ecosystems and ecosystem studies linked over large geographic distances?A) By organisms and their trophic level energy that move among communities.B) By the physical circulation of the atmosphere and the oceans and by flowing water.C) By geological processes that occur below Earth's crust.D) All of the above.
d
Real populations in stable ecosystems oscillate around what?A) The circadian rhythmB) The food sourceC) The mitochondriaD) The carrying capacity.
d
The chemical elements making up organisms all come from Earth and are present in limited amounts. The energy used by organisms comes from the Sun. It is metabolized and either used or released into the environment as heat. Which statement best describes the system or systems by which materials and energy are exchanged?A) Both are open systems.B) Both are closed systems.C) Materials exchange is an open system; energy exchange is a closed system.D) Materials exchange is a closed system; energy exchange is an open system.
d
The study of processes that influence birth, death, and population growth rates is known as:A) Life-history.B) The Birth-Death Model of population change.C) Ecology. D) Demography.
d
Biological conversion of atmospheric N2 to biologically useful nitrogen is carried out by:A) Microbes.B) Plants.C) Animals.D) Both plants and animals.
a
Compare and contrast multiplicative growth and additive growth. A) Additive growth happens when a constant number of individuals is added to the population during successive time intervals, whereas multiplicative growth occurs when a constant multiple of the population size is added to the population during successive time intervals.B) Additive growth happens when natural selection drives the population to grow at an exponential rate, and multiplicative growth occurs at a constant rate each year. C) Multiplicative growth occurs when the population multiplies on a yearly basis, and additive growth occurs when species' distributions reflect the effects of the environment on per capita growth rates.D) Multiplicative growth occurs when the population reproduces at a constant rate each year, and additive growth happens when the population reproduces at a significantly higher rate every year.
a
During which process of the hydrologic cycle is water most likely to help move nutrients through their biogeochemical cycles?A) Runoff from the land into rivers, lakes, and oceans.B) Evapotranspiration from the land surface.C) Evaporation from the ocean surface.D) Pooling in groundwater.
a
How can global climate modelers test their model's predictive powers?A) Hindcasting.B) Forecasting.C) Taking daily samples from every grid-cell on Earth.D) Politics.
a
Oceans and large lakes moderate climate because water has a:A) High heat capacity B) Natural selectionC) Natural SelectionD) Polarizing effect
a
Over a period of 25 years, a recovering prairie community increases both its species number and the number of functional groups. During this time, how does productivity in this community change with respect to species number and to functional groups?A) It increases with respect to both.B) It decreases with respect to both.C) It increases with respect to species number and decreases with respect to functional groups.D) It decreases with respect to species number and increases with respect to functional groups.
a
Scientists are studying species richness on a series of islands off the coast of a continent. They should expect to find the most species on _______ islands located _______ the mainland.A) large; nearB) large; far fromC) medium-sized; nearD) medium-sized; far from
a
Similar species with overlapping niches can coexist in a community because of: A) Resource partitioning. B) Competitive exclusion. C) Allopatric competition. D) Sympatric competition.
a
The the movements of materials between the abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems are ultimately tied to which element?A) Carbon.B) Glucose.C) Nitrogen.D) Water.
a
What are Hadley cells? A) Large scale vertical patterns of atmospheric circulation in which warm air rises towards near the equator, moves toward the poles, and cools and sinks 30 degrees north or south latitude.B) Small scale vertical patterns of atmospheric circulation in which warm air rises towards near the equator, moves toward the poles, and cools and sinks 30 degrees north or south latitude.C) Large scare horizontal patterns of atmospheric circulation in which warm air rises towards near the equator, moves toward the poles, and cools and sinks 30 degrees north or south latitude.D) Small scare horizontal patterns of atmospheric circulation in which warm air rises away from the equator, moves toward the poles, and cools and sinks 30 degrees north or south latitude.
a
What are the differences in the responses to weather versus the responses to climate by organisms?A) Responses to weather are temporary changes while responses to climate involve permanent adaptations.B) Responses to weather are permanent adaptations while responses to climate involve temporary changes.C) Responses to weather and responses to climate have no differences as they are the same.D) None of the above.
