BIO 171 Module 3 Answers

The science that organizes and classifies organisms based on evolutionary relationships is known as a taxonomy. b paleontology. c systematics. d molecular evolution.

C - systematics.

Which of the following statements is false? a In the lytic cycle, new phages are produced and released into the environment. b In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome. c An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle. d Cell lysis only occurs in the lytic cycle.

A - An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle.

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? a Flood causes the formation of a new lake. b A storm causes several large trees to fall down. c A mutation causes a new trait to develop. d An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.

A - Flood causes the formation of a new lake.

Which of the following hypotheses proposes that viruses originated from RNA and DNA molecules (or other self-replicating genetic elements) that escaped from a host cell with the ability to enter another host cell? a Progressive b Regressive c Digressive d Virus-first

A - Progressive

The _ _ _ _ _ functions to attach the SARS-CoV-2 virion to a host cell. a S protein b N protein c E protein d both b and c

A - S protein

A botanist sees that some of her orchids with a black fungus growing on their leaves also have small rotting spots, while other orchids in the atrium that lack the fungus appear healthy. She also discovers that only the plants with small rot spots are infected with a virus. What is the most likely conclusion the botanist can make about the virus that is found to be infecting her orchids? a The orchids became infected by horizontal transmission. b The fungus is responsible for the rot spot disease. c The fungus likely attracted diseased aphids or flies. d The orchids were infected by the process of vertical transmission.

A - The orchids became infected by horizontal transmission.

A person in England arrives at a medical clinic with a fever and swollen lymph nodes shortly after returning from a visit to New Mexico. For which bacteria should the doctor test the patient? a Yersinia pestis b Salmonella enterica c Borrelia burgdorferi d Clostridium botulinum

A - Yersinia pestis

What is the process of ammonification shown by some prokaryotes? a ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds b ammonium is converted to nitrite and nitrate in soils c nitrate from soil is transformed to gaseous nitrogen compounds such as , , and d gaseous nitrogen is fixed to yield ammonia

A - ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds

A trait that is found in and shared by two or more species, but is not derived from a common ancestor is known as a an analogy or homoplasy. b convergent evolution. c a homology. d divergent evolution.

A - an analogy or homoplasy.

Which of the following structures is responsible for the different staining properties of Gram-positive and Gram-negative prokaryotes? a cell wall structure b the cytoplasm structure c the nucleus d single and double stranded DNA

A - cell wall structure

The study of organizing homologous traits to describe phylogenies is known as a cladistics. b taxonomy. c systematics. d homolonomy.

A - cladistics.

The process by which groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point is known as a divergent evolution. b sympatric evolution. c convergent evolution. d punctuated equilibrium.

A - divergent evolution.

Selection that favors individuals with red feathers and individuals with blue feathers in a population is best described as a diversifying selection. b frequency-dependent selection. c directional selection. d stabilizing selection

A - diversifying selection.

What is the location of the cell wall in most prokaryotes? a exterior to the cell membrane b interior to the cell membrane c a part of the cell membrane d interior or exterior, depending on the particular cell

A - exterior to the cell membrane

The movement of alleles in and out of a population caused by individuals or gametes is known as a gene flow b genetic variance c the gene pool d genetic drift

A - gene flow

The number of phenotypes in a population is determined by a genotype frequency b haploid frequency c diploid frequency d allele frequency

A - genotype frequency

The rate at which a specific genotype appears within a population is known as a genotype frequency b haploid frequency c diploid frequency d allele frequency

A - genotype frequency

The good genes hypothesis states that a males of some species can develop impressive traits to show their fitness to females. b more fit individuals are more likely to have more offspring. c alleles that confer beneficial traits or behaviors are selected for by natural selection. d some deleterious mutations are maintained in the population.

A - males of some species can develop impressive traits to show their fitness to females.

A population has a gene for eye color with the A allele showing complete dominance over the a allele. There are 100 individuals of genotype AA, 380 individuals of genotype Aa, and 300 individuals of genotype aa. What is the frequency of allele A (p)? a p = 0.372 b p = 0.424 c p = 0.628 d p = 0.558

A - p = 0.372

Which term is used to describe the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring? a reinforcement b fusion c stability d punctuated equilibrium

A - reinforcement

A trait that is shared by only some of the organisms in a taxon or clade is known as a a shared derived character. b shared ancestral character. c a cladal mutation. d either a homology or an analogy.

A - shared derived character.

