Bio 171 Exam 5 Quizzes

why has TB re-emerged as a major infectious disease?

-Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved resistance to antibiotics -HIV positive individuals are particularly susceptible to TB infection

which of the following is an example of a prezygotic barrier to reproduction between two potentially separate species?

-The specialist pollinating wasps of fig species A are unable to access the flowers of fig species B, and vice versa. -The courtship "waving signal" of male fiddler crabs is unique to each species so that females only respond to the mating display of males of their own species. -A race of flies raised on apple and a race of flies raised on hawthorn emerge in different seasons in response to the timing of fruit ripening. -Eggs of chickens cannot be fertilized by the sperm of ducks. not: Two closely-related species of Anopheles mosquito can mate but cannot produce fertile progeny because they have different chromosome structures.

genetic drift and gene flow

-can both change allele frequencies -are evolutionary processes

Antibiotics are used in which aspects of food production?

-raising livestock -pear farming -fish farming -sheep farming -apple farming

Which of the following is a condition of HWE?

-random mating -no migration -no differences in the survival and reproductive success of individuals -no mutation

This question relates to the article titled "Why cancer isn't going anywhere". Which of the following reduces cancer risk? (

-reducing inflammation -sleeping well -exercise -eating healthy foods

which of the following is a strategy being used to control the transmission of malaria?

-research to discover new anti malarial drugs -genetic modification of mosquitoes, the vector of malaria -insecticide spraying to reduce mosquito populations -testing a malaria vaccine not: relocating people who live in areas where malaria is endemic

If the genotype frequencies of both the dominant and recessive homozygotes as well as heterozygotes have a sum of 1, the gene is always in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium.

false

You would expect similar species with a different number of chromosomes to be genetically compatible and therefore able to reproduce.

false

a population that is in HWE with respect to a given gene is evolving

false

plasmodium (the malarial parasite) is a pathogen that has only recently begun infecting humans (within the past 200 years)

false

what is a trace fossil?

fossil evidence of organisms other than conventional fossils of hard body parts

what is correct about great apes

gorillas are more closely related to humans than to orangutans

humans are included in which group?

great apes

See Fig. 23.13 (page 503). Which of the following organisms has the LARGEST brain for its body size?

humans

a disadvantage of the biological species concept is that it cannot be applied to

extinct and asexual organisms

what is accurate about antibiotic resistance?

-resistant bacteria are commonly found living in and on meat sold as food -antibiotics used to promote growth in livestock contribute to antibiotic resistance -overuse of antibiotics creates strong selection for resistance in bacterial populations -Bacteria can evolve efflux pumps that remove antibiotics from the cell, which allows the cell to survive and reproduce in the body of a person who is taking an antibiotic. not: Bacteria can evolve cell walls and membranes that contain small holes to allow antibiotics to more easily enter the cell; this allows the cell to survive and reproduce in the body of a person who is taking an antibiotic.

which can cause a population to not be in HWE?

-sexual selection -genetic drift -inbreeding -gene flow -natural selection not: recombination (crossing over in meiosis) and sexual reproduction

what are the 5 causes of evolution?

-sexual selection -mutation -genetic drift -migration -natural selection

If we reach a post-antibiotic era, which of the following could result in an individual dying? (Choose all that apply. This is based on the McKenna article.)

-strep throat -a scratch -C section -hip replacement -open heart surgery -kidney dialysis -bone marrow transplant -insect bite

Which of the following is a PREDICTION of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, assuming a very large population with random mating after one generation and no evolutionary processes affecting a given gene?

-the allele frequencies of this gene will remain more or less the same -the frequency of the homozygotes in the population will be p2+q2 -the genotype frequencies will not change

Consider a gene, G that codes for a protein used in almost every cell in the body, for a given species. Which of the following are accurate about a population that is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium, with respect to gene G?

-the effects of genetic drift on the alleles of the gene G are not significant, because the population is very large -no natural selection is happening with respect to the phenotypes associated with gene G

what information would assist you in determining whether polar bears and grizzlies are different species, based on the biological species concept?

-whether the F1 (grolar or pizzly) is fertile -whether F1 offspring are viable

In roses, leaf color is controlled by a single dominant allele, G. A population of roses contains 700 homozygous dominant individuals with dark green leaves, 140 heterozygotes with dark green leaves, and 160 individuals with light green leaves. What is the frequency of the g allele in this population?

0.23

In trout, Gene A affects body color and yellow color (allele a) is recessive to red. In a particular river system you find that 64% of the fish are red. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the dominant A allele?

0.4

If a newly formed rock contains 3.6 micrograms of rubidium 87, how much rubidium will the rock contain after 23.5 billion years? Use the table of radioisotope half-lives from the lecture slides to help you answer this question.

2.7 micrograms

How many antibiotic prescriptions were written per 1,000 people living in Michigan in 2010?

899-972

the most genetically diverse human populations are found in

Africa

Where do most multidrug resistant tuberculosis infections occur?

