Test 3 psych

Which of the following refers to a mental grouping of objects, events, or people?

Concept

How do psychologists define learning?

Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something.

False

If a pregnant lady drinks excessively, her child runs the risk of having ______.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

___________ found that the cognitive abilities of young children and adolescents are fundamentally different and that cognitive development occurs in stages rather than gradually over time.

Jean Piaget

Which of the following refers to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis?

Language creates thought as much as thought creates language

Which of the following statements reflects B.F. Skinner's belief on language?

Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped.

Which of the following models proposes that associations between concepts activate many networks or nodes at the same time?

Parallel distributive processing

According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to naturalistic intelligence?

The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment

Which of the following refers to practical intelligence?

The ability to solve problems of everyday life

______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness.

The availability heuristic

Which of the following is true with regard to second-language learning and the brain?

The neural density enhances if one learns the second language earlier in childhood and adolescence.

Which of the following explains the word "syntax"?

The rules for arranging words and symbols in senteces

Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in

long-term memory

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________.

observational learning

Neurogenesis is

the growth of new neurons

A person is usually described as 'gifted' if he or she has an IQ in the range of __________.

130-140

Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score?

140

A child can form adult like sentences at around:

3 years of age

What is a reaction range?

A genetically determined range within which a given trait may fall

What does the g-factor theory imply?

A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number.

___________ are step-by-step formulas or procedures for solving problems.

Algorithms

The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences.

Amygdala

Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device?

An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.

Which of the following is a criterion used to assess the reliability of an intelligence test?

Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?

In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus.

Central executive

Which of the following best describes child-directed speech?

Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

Which of the following refers to the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive?

Cognitive psychology

Which of the following occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone?

Conjunction fallacy

__________ refers to the ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments, and solve problems.

Critical thinking

Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________.

Down syndrome

Which of the following explains inductive reasoning?

Drawing general conclusions form specific evidence

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?

Food, water and sex are primary reinforcers

Matthew sees a nail sticking out from a board which he wishes to push inside. Though there is a brick lying nearby, it does not occur to him that it can serve well to fix the nail. Consequently, he wastes time searching for a hammer. Which of the following does Matthew exhibit?

Functional fixedness

What are the levels of intelligence as propounded by John Carroll?

General intelligence, broad intelligence and narrow intelligence

Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias?

Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments.

Which of the following refers to the shortcuts people take to make complex and uncertain decisions and judgments?

Heuristics

What are current IQ scores based on?

How well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age

______________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye.

Iconic

________________ memories are retrieved without conscious effort.

Implicit

When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into:

Implicit memorny

__________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory.

Implicit; explicit

How does the prenatal environment affect the growth of the brain and IQ of a child?

Increase in the stress level in pregnant women affects the growth of the baby's brain and cognitive development.

Which of the following best describes Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence?

Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline.

According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to the ability to perceive other people's intentions?

Interpersonal intelligence

If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean?

It can be freely changed

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

It is driven by attention

Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory?

It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning

Which of the following theories describes how language influences but does not determine thinking and perception?

Linguistic relativism

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light, when the light is flashed amidst darkness. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this study?

Loud Noise

Which of the following is a term used by psychologists to describe an image or idea in the mind that stands for an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present?

Mental representation

__________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it.

Metacognitive thinking

The brains of creative people have both more connections between ___________ and more ___________ than less creative people.

Neurons; myelin

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behavior

Giving extra credit points for turning in homework on time increases the likelihood that students will submit their assignments on time. This is an example of ___________.

Positive reinforcement

The _____________ is a region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory.

Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following lists the stages of creative problem-solving?

Preparation, incubation, insight, and elaboration

_____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information.

Proactive

Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals?

Rational choice theory

Which of the following describes deductive reasoning?

Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions.

___________ is a way of testing the creativity of a person, whereby three words at one time are displayed to the participant, who must then come up with a single word that can be used with all three of the words.

Remote association

_________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world.

Schemas

______________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge.

Semantic

___________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain.

Sensory memory

_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand.

Short-term

______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

Visual imagery

What is the difference between the WISC and the WAIS?

WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults

Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect?

When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.

Charles Spearman's theory of human intelligence viewed intelligence as __________.

a single general factor made up of specific components

A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts.

associative network

A savant is most likely to suffer from

autism

Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they:

boosts levels of the neurotransmitter acetycholine

The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier.

chucking

The behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with a conditioned stimulus is termed as a(n) ______.

conditioned response

Darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now, every time Darren smells a cheeseburger he feels nauseous. In this scenario, what is Darren experiencing?

conditioned taste aversion

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______.

confirmation bias

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.

Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the ______ stage of language development.

cooing

Punishment involves

decreasing the frequency of a behavior by adding or removing a stimulus

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory.

episodic

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the dogs gradually stopped salivating to the bell once they learned that the bell wasn't accompanied by meat powder. This phenomenon is an example of ___________.

extinction

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time.

fixed-interval schedule

For every 10 cars Gus sells, he gets a bonus. Gus's sales are being reinforced according to a ____________.

fixed-ratio schedule

According to Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence, ___________ involves how fast you learn new things.

fluid intelligence

Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's:

forgetting curve

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________.

latent learning

The removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior is known as ___________.

negative reinforcement

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.

operant conditioning

Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the:

recency effect

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, salivation is a ______, an automatic response to a particular stimulus (food) that requires no learning.

reflex

When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________.

reinforced

_____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information.

retroactivie

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.

shaping

The extension of the association between the unconditioned and the conditioned stimulus to a broad array of similar stimuli is called ___________.

stimulus generalization

Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.

synapses

Thorndike's law of effect states that ___________.

the consequences of a behavior will affect the like hood that the behavior will be repeated

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, what was the automatic response?

the dogs started salivating

According to scientists, children employ the recency effect when learning languages. It means that children usually tend to learn:

the last word in a sentence first

Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing:

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

In a ____________, the number of responses needed for reinforcement differs from time to time and it produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement.

variable-ratio schedule