Bio 2 exam 1: Plants
• conifers •(and a few other phyla )
"Naked seed"
Plants share a common ancestor with animals, fungi and many lineages of
"Protests"
Lycophyta - club mosses have roughly _______ extant species
1,200
4 adaptations to colonizing land plants in dry environments :
1. Prevent water loss: waxy cuticle +stomata 2. UV protection: Flavonoids 3.water transport :vascular tissue 4:protect gametes &embryos: seeds& pollen
The transition to land requires several major adaptations :
1. Waxy cuticle and stomata to prevent water loss. 2. UVprotection 3.vascular tissue for support and water transport 4. Protection of zygotes (seed plants)
About ________ living species of ferns
12,000
Hornworts ~ __ species
20
Colonizing land plants required ___ adaptations to DRY environments
4
Club mosses are ___ million years old
420
Sago "palm" houseplant
A cycad
Plant life cycles have _______________ : haploid gametophyte , diploid sporophyte .
Alternation of generations
Hornworts : phylum
Anthocerophyta
In liverworts : _________ reproduction : ________ (splash cups)
Asexual ; Gemmae
Mosses : phylum
Bryophyta
Lycophyta :
Club mosses
Conifers are
Come bearing gymnosperms
Non vascular plants do not have vascular tissue to
Conduct water and provide support
Conifers are traditionally all considered one phylum:
Coniferophyta
______ are some of the largest and longest lives species
Conifers
_______ are economically important species
Conifers
Pollen protect sperm from
Dehydration
Seeds also protect the embryo from
Desiccation
Seeds allow next generation to be _______ over long distances
Dispersed
(Fern life cycle ) Sporophyte is _______. Gametophyte is tiny (fingernail size)
Dominant
Seeds allow a _________ stage when conditions for growth are poor.
Dormant
TN conifers
Eastern redwood , bald cypress, eastern hemlock, pines
Land plants are also called ______________ ; embryos remain attached and gain nourishment
Embyrophytes
Angiosperms : •"_______ seed" •flowering plants: produce ______
Encased ; fruit
Horsetails : Single genus , genus ________ - 15 species . Silicates in stem - "_____"
Equisetum ; scouring rush
Plants are
Eukaryotes
Most common seedless vascular plants:
Ferns (most abundant)
Seedless vascular plants examples:
Ferns , horsetails , lycophytes , whisk ferns
Seedless vascular plants ex's:
Ferns , horsetails, lycophytes , whisk ferns.
(Hornworts ) Gametophyte : Sporophyte :
Flat thallus ; Resembles a horn
(In liverworts) Gametophyte : Sporophyte :
Flat thallus ; Very small
Gymnosperms lack ____ and ______ of angiosperms
Flower ; fruit
Seeds package an embryo with a
Food supply
DNA and fossil evidence suggests that all land plants were derived from _____________ of green algae about 475 million years ago.
Freshwater species
Most lichens are an association between
Fungi and green algae
Land plants produce gametes in protected structures called
Gametangia
Ferns: sporophyte is large and long lived but when young, depends on _______ for nutrition .
Gametophyte
In mosses _________ is most prominent (green)
Gametophyte
Pollen is a reduction of the
Gametophyte
Haploid (n) __________ : mitosis makes __________ (n)
Gametophyte ; gametes
Land plant life cycles exhibit alternation of
Generations
What type of plants create most O2 production on earth?
Green algae
Green algae+land plants =
Green plants
The evolution of _________ fundamentally changed the earths biodiversity
Green plants
Evolution of vascular tissue allowed plants to
Grow taller
Two major types of seed plants :
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
Green algae can live in
Harsh environments
liverworts: phylum
Hepaticophyta
Green algae allowed diversification of
Heterotrophic taxa
Peat:
Largely composed of ancient sphagnum moss, is a source of energy for humans in treeless northern climates . It also represents an amazingly huge sink of organic carbon that may decay and be released into the atmosphere due to global warming.
3 phyla of nonvascular plants
Liverworts , hornworts, and mosses
Cycadophyta -cycads
Look similar to palms , but related to conifers
Sporophyte produces spores(n) by
Meiosis
Land plants ex's:
Mosses , ferns, conifers, flowering plants
Non vascular plants are low to the ground and need water to
Move gametes
Green algae help biologists understand the evolution of
Multicellularity
Gametophyte is most prominent in
Non vascular plants
4 major groups of land plants :
Nonvascular land plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms .
Sporophyte becomes increasingly dominant in
Other land plants
(Gymnosperms) ____ ______ _________ on a scale and is not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissues at time of pollination
Ovules rests exposed
Protests are a _________ group
Paraphyletic
_________ conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant.
Phloem
Pines , spruces , firs, cedars: phylum _____ -240 species
Phylum Pinophyta
Redwoods, Junipers , and yews : phylum _____ - 150 species
Phylum cupressophyta
Each generation has 2 phases (haploid and diploid), haploid and diploid phases may be separate
Plants
Several protist groups are considered
Plants
Green algae can even grow inside
Porous rock
Land plants + green algae
Share a common ancestor
Whisk ferns are the _________ of all extant vascular plants. __ species . Evenly forking green stems without ____ or _____.
Simplest; 6; roots; leaves.
In seedless vascular plants gametophyte is usually very
Small
In club mosses : Living species are ______ and ancient species were ____!
Small; HUGE
Green algae can stain
Snowfields pink
In ferns life cycle spores produced in __________ (in sori)
Sporangia
(In mosses) _______ is small, and attached to the gametophyte (brown/yellow parts)
Sporophyte
In seedless vascular plants _________ (2n) is dominant
Sporophyte
Mosses : gametophyte is large and long lived ; _________ depends on gametophyte for nutrition .
Sporophyte
Non vascular plants ( mosses etc) - dominant gametophyte , more derived groups - dominant _____
Sporophyte
Diploid (2n) _______: meiosis to form _______ (n)
Sporophyte ; spores
Non vascular plants do not have _________ and do not produce ______
Vascular tissue ; seeds
Seedless vascular plants have ______ ______ and do not produce ______.
Vascular tissue ; seeds
Seedless vascular tissues have _______ __________ but do not produce _________.
Vascular tissue ; seeds
______ _______ consist of specialized cylindrical or elongated cells that form a network throughout the plant.
Vascular tissues
With pollen speed no longer needs
Water
Pollen grains can be dispersed by
Wind, birds, insects
________ conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the root.
Xylem
Mosses phylum Bryophyta is :
most common nonvascular plant
Green algae is
unicellular , colonial and multicellular
Bristlecone pine
~4800 years old, oldest conifer
Green algae became abundant
~700 million years ago
Gymnosperms are phylogenetically complex ( 5 living groups)
• pines, spruces, firs •redwoods, junipers, tees • cycads •gnetophytes •Ginko
Gnetophyta
•70 species •all continents except Australia and Antarctica •welwitschia mirabilis single species found in Namibia & Angola •each welwitschia makes only TWO LEAVES •long lived- up to 1500 yrs
Nonvascular plants:
•Mosses , liverworts , hornworts •no vascular tissue •do NOT produce seeds
Cycads
•been around for 300 mya •most abundant in Jurassic, 200-150 mya ~ 140 species
Sphagnum (peat moss)
•fuel •highly absorbent