Most vaccines being developed for the SARS-COV-2 virus use the a spike protein as the target antigen. b membrane protein as the target antigen. c capsid as the target antigen. d nuclear protein as the target antigen.

A - spike protein as the target antigen.

The science of classifying organisms into an internationally shared classification system with each organism placed into increasingly more inclusive groupings is known as a taxonomy. b paleontology. c systematics. d molecular evolution.

A - taxonomy.

The root of a phylogenetic tree shows a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree. b where a single lineage evolved into a distinct one. c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point. d where more than one lineage branches from the same point.

A - the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree.

Assortative mating in a population occurs a when females mate with males that are of the same size. b when males mate with females who are smaller in size. c when females pair off with females of the same size. d when females mate with smaller males.

A - when females mate with males that are of the same size.

There are 900 flies in a population that is thought to be in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If 441 flies have the recessive genotype, what is the expected frequency the homozygous dominant genotype? A. 0.09 B. 0.3 C. 0.42 D. 0.49

A. 0.09

An earthquake caused ocean water to fill a large valley and isolate a group of 20 mice on a large hill that became a new island far from land. The population of mice breeds but shows less genetic variation than the original population which has no other survivors. This is an example of A. the bottleneck effect. B. the founder effect. C. the mutation effect. D. divergence effect.

A. the bottleneck effect.

Which of the following populations is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a A population with 23 homozygous recessive individuals (yy), 7 homozygous dominant individuals (YY), and 4 heterozygous individuals (Yy) b A population that receives new individuals from a very distant population. c q + p = 1 d A population in which the allele frequencies do not change over time

B - A population that receives new individuals from a very distant population.

Which of the following has a lipopolysaccharide layer associated with the outer membrane? a Gram-positive bacteria b Gram-negative bacteria c all bacterial prokaryotic cells d eukaryotic cells

B - Gram-negative bacteria

Which statement is false about reverse transcriptase? a It is an enzyme. b It is produced by the genome of some host cell and makes them vulnerable to viruses. c It transcribes RNA to make DNA. d It never occurs in uninfected host cells.

B - It is produced by the genome of some host cell and makes them vulnerable to viruses.

A population has a gene for eye color with the A allele showing complete dominance over the a allele. There are 100 individuals of genotype AA, 380 individuals of genotype Aa, and 300 individuals of genotype aa. What is the condition of this population? a It is not likely evolving. b It is very likely to be evolving because the observed genotypes are different than that predicted by the H-W equilibrium. c The condition of the population can not be determined based on the provided information. d It appears to be in a stable H-W equilibrium.

B - It is very likely to be evolving because the observed genotypes are different than that predicted by the H-W equilibrium.

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance? a One leads to allopatric speciation, whereas the other leads to sympatric speciation. b One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment. c One depends on a genetic mutation occurring, and the other does not. d One involves closely related organisms, and the other involves only individuals of the same species.

B - One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment.

Oncogenic virus cores can be___. a only ss+ RNA b RNA or DNA c single stranded RNA or single stranded DNA d all of the above

B - RNA or DNA

Which of the following statements about virusstructure is true? a All viruses are encased in a bilayer membrane. b The capsid is made up of small protein subunits called capsomeres. c Double stranded DNA or single stranded RNA is the genetic material in all viruses. d Fat receptors help viruses attach to the host cell bilayer lipid membrane.

B - The capsid is made up of small protein subunits called capsomeres.

A reliable rate of mutation in genes that is used to estimate the time of evolutionary divergence between living and ancestral species or taxa is known as a molecular speciation. b a molecular clock. c molecular systematics. d a molecular estimator.

B - a molecular clock.

Which of the following requirements is needed for halophiles? a high sugar concentration b a salt concentration of at least 0.2 M c the addition of halogens d all of the above

B - a salt concentration of at least 0.2 M

Which of the following is most likely found in extreme environments? a fungi b archaea c bacteria d viruses

B - archaea

Which of the following have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane? a prokaryotic cells b eukaryotic cells c all cells d viruses

B - eukaryotic cells

Selection that favors red or blue feathered birds only when they are rare in a population is an example of a diversifying selection. b frequency-dependent selection. c directional selection. d stabilizing selection.

B - frequency-dependent selection.