a
What is ecology?A) The study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment.B) All of the organisms that occur together at a particular place, as well as the environment with which they interact.C) The spatial distribution of the Earth's species.D) The understanding and application of the mechanisms of evolutionary change to biological problems.
a
What is responsible for the seasons on Earth?A) The tilt of the Earth's rotational axis away or toward the sun as it travels through its year-long path around the sun.B) Hadley cells.C) Prevailing winds.D) The greenhouse effect cause by solar radiation passing through the atmosphere and heating up the Earth's surface.
a
What is the Coriolis effect?A) The apparent deflection of a moving body as viewed from a rotating frame of reference.B) The operation of how sunlight creates wind pattern.C) The sudden and unnerving feeling of remembering an event that has already happened.D) The cooling of an object using wind directions.
a
Which of the following correctly summarizes why rain shadows form?A) Hot air rises up the rainward side of a mountain, cools and condensates, and then the dry air passes down the leeward side. The rain shadow is on the leeward side.B) Hot air rises up the rainward side of a mountain, cools and condensates, and then the dry air passes down the leeward side. The rain shadow is on the rainward side.C) Cool air rises up the rainward side of a mountain, heats up and dries, and then the dry air passes down the leeward side. The rain shadow is on the rainward side.D) Rain shadows form just before rain droplets hit the ground during a sunny storm.
a
Which of the following is TRUE of species diversity in communities?A) Species-rich communities are more productive than species-poor communities.B) Species-rich communities are less productive than species-poor communities.C) Species-rich communities are less stable than species-poor communities.D) Species diversity has no effect on stability or productivity.
a
Which of the following terrestrial habitats has the highest Net Primary Production (NPP)?A) Tropical rain forests.B) Cold and warm deserts.C) Temperate forests.D) Wetlands.
a
Which of these statements best summarizes the differences between climate and weather?A) Climate is the average conditions and patterns of variations over a long period of time while weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular time.B) Weather is the average conditions and various patterns of the atmosphere over a long period of time while climate is the state of the atmosphere at a particular time. C) Climate is the same as weather.D) None of the above are correct.
a
Which statement is not a condition which supports species co-existence?A) Interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific.B) Individuals of each species suppress their own per capita growth rate more than their competitors.C) Resource partitioning occurs.D) Intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific.
a
Why, in the real world, can exponential population growth not go on forever?A) Resources become limited as populations grow.B) Trick question. Exponential population growth can go on forever. C The earth isn't big enough.D) It depends on the environment and the species within the ecosystem. Sometimes it goes on with no end in sight.
a
Your friend who has never taken a biology course is confused why a human would be considered an ecological system. How would you explain this to them?A) Humans are ecological systems because they contain communities of tiny living organisms within them.B) Humans are ecological systems because they generally live in close proximity to each other.C) Humans are ecological systems because they interact with other living species such as dogs and flowers.D) All of the above are correct.
a
A scientist is evaluating a sample of a sand cat population. It appears that in the sample there were 100 new kittens born, 15 of the cats died, 20 cats migrated to a different area because of a storm, and 30 cats were re-introduced into the area by animal rescuers. Based on the sample what can be estimated about the population and why?A) The population shrinks because the number of births and cats reintroduced is less than the number of cats which died or migrated.B) The population grows because the number of births and cats reintroduced exceeds number of cats which died or migrated.C) The population shrinks because the number of births and cats reintroduced exceeds number of cats which died or migrated.D) The population grows because the number of births and cats reintroduced is less than the number of cats which died or migrated.
b
An invasive species A is introduced to a new ecosystem. It is a known predator of species B, but also a known prey of species C. Assuming none of the species go locally extinct, in which order would each species' population size peak? A) Species A, Species B, Species CB) A, C, BC) B, C, AD) None of the above
b
Carbon can be found in rocks, in the atmosphere, and in living and dead organisms. These alternative forms and locations of carbon are calledA) Cycles.B) Compartments.C) Niches. D) Trophic interactions.
