Bio 2

order of mobility beginning with the least mobile.

1. When two bones join together and fuse so that no visible separation occurs, it is referred to as a(n) synostosis, or bony joint. 2. Bones that join together and are held in place with threads of collagen, form a joint that is called a(n) synarthrosis. 3. Bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones, form a joint called a(n) amphiarthrosis. 4. The most complex joints are called synovial joints. They display varying amounts of mobility.

Correctly identify the factor(s) that limit a joint's range of motion.

Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. Well-exercised muscles of a shoulder joint will limit the possibility of a dislocation. Joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone's articular surfaces. When extending the elbow, it is the shape of the olecranon of the ulna and the olecranon fossa of the humerus that limit its range of motion.

movements of joints

Closing the mouth is elevation of the mandible. Opening the mouth is depression of the mandible. Drawing the shoulders anteriorly, or protruding the mandible outward is protraction of the scapulae or mandible. Pulling the shoulders back, as in sticking out your chest, is retraction of the scapulae. Making a conical motion with a limb, as in drawing a circle, is called circumduction

Compact Bone vs Spongy Bone

Compact made up of osteons also called bone dense visible, obvious central canals found in greater proportion in the bone dyaphisis Spongy composed of trabeculae convey strength with light weight found in greater proportions in flat bone gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered found in greater proportions found in bone epiphysis

determine a joint's range of motion

In many cases, joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone surfaces. Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. In many joints, pairs of muscles oppose each other and moderate the speed and range of joint motion.

Increases Blood Calcium Decrease Blood Calcium

Increases Blood Calcium Osteoclastic activity Parathyroid hormone Inhibition of osteoblasts Calcitrial Increase blood resorption Increase urinary excretion of phosphate Decrease Blood Calcium Osteoblast activity Increase use of sunblock Living at the norther latitude Calcitonin

describe the accessory structures of a synovial joint.

Lying outside the confines of the joint capsule, but nonetheless critical to the support and movement of the synovial joints, are accessory structures. Muscles are anchored to bones by tendons,which are sheets of collagenous connective tissue. Bone-to-bone connections are held together by ligaments, which are similar in structure to tendons. Sacs filled with synovial fluid that act as a cushion for muscles, are called bursae. Fluid-filled sacs around the joints are especially numerous in the hand, knee, and foot. Inflammation of these structures is called bursitis

organic & inorganic

Organic collagen glycosaminoglycans proteoglycans glycoproteins provide flexibility resists tensile (pulling) forces Inorganic resist compressive forces (pushing) provides hardness hydroxyapatite calcium carbonate

Osteogenic Cells Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

Osteogenic stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts Osteoblasts bone building cells abundant in the mitochondria overactivity relates in increase bone density Osteoclasts bone resorbing cells have a ruffled border massive, multinucleate cells Osteocytes bone cells encased in matrix trapped in lacunae

the chronological order of intramembranous ossification

Stage 1 Deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic mesenchyme Stage 2 Calcification of osteoid tissue an entrapment of osteocytes Stage 3 Honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum Stage 4 Filling the space to form compact bone at surfaces,

Synovial Cartilaginous Fibrous

Synovial hinge pivot condyloid saddle Cartilaginous synchondroses symphesis Fibrous Gomphoses sutures syndesmoses plane

the types of fibrous joints

The attachment of a tooth to its socket is classified as a syndesmoses joint. In syndesmoses joints, the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable. In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement. Sutures are immobile, or only slightly mobile, fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other

describe the typical anatomy of a synovial joint.

The oppossing surfaces of bones that are connected via synovial joints are covered with a thin layer of articular cartilage. Between the articular surfaces, a thin cavity is filled with synovial fluid, which acts to lubricate the joint surface and nourish the tissues of the internal joint surface. The joint capsule maintains the boundary of the joint and contains the synovial fluid. The outermost layer of the joint capsule is the fibrous capsule, which is continuous with the periosteum and provides support to the joint. The deeper portion of the capsule is the synovial membrane, which contains cells that synthesize the synovial fluid.

In old age, some cranial sutures become obliterated by ossification and the adjacent cranial bones, such as the parietal bones, fuse.

True

the appropriate position to identify several examples of joint movement.

Usually returns a body part to zero position Extension Usually decreases a joint angle flexion Movement beyond the joint's zero position Hyperextension Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline Adduction Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline Abduction Raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane Elevation Lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane Depression

The storage or release of buffering compounds works to aid the body in ------- balance.

acid-base

An articulation, or joint, is defined as ___________.

any point where two bones meet.

Contained within the spongy sections of bones, red bone marrow is responsible for blood formation.

blood formation.

Osseous tissue matrix is composed of __________.

calcium phosphate

Mineralization is a process that extracts __________ and __________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone

calcium; phosphate

Osteocytes maintain contact with neighboring osteocytes in adjacent lamellae via dendrite-like extensions through ----------.

canaliculi

Located in the middle of osteons, the -------- contain the blood vessels, and nervous supply of the compact bones.

central canals

If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.

collagen

Minerals can be stored in the skeleton, which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain -------- throughout the body.

electrolyte balance

The --------- are found deep in the diaphyses of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult.

medullary cavities

The ------ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones, which then serve as levers.

movement

The __________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________.

osteoclasts; mineral resorption

Filled with --------, which are osteoblasts encased in matrix, -------- are found between layers of concentric lamellae.

osteocytes lacunae

The skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide ------ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened, shell-like or caged structures.

protection

The bones of the skeleton provide ------- to the body and serve as a support to hold up the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs.

support