Particles that transfer genetic material from one species to another, especially in marine prokaryotes is known as what? a horizontal gene transfer b gene transfer agents c genome fusion device d lateral gene transfer

B - gene transfer agents

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly? a lower rate of mutation b longer distance between divided groups c increased instances of hybrid formation d equivalent numbers of individuals in each population

B - longer distance between divided groups

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover? a mutation b natural selection c overbreeding d sexual reproduction

B - natural selection

The evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms is called a a taxon. b phylogeny. c a tree of sister species. d a descendent path.

B - phylogeny.

Which of the following terms categorizes plants that create organic compounds after capturing from the air? a consumers b producers c decomposer d carbon fixers

B - producers

Which of the following is considered to be the first form of life on earth? a single-celled plants b prokaryotes c insects d large animals such as dinosaurs

B - prokaryotes

A population of birds in which males are large and bright but females are small and dull is an example of a sexual selection b sexual dimorphism c diversifying selection d a cline

B - sexual dimorphism

A trait that is found in a common ancestor and all species within a taxon or clade is known as a a shared derived character. b shared ancestral character. c a cladal mutation. d either a homology or an analogy.

B - shared ancestral character.

Bioremediation is a the use of prokaryotes to artificially fix nitrogen. b the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants. c the use of prokaryotes as natural fertilizers. d All of the above

B - the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants.

A branch point (or node) shows a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree. b where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones. c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point. d a branch with more than two lineages from the same node and where scientist dont yet have enough data to resolve it to two lineages.

B - where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones.

A viral disease carried by animals that can be transmitted to humans is known as a(an) a re-emerging disease. b zoonosis. c pandemic. d xenobiosis.

B - zoonosis.

What is the most likely explanation for why male deer have evolved to be larger than females? A. Because of intersexual selection, where males must fight other males to gain access to females. B. Because of intrasexual selection, where males must fight other males to gain access to females. C. Because females must fight with other females in order to gain a mate. D. Like most species, males and females are actually about the same size.

B. Because of intrasexual selection, where males must fight other males to gain access to females.

Which of the following was one of Charles Darwin's observations/inferences as he developed his idea on natural selection? A. Members of a population show little variation in their inherited traits. B. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing tend to leave more offspring. C. All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, but most offspring go on to survive and reproduce. D. Equal reproduction by all individuals leads to the accumulation of favorable traits over generations.

B. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing tend to leave more offspring.

Which of the following is true about climate change and bear populations in the northern arctic environment? A. Warming temperatures in the north have caused the polar bear populations to leave the coastal beaches and move to inhabit the few remaining ice flows. B. Warmer climate has reduced the ice pack which is used by polar bears. Many polar bears must now feed along the shoreline where they mate with brown bears and produce hybrid young. C. Polar bears and brown bears were most recently considered a single species, but are now undergoing diversifying selection and allopatric speciation. D. The cooling north has produced more ice for both polar bears and brown bears. They now share resources on the ice and mate to produce hybrid offspring.

B. Warmer climate has reduced the ice pack which is used by polar bears. Many polar bears must now feed along the shoreline where they mate with brown bears and produce hybrid young.

A population has a gene for eye color with the A allele showing complete dominance over the a allele. There are 100 individuals of genotype AA, 380 individuals of genotype Aa, and 300 individuals of genotype aa. What would be the expected number of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes (AA, Aa, aa) if this population were in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state? a 0.100, 0.380, 0.300 b 0.394, 0.467, 0.138 c 0.138, 0.467, 0.394 d 0.330, 0.541, 0.129

C - 0.138, 0.467, 0.394

Brown, tan and white skin color in a lizard species was found to be controlled by alleles S and s, with incomplete dominance. The S allele was homozygous in brown individuals and the s allele homozygous in white individuals. In a wild population of 37 brown, 47 tan and 16 white lizards the frequency of the allele S was determined to be 0.60. What is the expected genotype frequency for brown individuals if in a H-W equilibrium? a 0.77 b 0.3 c 0.36 d 0.6

C - 0.36

A population has a gene for eye color with the A allele showing complete dominance over the a allele. There are 100 individuals of genotype AA, 380 individuals of genotype Aa, and 300 individuals of genotype aa. What is the total number of alleles in this population? a 200 b 780 c 1560 d 3120

C - 1560

Which of these statements is false? a An antibiotic is any substance produced by an organism that is antagonistic to the growth of prokaryotes. b An antibiotic is a substance used to control harmful bacteria, which may become resistant to it through the process of evolution. c An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the spread of a harmful virus. d An antibiotic is a substance used by humans to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria.