b
In early July in Alaska, salmon populations begin to start spawning, drawing predatory bears to feast on the native fish. Alaskan bears eating the salmon are an example of which type of interspecific interaction?A) Limiting resourceB) Consumer-resource interactionC) CommensalismD) Mutualism
b
Metagenomic study of the human gut microbiome has revealed that about 25% of the microbial DNA in the gut of lean individuals was of the phylum Bacteroidetes, whereas the same figure for obese individuals was less than 5%. It has also been shown that obese individuals put on a calorie-restricted diet gained in Bacteroidetes. What is a reasonable hypothesis involving these phenomena? A) Bacteroidetes populations in the human gut rely on excessive food intake to extract energy.B) Other populations of microorganisms in the human gut decline in number as excessive food intake declines, creating increased opportunities for the Bacteroidetes population to increase.C) Obesity increases expression of negative regulation of Bacteroidetes in the human gut.D) Bacteroidetes populations in the human gut are insensitive to changes in food intake.
b
Since warm air natural rises into the atmosphere, why do mountain tops accumulate snow and cold winds? A) Warm air rises higher above the elevation of mountain ranges and collects colder temperatures.B) When prevailing winds bump into mountain ranges, air rises up, cools, and releases moisture. C) Mountain ranges are closer to the stratosphere and since there is little air, the temperature is colder.D) Colder air is consistently flowing past mountain ranges and the temperature gets colder.
b
The niche of a species is best defined as:A) The habitat where it lives. B) The overall ecological role of an organism.C) The food an organism eats.D) The biome where it lives.
b
West of the Andes Mountains in South America, there is a long stretch of land that is classified as the temperate grassland/desert. This same biome is found in Eurasia and North America even though the latitudes are significantly higher than the latitude of the South America biome. How can this be true?A) Both regions are near mountain ranges.B) The elevation of the South American biome is higher in elevation.C) Latitude makes no difference in biomes.D) The two regions have similar longitudes.
b
What is an ecosystem?A) The study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment.B) All of the organisms that occur together at a particular place, as well as the environment with which they interact.C) The spatial distribution of the Earth's species.D) The understanding and application of the mechanisms of evolutionary change to biological problems.
b
What is green-manure?A) Eutrophication of the oceans.B) Cover crops that are either left uprooted in the field to wither and serve as mulch and soil amendment.C) Dead-zones caused by phytoplankton decomposition and the depletion of dissolved oxygen.D) Photosynthetic microbes in the photic zone of oceans.
b
What is the main difference between biotic and abiotic environmental components?A) They are both describing different classes of animals.B) Biotic components are living and abiotic components are non-living.C) Biotic components are non-living and abiotic components are living.D) None of the above.
b
Which of the following describes why populations are usually considered open systems: A) There is no immigration to or emigration form the population.B) There is immigration to or emigration from the population.C) The number of births outweigh the number of deaths.D) The number of deaths outweigh the number of births.
b
Which of the following is a mutualistic relationship?A) A tick latching onto a deer.B) A bee pollinating flowers in a field.C) A sloth using a tree to keep away from predators.D) A pack of hyenas hunting down a wounded zebra
b
Which of the following would lead to a population growth (r > 0)? Key: (b = birth rate, d = death rate). [Application]A) b < dB) b > dC) b = dD) b ≤ d
b
Which of these is a +/+ interaction? A) Competition B) MutualismC) Commensalism D) Parasitism
b
You're eating a buffalo-burger for dinner. How much available energy in the buffalo's trophic level (primary consumer) has been lost in the process of growing and rendering the buffalo meat? In this example you are a secondary consumer.A) 180% - Because you're the third consumer eating a secondary consumer.B) 90% - Because you're a secondary consumer eating a primary consumer.C) 10% - Because you're a secondary consumer eating a primary consumer.D) 0% There is no loss of energy between primary and secondary consumers.
b
Species X has 200 individuals. In this generation 27 young are born, but 3 die in infancy. Additionally 21 older individuals die, 14 members immigrate, and 32 emigrate. Using the BD-model, what is the population size of the next generation? Using the BIDE model?A) 203, 221B) 221, 221C) 203, 185D) 209, 185
c
The NPP of which of the following ecosystems is not based on photosynthesis?A) Ocean-surfaces of Earth. B) Tropical rain-forests that the equator.C) Hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the oceans.D) Upwellings at the ocean/continent border.