Asia

Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is often found in low abundance in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy individuals. It is also a common cause of hospital-acquired infections. Most individuals who become ill with C. difficile do so following antibiotic treatment and these C. difficile infections often do not respond to standard antibiotic therapy. This information suggests that:

C. difficile is often resistant to the antibiotics used to treat the infection

If you want to radiometrically date a fossil of a plant you believe lived about 30,000 years ago, which isotope would you use? Use the radioisotope chart in the lecture slides to help you answer this question.

Carbon 14; because its half life is short enough to date a 30,000 year old fossil

Which of the following populations is MOST likely to be close to HWE?

a population of 1 million fruit flies living in a habitat with little environmental fluctuation that has no other populations of fruit flies nearby

what is the order in which the ancestors of humans colonized the following regions?

Middle East -> Asia -> North America -> Madagascar

What is the genus name of the organism that causes malaria?

Plasmodium

what is true about human evolution?

The out-of-Africa hypothesis states that modern humans evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago. Several small groups of humans left Africa at different times, beginning about 60,000 years ago, and colonized other continents.

which of the following is true about human evolution?

The out-of-Africa hypothesis states that modern humans evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago. Several small groups of humans left Africa at different times, beginning about 60,000 years ago, and colonized other continents.

As a population geneticist, you find a species of snails with more genetic diversity than humans. What does this mean?

There is more variety in the gene pool of this snail species than the gene pool of humans.

Modern Homo sapiens originated in Africa. What is the best explanation for the occurrence of modern humans in South America?

a dispersal event from Africa to Asia, followed by a dispersal event from Asia to North America, followed by a dispersal event from North to South America

How does the fossil record corroborate phylogenetic hypotheses?

events that occur early in the fossil record are represented by branching events nearer to the root of a phylogenetic tree

it is difficult to apply the biological species concept to bacteria because

bacterial reproduction is asexual

See Figure 23.10 (page 498). When Rebecca Cann decided to conduct research on the evolution of humans, she chose to study mitochondrial DNA. Which of the following explains why she chose this type of DNA?

because mitochondrial DNA has clear lines of inheritance; mothers pass their mtDNA to all their offspring, regardless of sex

The phylogeny of the family Hominidae indicates that living humans share a most recent common ancestor with the lineage including chimpanzees and bonobos. Modern humans and gorillas share a more distant common ancestor. Gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos walk on the knuckles or fists of their forelimbs while humans do not. What trait, which evolved in the Tribe Hominini lineage, explains this difference?

bipedalism

which of the following primates is the most closely related to humans?

bonobos and chimpanzees

Antibiotics can kill _____ in the human body, which may sometimes lead to health problems such as inflammatory bowel disease.

both harmful and beneficial bacteria

what is the first event in the fossilization process/

burial of the organism by sediments

disturbances

can influence the diversity of species in a community

two individuals of opposite sex are members of the same species if they

can mate and product fertile offspring

most of the people who die of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa are

children under the age of 5

Sympatric speciation often requires the action of ____________ selection acting against intermediate phenotypes.

disruptive

If two beetle species inhabit the same plant species, but feed in different locations (i.e., one feeds on the roots and the other on the leaves), these species would be considered to be _____ separated.

ecologically

why is HWE such a valuable tool when examining populations?

it enables us to identify if a population is evolving or if inbreeding is occurring

A population has a gene with 2 alleles, F and f. The frequency of the F allele is 0.8. The frequency of the f allele is 0.2. This is all that you know about this population. What is the frequency of the ff genotype?

it is impossible to determine this from the information in the question

On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull instead of the back as in other hominins is evidence for what evolutionary change in our evolution as primates?

it occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance

Why is the fossil record of marine life more complete than the fossil record of organisms that lived in terrestrial ecosystems?

marine habitats are places where sedimentation, rather than erosion will take place

There are seemingly conflicting studies that have taken a look at whether Neanderthals interbred with human ancestors. One study of mitochondrial DNA (Fig 23.10 on page 498) suggests that the two groups did not interbreed. Another study, of the whole genome, suggests that they did. Which of the following could explain these results?

mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, therefore if Neanderthal females did not interbreed with our ancestors, Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA would never have entered the modern human gene pool

Imagine a scenario in which a common population of animals is separated into two groups by a natural event. Over time, you might expect the two populations to become ____________ genetically different. This process is known as ____________ speciation.

more; allopatric

When you use a field guide to identify a species by its appearance, you are applying the _____ concept.

morphospecies

The process by which sympatric speciation might occur would most likely be the result of:

natural or sexual selection

You find that a wild population of antelope is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a particular gene. From this information alone, can you determine which evolutionary process is acting on the antelope population?

no

If speciation occurred solely because of changes in chromosome counts between the original parents (who were 2n) and the offspring (who were 4n), would this be an example of speciation by natural selection?

no. speciation occurred, but natural selection was not involved

what is a pan-resistant infection?