C - An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the spread of a harmful virus.

Which of the following occurs through the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation? a The plant does not benefit because of all the free nitrogen that is available in the atmosphere. b The soil benefits by having a large reserve of non-metabolizable fertilizer that cannot be used by the plant. c Bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from the plant. d All of the above occur.

C - Bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from the plant.

Which of the following is not associated with prions? a Replicating shapes b Mad cow disease c DNA d Toxic proteins

C - DNA

SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the a alpha coronavirus family. b Group II in the Baltimore classification. c Group IV in the Baltimore classification. d Group V in the Baltimore classification.

C - Group IV in the Baltimore classification.

When birds from parents of the same family group mate with each other, or inbreed, they can produce less-fit offspring compared to breeding with unrelated individuals. Why? a Close relatives are genetically incompatible. b The DNA of close relatives reacts negatively in the offspring. c Inbreeding can bring together mutations that produce deleterious phenotypes in young. d Inbreeding causes normally silent alleles to be expressed.

C - Inbreeding can bring together mutations that produce deleterious phenotypes in young.

Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members? a It does not share its habitat with related species. b It does not exist out of a single habitat. c It does not exchange genetic information with other species. d It does not undergo evolutionary changes for a significant period of time.

C - It does not exchange genetic information with other species.

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution? a Microevolution can describe the evolution of large organisms, such as elephants, while macroevolution describes the evolution of smaller organisms, like aphids and fleas. b Microevolution can describe the evolution of microscopic entities, such as molecules andproteins, while macroevolution describes the evolution of whole organisms. c Microevolution can describe the evolution of organisms that live in a large interbreeding group, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over longer epochs of time. d Microevolution can describe the evolution of species in populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution of species over at least two or more years.

C - Microevolution can describe the evolution of organisms that live in a large interbreeding group, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over longer epochs of time.

Many prokaryotes that are easily cultured in the lab are human or animal pathogens. Why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes? a Most pathogenic prokaryotes can live in more different kinds of environments than non-pathogenic prokaryotes. b Non-pathogenic prokaryotes require less supplements in their growth media. c Most of the necessary culture conditions could be estimated for pathogenic prokaryotes because the host was known. d Pathogenic bacteria can grow as free bacteria, but non-pathogenic bacteria only grow as parts of large biofilms.

C - Most of the necessary culture conditions could be estimated for pathogenic prokaryotes because the host was known.

Brown, tan and white skin color in a lizard species was found to be controlled by alleles S and s, with incomplete dominance. The S allele was homozygous in brown individuals and the s allele homozygous in white individuals. In a wild population of 37 brown, 47 tan and 16 white lizards the frequency of the allele S was determined to be 0.60. Is this population evolving? a Yes, because the tan lizards are more common than the brown phenotypes. b No, because the number of brown lizards have the most dominant allele. c No, because the numbers of observed phenotypes closely matches that predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equation. d Yes, because one phenotype is greater than the other two because of natural selection.

C - No, because the numbers of observed phenotypes closely matches that predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

In addition to providing yogurt with its unique flavor and texture, lactic acid-producing bacteria also provide which additional benefit during food production? a Providing helpful zoonotics b Eliminating the need to pasteurize dairy products c Reduction of pH that prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria d Creating a lactose-free dairy product

C - Reduction of pH that prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria

Which statement is false in regards to viral replication? a In the process of apoptosis, the cell dies. b During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface. c The viral capsomeres are produced at the same time and during the same process as the viral genome. d mRNA works inside the host cell to produce enzymes and proteins.

C - The viral capsomeres are produced at the same time and during the same process as the viral genome.

Which of the following sentences uses the correct scientific grammar? a One specie of crab can hybridize with a different specie. b Two species of fish are sympatric with one specie of crab. c Three species of fish are found with one species of crab in a lake.

C - Three species of fish are found with one species of crab in a lake.

Which of the following sentences uses the correct scientific grammar? a One specie of fish can hybridize with a different specie of fish. b Two species of fish are sympatric with one specie of crab. c Three species of fish are found with one species of crab in a lake.

C - Three species of fish are found with one species of crab in a lake.

A trait found in two or more species that is derived, with or without modification from a common ancestor is known as a an analogy. b convergent evolution. c a homology. d divergent evolution.

C - a homology.