c
The following definition defines what principle? "Differentiation of niches, both in space and time, that enables similar species to coexist in a community:" A) Cause and effectB) Species InteractionC) Resource PartitioningD) Population analysis
c
The gray wolves in Wisconsin is an example of a group of individuals of the same species that live, interact, and interbreed in a particular area at the same time. The gray wolves are an example of:A) OrganismB) PopulationC) Community D) Ecosystem
c
The process in the water cycle that moves the most water during a given time is:A) Precipitation over land.B) Precipitation over oceans.C) Evaporation from oceans.D) Evaporation and transpiration from land.
c
What are invasive species?A) Species that go into the habitat of a species to eat them.B) Species that invade a habitat and will not impact it.C) An unexpected introduction of a new species that can impact interactions within the community and can impact native species negatively.D) A new species that is slowly introduced to native species that will not impact community interaction and will result in a mutualistic relationship.
c
What are lichens? A) The symbiotic growth of moss and fungi.B) The symbiotic growth of moss, and green-algae and/or cyanobacteria.C) The symbiotic growth of fungi and microbial photosynthesizers (such as green-algae and/or cyanobacteria).D) The symbiotic growth of fungi, and Rhizobium.
c
What is "per capita growth rate"?A) The change in a population's death rate over time.B) The number of offspring an average individual produces.C) The average individual's contribution to total population growth rate.D) The average individual's chance of dying.
c
What is biogeography?A) The study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment.B) All of the organisms that occur together at a particular place, as well as the environment with which they interact.C) The spatial distribution of the Earth's species.D) The understanding and application of the mechanisms of evolutionary change to biological problems.
c
What is the difference between commensalism and amensalism?A) Commensalism is a +/+ relationship, Amensalism is a -/- relationshipB) Commensalism is a -/0 relationship, Amensalism is a +/0 relationshipC) Commensalism is a +/0 relationship, Amensalism is a -/0 relationshipD) Commensalism is a -/- relationship, Amensalism is a +/+ relationship
c
What is the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs?A) Autotrophs and heterotrophs both create their own food from inorganic sources.B) Autotrophs and heterotrophs are both other feeders and get their food from others.C) Autotrophs create their own food from inorganic sources(self-feeders) while heterotrophs get their food from others (other feeders).D) None of the above.
c
Both Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium aurelia utilize the same resources, and in direct competition one species eventually goes extinct. This result illustrates the:A) Extinction theory. B) The frequency of competition hypothesis. C) Competition hypothesis. D) Competitive exclusion principle.
d
Earthworm activity adds nutrients and oxygen to the soil and makes it more homogenous, increasing its value for agriculture. Which term best describes the agricultural value of earthworms?A) DisturbanceB) State transitionC) Species turnoverD) Ecosystem service
d
How can climate change alter a community composition?A) Populations not being able to respond to changing environments, leading to extinction.B) Altered relationships between environmental cues.C) Shifts in geographic distributions leading to an assembly of novel communities.D) All of the available answers are correct.d
d
If there were fewer greenhouse gas molecules in the atmosphere, global temperature would most likely:A) Increase because less visible light would escape.B) Increase because less infrared energy would escape.C) Decrease because less visible light would be absorbed.D) Decrease because less infrared energy would be absorbed.
d
In 2011, a tornado tore through Springfield, Massachusetts, destroying a large proportion of the trees in the area. This event is an example of _______, and the subsequent growth of new trees is an example of _______.A) Ecological transition; niche recoveryB) Ecological transition; community fluxC) Disturbance; niche recoveryD) Disturbance; succession
d
In a biogeochemical cycle, an element is in flux when it is moving from one storage compartment to another. The element carbon shows the least flux (that is, shows the least movement, or stops moving) when it isA) Taken up during photosynthesis.B) Given off during respiration.C) Released during fossil-fuel burning.D) Deposited in ocean sediments.
d
Interspecific competition can lead to:A) Extinction of both speciesB) Resource partitioningC) CoexistenceD) Extinction of both species or coexistence.
