Bio 2 exam 1: Plants

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• conifers •(and a few other phyla )

"Naked seed"

Plants share a common ancestor with animals, fungi and many lineages of

"Protests"

Lycophyta - club mosses have roughly _______ extant species

1,200

4 adaptations to colonizing land plants in dry environments :

1. Prevent water loss: waxy cuticle +stomata 2. UV protection: Flavonoids 3.water transport :vascular tissue 4:protect gametes &embryos: seeds& pollen

The transition to land requires several major adaptations :

1. Waxy cuticle and stomata to prevent water loss. 2. UVprotection 3.vascular tissue for support and water transport 4. Protection of zygotes (seed plants)

About ________ living species of ferns

12,000

Hornworts ~ __ species

20

Colonizing land plants required ___ adaptations to DRY environments

4

Club mosses are ___ million years old

420

Sago "palm" houseplant

A cycad

Plant life cycles have _______________ : haploid gametophyte , diploid sporophyte .

Alternation of generations

Hornworts : phylum

Anthocerophyta

In liverworts : _________ reproduction : ________ (splash cups)

Asexual ; Gemmae

Mosses : phylum

Bryophyta

Lycophyta :

Club mosses

Conifers are

Come bearing gymnosperms

Non vascular plants do not have vascular tissue to

Conduct water and provide support

Conifers are traditionally all considered one phylum:

Coniferophyta

______ are some of the largest and longest lives species

Conifers

_______ are economically important species

Conifers

Pollen protect sperm from

Dehydration

Seeds also protect the embryo from

Desiccation

Seeds allow next generation to be _______ over long distances

Dispersed

(Fern life cycle ) Sporophyte is _______. Gametophyte is tiny (fingernail size)

Dominant

Seeds allow a _________ stage when conditions for growth are poor.

Dormant

TN conifers

Eastern redwood , bald cypress, eastern hemlock, pines

Land plants are also called ______________ ; embryos remain attached and gain nourishment

Embyrophytes

Angiosperms : •"_______ seed" •flowering plants: produce ______

Encased ; fruit

Horsetails : Single genus , genus ________ - 15 species . Silicates in stem - "_____"

Equisetum ; scouring rush

Plants are

Eukaryotes

Most common seedless vascular plants:

Ferns (most abundant)

Seedless vascular plants examples:

Ferns , horsetails , lycophytes , whisk ferns

Seedless vascular plants ex's:

Ferns , horsetails, lycophytes , whisk ferns.

(Hornworts ) Gametophyte : Sporophyte :

Flat thallus ; Resembles a horn

(In liverworts) Gametophyte : Sporophyte :

Flat thallus ; Very small

Gymnosperms lack ____ and ______ of angiosperms

Flower ; fruit

Seeds package an embryo with a

Food supply

DNA and fossil evidence suggests that all land plants were derived from _____________ of green algae about 475 million years ago.

Freshwater species

Most lichens are an association between

Fungi and green algae

Land plants produce gametes in protected structures called

Gametangia

Ferns: sporophyte is large and long lived but when young, depends on _______ for nutrition .

Gametophyte

In mosses _________ is most prominent (green)

Gametophyte

Pollen is a reduction of the

Gametophyte

Haploid (n) __________ : mitosis makes __________ (n)

Gametophyte ; gametes

Land plant life cycles exhibit alternation of

Generations

What type of plants create most O2 production on earth?

Green algae

Green algae+land plants =

Green plants

The evolution of _________ fundamentally changed the earths biodiversity

Green plants

Evolution of vascular tissue allowed plants to

Grow taller

Two major types of seed plants :

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

Green algae can live in

Harsh environments

liverworts: phylum

Hepaticophyta

Green algae allowed diversification of

Heterotrophic taxa

Peat:

Largely composed of ancient sphagnum moss, is a source of energy for humans in treeless northern climates . It also represents an amazingly huge sink of organic carbon that may decay and be released into the atmosphere due to global warming.

3 phyla of nonvascular plants

Liverworts , hornworts, and mosses

Cycadophyta -cycads

Look similar to palms , but related to conifers

Sporophyte produces spores(n) by

Meiosis

Land plants ex's:

Mosses , ferns, conifers, flowering plants

Non vascular plants are low to the ground and need water to

Move gametes

Green algae help biologists understand the evolution of

Multicellularity

Gametophyte is most prominent in

Non vascular plants

4 major groups of land plants :

Nonvascular land plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms .

Sporophyte becomes increasingly dominant in

Other land plants

(Gymnosperms) ____ ______ _________ on a scale and is not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissues at time of pollination

Ovules rests exposed

Protests are a _________ group

Paraphyletic

_________ conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant.

Phloem

Pines , spruces , firs, cedars: phylum _____ -240 species

Phylum Pinophyta

Redwoods, Junipers , and yews : phylum _____ - 150 species

Phylum cupressophyta

Each generation has 2 phases (haploid and diploid), haploid and diploid phases may be separate

Plants

Several protist groups are considered

Plants

Green algae can even grow inside

Porous rock

Land plants + green algae

Share a common ancestor

Whisk ferns are the _________ of all extant vascular plants. __ species . Evenly forking green stems without ____ or _____.

Simplest; 6; roots; leaves.

In seedless vascular plants gametophyte is usually very

Small

In club mosses : Living species are ______ and ancient species were ____!

Small; HUGE

Green algae can stain

Snowfields pink

In ferns life cycle spores produced in __________ (in sori)

Sporangia

(In mosses) _______ is small, and attached to the gametophyte (brown/yellow parts)

Sporophyte

In seedless vascular plants _________ (2n) is dominant

Sporophyte

Mosses : gametophyte is large and long lived ; _________ depends on gametophyte for nutrition .

Sporophyte

Non vascular plants ( mosses etc) - dominant gametophyte , more derived groups - dominant _____

Sporophyte

Diploid (2n) _______: meiosis to form _______ (n)

Sporophyte ; spores

Non vascular plants do not have _________ and do not produce ______

Vascular tissue ; seeds

Seedless vascular plants have ______ ______ and do not produce ______.

Vascular tissue ; seeds

Seedless vascular tissues have _______ __________ but do not produce _________.

Vascular tissue ; seeds

______ _______ consist of specialized cylindrical or elongated cells that form a network throughout the plant.

Vascular tissues

With pollen speed no longer needs

Water

Pollen grains can be dispersed by

Wind, birds, insects

________ conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the root.

Xylem

Mosses phylum Bryophyta is :

most common nonvascular plant

Green algae is

unicellular , colonial and multicellular

Bristlecone pine

~4800 years old, oldest conifer

Green algae became abundant

~700 million years ago

Gymnosperms are phylogenetically complex ( 5 living groups)

• pines, spruces, firs •redwoods, junipers, tees • cycads •gnetophytes •Ginko

Gnetophyta

•70 species •all continents except Australia and Antarctica •welwitschia mirabilis single species found in Namibia & Angola •each welwitschia makes only TWO LEAVES •long lived- up to 1500 yrs

Nonvascular plants:

•Mosses , liverworts , hornworts •no vascular tissue •do NOT produce seeds

Cycads

•been around for 300 mya •most abundant in Jurassic, 200-150 mya ~ 140 species

Sphagnum (peat moss)

•fuel •highly absorbent


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