One species of tree snail is found on a single island in the Pacific. A storm knocks down one tree that contains 50 snails and it drifts at sea for a week before coming ashore at a nearby island. The snails make it to land and over time evolve into a new snail species. This is an example of a a land barrier responsible for allopatric speciation. b a sea barrier responsible for sympatric speciation. c a sea barrier responsible for allopatric speciation. d a vegetative barrier responsible for allopatric speciation.

C - a sea barrier responsible for allopatric speciation.

One species of tree snail is found on a single island in the Pacific. A storm knocks down one tree that contains 50 snails and it drifts at sea for a week before coming ashore at a nearby island. The snails make it to shore and over time evolve into a new snail species. This is an example of a a land barrier responsible for allopatric speciation. b a sea barrier responsible for sympatric speciation. c a sea barrier responsible for allopatric speciation. d a vegetative barrier responsible for allopatric speciation.

C - a sea barrier responsible for allopatric speciation.

Which of the following has pseudopeptidoglycan in its wall? a eukaryotic cells b bacterial prokaryotic cells c archaean prokaryotic cells d bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells

C - archaean prokaryotic cells

Viruses a all have a round shape. b cannot have a helical shape. c can have a capsid with a helical, polyhedral or complex shape. d have shapes that can be used to determine the diseases they are likely to produce.

C - can have a capsid with a helical, polyhedral or complex shape.

Chemical compounds are a source of energy for which of the following? a phototrophs b auxotrophs c chemotrophs d lithotrophs

C - chemotrophs

The process by which groups of organisms in distant taxa independently evolve to take on similar forms is known as a divergent evolution. b sympatric evolution. c convergent evolution. d punctuated equilibrium.

C - convergent evolution.

Which of the following was one of the first life forms to add oxygen to the atmosphere? a anaerobic organisms b phototrophic organisms c cyanobacteria d all of the above

C - cyanobacteria

Selection that favors individuals with only the darkest red feather phenotype is an example of a diversifying selection. b frequency-dependent selection. c directional selection. d stabilizing selection.

C - directional selection.

A disease that is constantly present in a population is called a(an) a pandemic. b epidemic. c endemic. d re-emerging.

C - endemic.

The alleles of all individuals within a population are referred to as the a gene flow b genetic variance c gene pool d genetic drift

C - gene pool

The transfer of genes by a mechanism not involving asexual reproduction is called a meiosis. b the web of life. c horizontal gene transfer. d gene fusion.

C - horizontal gene transfer.

The strategy for inducing cells in humans to produce spike proteins that occur in the SARS-CoV-2 virus is that the proteins will a directly kill the virus. b stop the virus from replication. c induce the immune system to recognize the spike protein and kill the virus if it is encountered. d interfere with the production of capsomeres during virus replication.

C - induce the immune system to recognize the spike protein and kill the virus if it is encountered.

Many viruses that cause disease in humans can be treated but (choose the best answer) a are rarely controlled by vaccinations. b no effective vaccinations or medical treatments have yet been developed to prevent the spread of any viral infection. c may evolve through mutations to become resistant to the antiviral drug or vaccine treatment. d so far no antiviral drugs have been developed.

C - may evolve through mutations to become resistant to the antiviral drug or vaccine treatment.

A tree with a group of organisms that contain species/lineages which are more closely related to each other than to any outside of the group, and share a most recent common ancestor is known as a a non-phyletic clade b paraphyletic group. c monophyletic clade. d sister group.

C - monophyletic clade.

Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium? a a division of populations b a change in environmental conditions c ongoing gene flow among all individuals d a large number of mutations taking place at once

C - ongoing gene flow among all individuals

Which of the following cannot be affected by a bacteriophage? a Escherichia coli b many bacteria c prions d a and b

C - prions

Which portion of the coronavirus spike protein anchors the virus to the ACE-2 protein binding site? a the central nucleotide portion. b the base of the spike next to the membrane layer. c protomers in the receptor binding domain. d all of the above

C - protomers in the receptor binding domain.

A population has a gene for eye color with the A allele showing complete dominance over the a allele. There are 100 individuals of genotype AA, 380 individuals of genotype Aa, and 300 individuals of genotype aa. What is the frequency of allele a (q)? a q = 0.372 b q = 0.424 c q = 0.628 d q = 0.558

C - q = 0.628

Which phylogenetic model proposes that all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes? a tree of life b web of life c ring of life d network model

C - ring of life

Brown, tan and white skin color in a lizard species was found to be controlled by alleles S and s, with incomplete dominance. The S allele was homozygous in brown individuals and the s allele homozygous in white individuals. In a wild population of 37 brown, 47 tan and 16 white lizards the frequency of the allele S was determined to be 0.60. What is the phenotype of the heterozygous lizards? a brown b white c tan d dark brown

C - tan

A small flock of European finches from a large population in Asia, get caught in a hurricane and are blown to the Hawaiian Islands. Within a few generations, individuals in the Hawai'i population look very different from those in the Asian population. This is an example of a genetic drift. b formation of a cline. c the founder effect. d nonrandom mating.