d
Leaves of most deciduous trees in Mediterranean ecosystems open approximately 16 days earlier and fall approximately 13 days later than they did 50 years ago. This shift is most likely due toA) Longer day lengths.B) Shorter day lengths.C) Changed behaviors of leaf predators.D Higher average temperatures.
d
There are two islands off the coast of the mainland; One island is smaller and more distant from the mainland than the other. Using the theory of island biogeography and assuming abiotic factors (temperature, rainfall, light, etc.) are equal, what would you predict about species diversity on the smaller and more distant island, relative to the larger and closer island?A) Greater species diversity on the smaller, more distant island.B) Lower species diversity on the smaller, more distant island. C) About the same species diversity, since abiotic factors are the same.D) Species diversity can't be predicted, because there are too many variables.
d
What is a reason that ecological efficiency is considered low?A) Not all biomass at one trophic level is ingested by the next one.B) Some ingested matter is excreted as waste.C) Organisms use much of the energy they assimilate to fuel their own metabolism rather than using it for biomass.D) All of the available answers are correct.
d
What is an ecosystem?A) A Community.B) A single population and its physical surroundings.C) The physical surroundings in a biosphere.D) Multiple different populations of living organisms and their physical surroundings .
d
Which of the following is NOT a density-dependent factor in population size?A) Herbivory B) Predation C) CompetitionD) Rainfall or drought
d
Which of the following is not a major limitation in a species' ability to cope with climate change?A) Low dispersal capability.B) Low genetic variation.C) Restricted range at and near the tops of mountains.D) Having a competitor that is struggling to keep up with climate change.
d
Which of the following would be found in an organic, inaccessible compartment?A) MineralsB) AtmosphereD) AutotrophsD) Coal
d
Which statement best describes the interaction of energy and materials, or process of ecosystem function, within an ecosystem?A) Both energy and materials cycle through biotic, but not abiotic, components.B) Energy cycles through biotic components; materials cycle through abiotic components.C) Both energy and materials travel throughout ecosystems, but they follow separate, disconnected routes.D) Energy and materials enter biotic components through primary producers; energy flows one way and materials cycle.
d
How much of the solar radiation hitting the Earth's surface results in water evaporation?A) ~ 33%B) ~ 99%C) < 1%D) ~10%
a
In a study of a rocky intertidal community, students discover 14 species of crustaceans, 10 species of mollusks, and three species of echinoderms. They identify and list all these species. The students are measuring which aspects of community structure? A) Species abundance and species composition.B) Species abundance and distribution of species abundance.C) Species composition and species diversity.D) Species interactions and species composition.
a
In a study with "germ-free" adult mice, one group was inoculated with fecal material from obese donors and another group was inoculated with fecal material from lean donors. Each population was fed the same amount and type of food for 2 weeks. Within that two-week period, their changes in body-fat were measured. The results were that the rats that were inoculated with obese microbiota had significantly more body-fat. The experiment described is an example that best supported which idea?A) The relationship between gut community and obesity appears related to how much energy the community can extract from food based on systems-models of microbial nutrient processing in different groups.B) The ecosystem of the gut of a mouse illustrates spatial and temporal variation.C) Small ecological systems can be complex and have interacting parts.D) None of the above.
a
In class we saw an example of of spiny lizard populations going locally extinct in the southwestern USA while other populations persisted. How does the Principle-of-Allocation explain why these lizards went locally extinct? "Due to localized increased temperatures the lizards..."A) Could not sustain the most basic levels of Maintenance over time.B) Could not sustain the most basic levels of Defense over time.C) Had less time to put in to Reproduction.D) Had less time to put in to in Growth.
a
In the nitrogen cycle, most transitions from one oxidation state to another are carried out by:A) Microbes.B) Plants.C) Animals.D) Both plants and animals.
a
Label the different zones within this aquatic biome and explain the factors that are involved in the organization of these zones.A) A is the photic zone, B is the benthic zone, C is the aphotic zone, and D is the abyssal zone. The factors that determine the different zones are water depth, light penetration, and oxygen.B) A is the aphotic zone, B is the benthic zone, C is the photic zone, and D is the abyssal zone. The factors that determine the different zones are water depth, light penetration, and oxygen.C) A is the photic zone, B is the abyssal zone, C is the aphotic zone, and D is the benthic zone. The factors that determine the different zones are water depth, light penetration, and oxygen.D) A is the photic zone, B is the benthic zone, C is the aphotic zone, and D is the abyssal zone. The factors that determine the different zones are water buoyancy, light penetration, and CO2 concentration.