one that is not responsive to any antibiotics

You've likely heard of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). Have you heard of a grolar bear or a pizzly bear? These might be unfamiliar because they are the offspring of matings between polar bears and grizzlies. A handful of these animals have been born in zoos; three have been documented in nature. Due to their rarity, only a few grolars (grizzly dad and polar bear mom) or pizzlys (polar bear dad and grizzly mom) have been studied in detail. Their fur color, head shape, and ear shape are striking intermediates between the phenotypes of their parents.It is thought that polar bears originated from a population of brown bears (Ursus arctos) that became geographically isolated during a glaciation event that occurred about 150,000 years ago (Lindqvist et al., 2010). Traditionally the territories of grizzly bears and polar bears did not overlap, as grizzlies ranged from Alaska to Mexico, whereas polar bears stayed on the annual sea ice over the Arctic continental shelf and within the Arctic archipelagos. Relatively recently (in the last 50 years or so) grizzlies and polar bears have begun to come in contact in the wild.

polar bears arose form a vicariant event

You observe two groups of freshwater fish that spawn at the same time of the year and in the same pond. After females lay their eggs on the pond bottom, males of both species attempt to fertilize them. After some investigation you realize that sperm from both species fertilize the eggs, but embryonic development stops shortly after fertilization when the eggs are fertilized by one species of males, but not by the other. This is an example of ______- zygotic reproductive isolation between the two species.

post zygotic

Horses and donkeys can interbreed, but their offspring (mules) are infertile. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolating mechanism?

post zygotic, hybrid sterility

In katydids, male genitalia of closely related species are quite distinct in shape and size. The male genitalia of one katydid species cannot insert properly into the female reproductive tract of females of other katydid species. This is an example of a __________ isolating barrier and the specific mechanism is __________________________.

prezygotic/ mechanical

what kind of environment are fossils most likely to be preserved?

shallow lake bed

This question relates to the article titled "Why cancer isn't going anywhere". Within an individual organism in which some cells are cancerous, how does the frequency of cancer cells change over time, in the absence of treatment?

since cancer cells are better at exploiting resources than non cancerous cells, cancer cell frequency increases over time

the Biological Species Concept is lease useful for identifying

species that have gone extinct

Which of the following is true regarding sympatric speciation?

sympatric speciation requires a selective disadvantage of hybrids of two diverging populations

You are studying reproduction in a species of frog. Imagine there was a mistake in meiosis such that ALL the gametes produced by two individuals are diploid rather than haploid. Two of these gametes fuse. This zygote is:

tetraploid (4n)

The common phrase "Humans evolved from chimpanzees" is inaccurate. In reality, the evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees and humans is:

that humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor

Why is this statement inaccurate: "Antibiotics (drugs used to kill bacteria) have created drug resistance in many bacterial populations."

the antibiotics do not create drug resistance mutations

What is one of the primary reasons given for why there are very few fossils from the earliest (pre-Ediacaran fauna) animals?

the earliest animals were soft bodied and did not have requisite body parts that could be fossilized through mineralization

what is a disadvantage of using fossils to reconstruct phylogenetic history?

the probability that an organism will be fossilized varies among species and environments

A group conducted a survey of two different plots on campus. Both plots had 100 trees in them. Plot 1 had 85 maples, 5 birch, 5 oaks, and 5 pines. Plot 2 had 35 maples, 25 birch, 35 oaks, and 5 pines. Which of the following statements is supported by these data?

the species diversity of plot 2 is greater than that of plot 1

The phrase "Modern Synthesis" refers to

the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and Mendelian genetics

Which of the following statements is TRUE? See Figures 23.6 (page 495) and Figure 23.7 (page 496)

there were multiple bipedal lineages within Tribe Hominini at the same time approximately 2.5 million years ago

You are hiking within the northern hardwood forest region of the upper peninsula of Michigan and you pass through two small woodlands. Because we have turned you into a biology enthusiast, you count and identify all the trees that you pass. In woodland A, you find 50 sugar maple trees, 50 yellow birch trees, and 50 red oak trees. In woodland B, you find 100 sugar maple trees, 48 yellow birch trees and 2 red oak trees. The most accurate comparison of these woodlands would be that

they have equal tree species richness

why do fecal transplants work?

they transplant a healthy gut community into the affected individual, restoring the diversity of the gut flora

In Lake Victoria (the largest freshwater lake in Africa), researchers recently found that in one cichlid species, male fishes with brighter red coloration maintain large territories. Red males are at an advantage because female cichlids tend to choose males with brighter color and larger territory size. Assuming that red coloration is heritable, what do you expect would occur if some females of this species began to prefer male cichlids with blue coloration?

this new female preference would act as a barrier to gene flow between groups in this population

bacterial genetic diversity can arise from

transduction and conjugation

Which type(s) of horizontal gene transfer involves uptake of naked DNA from the environment by bacterial cells?

transformation

Mitochondrial DNA studies were used to determine that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and only later did they become established elsewhere.

true

The allele frequency of all the alleles of one gene present in the population must add up to 1. (In other words, allele frequencies of all alleles for a given gene in a population must always add up to be 1, which is 100% of the population.)

true

The term "Tribe Hominini" refers to members of all the different species of bipedal primates.

true

This question relates to the article titled "Why cancer isn't going anywhere". True or false? Cancer only affects multicellular organisms.

true