C - the founder effect.

What is the main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid? a the number of chromosomes b the functionality of the chromosomes c the source of the extra chromosomes d the number of mutations in the extra chromosomes

C - the source of the extra chromosomes

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids? a when individuals of the same species in different geographical areas reproduce b when any two individuals sharing the same habitat reproduce c when members of closely related species reproduce d when offspring of the same parents reproduce

C - when members of closely related species reproduce

The sister taxa of a phylogenetic tree shows a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree. b where a single lineage evolved into a distinct one. c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point. d where more than one lineage branches from the same point.

C - where two lineages stemmed from a branch point.

Which of the following is true about evolution? A. It is a proposed idea to explain the changes in species over time, but there is only theoretical evidence to support it. B. Although the process is slow, each species will evolve to be more perfectly adapted than was its ancestor species. C. It is an opportunistic process that relies on the interaction between chance, natural selection, and the environment. D. It is good theory, but has been disproved several times by scientists.

C. It is an opportunistic process that relies on the interaction between chance, natural selection, and the environment.

The rapid evolution of ecologically different species from a common ancestor is known as A. reinforcement. B. fusion. C. adaptive radiation. D. reproductive isolation.

C. adaptive radiation.

A change in the frequency of an allele in a population due to chance is called A. gene flow. B. natural selection. C. genetic drift. D. genetic variance.

C. genetic drift.

Question 26 Review What is the cause of Lyme's disease in humans? a A bite from an infected tick that carries MRSA which spreads quickly. b The airborne transfer of Borrelia between humans that do not wear masks. c A bite from an infected mouse that carries an infectious Gram-negative bacteria. d A bite from Ixodes scapularis that carries Borrelia.

D - A bite from Ixodes scapularis that carries Borrelia.

MRSA has emerged as a serious infectious disease, with the first case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus being detected in 1961. Why are medical professionals so concerned when we have antibiotics that can kill MRSA? a MRSA can transfer methicillin-resistance to other bacteria. b Patients are not treated with correct antibiotics rapidly enough to prevent serious illness. c MRSA could acquire additional antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria to become a super bug. d All of the above.

D - All of the above.

Which of the statements about biofilms is incorrect? a Biofilms are considered responsible for diseases such as cystic fibrosis. b Biofilms produce dental plaque, and can colonize catheters and prostheses. c Biofilms colonize open wounds and burned tissue. d All statements are correct.

D - All statements are correct.

What taxonomic level of classification includes the greatest number of species? a Genus b Order c Family d Kingdom

D - Kingdom

Which statement is true? a Most virions contain double-stranded DNA and a single strand of mRNA. b Viruses have most of the machinery to produce their own proteins. c Viruses replicate in (or near) the nucleus of the host cell. d Most viruses can be visualized with electron microscopy techniques.

D - Most viruses can be visualized with electron microscopy techniques.

Which statement is false about viral replication? a The host cell is killed in a lytic cycle. b Replication of the virus genome uses ribosomes, enzymes and other molecules in the host's cytoplasm. c Viral replication affects host cell function. d Newly produced virions always have the same genome as the invading parent.

D - Newly produced virions always have the same genome as the invading parent.

Which situation is not an example of a prezygotic barrier? a Two species of turtles breed at different times of the year. b Two species of flowers attract different pollinators. c Two species of birds display different mating dances. d Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

D - Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

A polytomy shows a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree. b where a single lineage evolved into a distinct one. c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point. d a branch with more than two lineages from the same node and where scientist dont yet have enough data to resolve it to two lineages.

D - a branch with more than two lineages from the same node and where scientist dont yet have enough data to resolve it to two lineages.