a
Explain the difference between population size and population density?A) Population size is the number of people in an area, while the population density is the sum of individuals in a population.B) Population size is a specific group of organisms in two different areas, while the population density is a specific group of organisms in multiple areas.C) Population size is the average number of organisms in a population, while the population density is the number of organisms in an area. D) Population size is a specific group of organisms in multiple areas, while the population density is a specific group of people in one area.
c
How is the amount of solar radiation (sun-light) that hits the earth's surface at or near the equator different than that that hits towards the poles?A) Sunlight is reflected during its oblique passage through the atmosphere before it reaches Earth's surface.B) Sunlight strikes earth at shallow angle at shallow angle delivering less energy per unit of area.C) Sunlight strikes earth at steep angle delivering more radiant energy per area. D) None of the above.
c
How much of the solar radiation hitting the Earth's surface enters the biosphere?A) ~ 33%B) ~ 99%C) < 1%D) ~10%
c
In terms of total surface area, which is the largest biome?A) Subtropical desertB) Temperate grasslandC) Open oceanD) Tropical rain forest
c
Near the coasts of continents, offshore winds push surface waters away from shore, causing cold bottom waters to rise to the surface. The water in these upwelling zonesA) Is nutrient-poor.B) Is too cool to support abundant life.C) Is nutrient-rich.D) Is too warm to support abundant life.
c
Observations at Krakatau best illustrate:A) The relationship between productivity and species richness.B) The relationship between productivity and disturbance.C) Succession of communities after a disaster.D) The implementation of restoration ecology.
c
Predict the outcome of a population if b>d.A) Then r<0 and the population grows B) Then r<0 and the population shrinksC) Then r>0 and the population grows ment on per capita
c
Which of the following is a primary producer?A) Fish B) ZooplanktonC) CyanobacteriaD) Viruses
c
GPP and NPP are most closely associated with which concept?A) Island biogeographyB) Species compositionC) Community structureD) Community function
d
Trophic-level transfer efficiency averages about A) 1%. B) 25%. C) 33%. D) 10%.
d
Using the above figure, why does the population reach a stationary phase from hours 15 - 30? A) Because this population is growing in a closed system, the population density cannot change over time, leading to a stationary phase immediately preceding the death phase.B) Because this population is growing in an open system, it reaches a carrying capacity in which birth and death rates are equal to one another.C) Because this population is growing in a closed system, population density stagnates as all cells adapt to distributing resources.D) Both A & C.
d
What can alter a human's microbiota over space and time?A) Nutrition.B) Intake of antibiotics.C) Development and shifting hormones concentrations.D) All of the above.
d
What causes oceanic upwellings, and why are they important?A) The coriolus effect of surface winds against the surface of the rotating earth; They are important because they cause constant disturbances in the ocean ecosystem.B) Continental drift (plate tectonics) and the reduction of the continental shelf ecosystems; They are important because they reduce viral activity.C) Eutrophication; They are important because they are dead-zones.D) Wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer and usually nutrient-depleted surface water; They are important because they are the sites of high levels of ocean NPP.
d
What is a biome?A) A naturally occurring dome that only exists in the amazon rainforest during the dry season B) A place that biologists go to study the behavior of wild chimpanzeesC) Where animals go to feed before winterD) A distinct physical environment inhabited by ecologically similar organisms with similar adaptations.
d
Winter moths in the Netherlands are part of a food chain that includes oak trees (which provide food for moth caterpillars) and Great Tits (which feed nestlings on moth caterpillars). Climate change has caused a disruption in this food chain. What is the major reason for this disruption?A) Winter moths are adapting to warming temperatures, but oak trees and Great Tits are not.B) Oak trees are adapting to warming temperatures, but winter moths and Great Tits are not.C) Oak trees and winter moths are adapting to warming temperatures, but Great Tits are not. D) The three species are adapting to warming temperatures in different ways, causing mismatches in timing of their emergence.
d