The use of mRNA as a genetic vaccine a introduces the genetic sequence that codes for the spike protein. b causes the production of the spike protein by the host cells. c is introduced into cells by being encased in lipid nanoparticles. d all of the above

D - all of the above

Which of the following are different ways that are proposed to explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells. a Mitochondria were acquired first, followed by the development of the nucleus. b The nucleus evolved first and this new eukaryotic cell later acquired the mitochondria. c It is proposed that prokaryotes actually descended from eukaryotes by the loss of genes and complexity. d all of the above

D - all of the above

Which of the following best describes microbial mats? a the earliest forms of life on Earth b early forms obtained their energy and food from hydrothermal vents c they are multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes including mostly bacteria but also archaea d all of the above

D - all of the above

Which of the following situations may lead to natural selection? a The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. b Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. c Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. d all of the above

D - all of the above

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution? a Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure. b Worms and snakes both move without legs. c Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly. d all of the above

D - all of the above

The science of molecular systematics a is used for taxonomic classification of organisms. b is a way to determine the genetic relationships among taxa. c is a very useful tool to confirm, reject or modify existing phylogenetic trees. d all of the above.

D - all of the above.

The rate at which a specific allele appears within a population is known as the a genotype frequency b haploid frequency c diploid frequency d allele frequency

D - allele frequency

Data used to construct a phylogeny can be used in many ways to show different evolutionary relationships between organisms in a taxon or clade. The construction of a phylogeny using the rule of maximum parsimony results in a phylogeny that a is relatively complex and will need further validation. b requires the fewest number of evolutionary changes. c shows the simplest model of their evolutionary relationships and can be used as a starting point for further analyses. d b and c.

D - b and c.

Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells? a bacteria and fungi b archaea and fungi c protists and animals d bacteria and archaea

D - bacteria and archaea

Which description is an example of a phenotype? a A certain duck has a blue beak. b A mutation occurred to a flower. c Most cheetahs live solitary lives. d both a and c

D - both a and c

Which of the following approaches can be used to develop vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 without handling the virus in the lab? a live-attenuated virus b whole-inactivated virus c protein subunit d genetic and viral vector vaccines

D - genetic and viral vector vaccines

The effect of chance on the structure of a population gene pool is known as a gene flow b genetic variance c the gene pool d genetic drift

D - genetic drift

One hypothesis is that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a genetic chimera which a is identical to the SARS virus found in one species of bat. b is a mutated form of the virus genome found only in pangolins. c has a genetic composition identical to SARS-CoV-1. d has a recombinant genetic code that resulted from a virus that inhabited a species of bat, and then invaded a species of pangolin which contained a different coronavirus.

D - has a recombinant genetic code that resulted from a virus that inhabited a species of bat, and then invaded a species of pangolin which contained a different coronavirus.

A disease that occurs in a high number of individuals and also in a very large number of global populations is known as a(n) a prokaryodemic. b pandemic. c epidemic. d pandemic.

D - pandemic.

which of the following categories do scientists place cyanobacteria that harness energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis and obtain electrons by the oxidation of water? a chemoorganotrotrophs b photoautotrophs c chemolithoautotrophs d photolithotrophs

D - photolithotrophs

Which of the following elements is not a micronutrient? a boron b chromium c manganese d sodium

D - sodium

Selection that favors individuals with a mixture of red and blue feathers in a population which also has some blue and red feathered individuals is best described as a diversifying selection. b frequency-dependent selection. c directional selection. d stabilizing selection.

D - stabilizing selection.

A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows a the certain and undisputed evolutionary history for a group of organisms. b a series of evolutionary relationships that includes only living species. c a guess without scientific data on how organisms may be related. d the hypothetical evolutionary relationships among organisms based upon current data available.

D - the hypothetical evolutionary relationships among organisms based upon current data available.

Which situation is NOT an example of a prezygotic barrier? A. Two species of frogs breed at different times of the year. B. Two species of flowers attract different pollinators. C. Two species of birds display different mating dances. D. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

D. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

Which type of selection can stabilize two phenotypes at about 50% in a population? A. directional selection B. diversifying selection C. stabilizing selection D. frequency dependent selection

D. frequency dependent selection

The domestic horse and donkey can mate and produce infertile young. Based on this evolutionary tree, which of the other (now extinct) horses would most likely be able to produce viable, fertile young if they could mate with a donkey?

The middle Pleistocene horse because it has the most similar genome to the donkey of the horses on this tree.

If a person scatters a handful of garden pea plant seeds in one area, how might natural selection work in this situation?

The plants that can best use the resources of the area, including competing with other individuals for those resources will produce more seeds themselves and those traits that allowed them to better use the resources will increase in the population of the next generation.