BIO 201: Chpt 8 Overview of Skeleton

4.16 smooth, nearly flat articular surface

d. facet

long bone diaphysis

shaft

______ bones are generally thin and have a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone a. Flat b. Irregular c. Long d. Short

*a. Flat b. Irregular c. Long d. Short

The structural unit of compact bone is a. osteon b. canaliculius c. lacuna

*a. osteon b. canaliculius c. lacuna

[Compact | Spongy] bone looks smooth & homogeneous.

Compact

T or F: Cartilage has a covering made of dense connective tissue called a periosteum.

F, periosteum covers bone perichondrium covers cartilage

T or F: Embryonic skeletons consist primarily of elastic cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone during development and growth.

False, it's hyaline cartilage

irregular bones

a bone that doesn't fit any other category ex: vertebrae

All of the following are functions of the skeleton except a. attachment for muscles b. production of melanin c. site of red blood cell formation d. storage of lipids

a. attachment for muscles *b. production of melanin c. site of red blood cell formation d. storage of lipids

14.4 minute canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon

a. canaliculi

4.7 rounded, articular projection

a. condyle

1.1 cartilage supporting the external ear

a. elastic

1.4 cartilage forming the epiglottis

a. elastic

1.9 cartilage that is most springy & flexible

a. elastic

The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs is a. elastic b. fibrocartilage c. hyaline

a. elastic (most flexible, pinna of ear) *b. fibrocartilage c. hyaline

The femur is an example of a(n) _____ bone. a. flat b. irregular c. long d. short

a. flat b. irregular *c. long d. short

yellow marrow

adipose tissue stored in medullary cavity of diaphysis

perforating fibers

aka Sharpey's fibers extensions of periosteum that project into bone

spongy bone

aka cancellous bone composed of trabeculae & much open space like flying buttresses

projections

aka processes grow out from bone serve as site of muscle attachment or help form joints

What is the function of the periosteum

anchor point for tendons & ligaments protects bone provides entry of blood vessels & nerves to bone houses osteoblasts

The [axial | appendicular] skeleton consists of bones that surround the body's center of gravity.

axial

14.3 longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

b. central canal

6.2 made of compact bone

b. compact bone c. diaphysis

4.3 narrow ridge of bone

b. crest

1.2 cartilage between the vertebrae

b. fibrocartilage

1.6 meniscus in a knee joint

b. fibrocartilage

1.8 cartilage most effective at resisting compression

b. fibrocartilage

skeleton

body's framework

osteoclast

bone destroying cell

osteoblast

bone forming cell

appendicular skeleton

bones of the appendages

bone markings

bumps, holes, ridges show where a bone joints with another bone attachement of muscle, tendon, ligament blood vessels & nerves passed

14.1 layers of bony matrix around a central canal

c. concentric lamellae

6.5 scientific term for bone shaft

c. diaphysis

4.14 raised area on or above a condyle

c. epicondyle

1.10 most abundant cartilage

c. hyaline

1.3 cartilage forming the walls of the voice box (larynx)

c. hyaline

1.5 articular cartilages

c. hyaline

1.7 cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum

c. hyaline

Name important organic bone components

collagen cells ground substance (proteoglycans & glycoproteins)

What differences between compact & spongy bone can be seen with the naked eye?

compact: homogenous spongy: has spaces

costal cartilage

connects ribs to sternum

laryngeal cartilage

constructs larynx

perichondrium

covering of dense connective tissue overlying cartilage resists distortion when subjected to pressure plays role in growth & repair

articular cartilage

covers bone ends at movable joints

major bones - flat

cranium rib sternum scapula clavicle

short bones

cube-shaped contain more spongy than compact bone ex: tarsals, carpals

6.4 major submembranous sites of osteoclasts

d. endosteum i. periosteum

14.2 site of osteocytes

d. lacunae

The shaft of a long bone is known as the [epiphysis | diaphysis]

diaphysis

6.7 growth plate remnant

e. epiphyseal line

4.8 narrow opening

e. fissure

14.5 inorganic salts deposited in organic ground substance

e. matrix

What happens on either side of the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal face cartilage mostly inactive, actively reproducing just below this diaphyseal face chondrocytes dying, matrix calcifying, cartilage becoming replaced with bone

6.1 contains spongy bone in adults

f. epiphysis

4.10 round or oval opening through a bone

f. foramen

periosteum

fibrous membrane covering bone

endochondral ossification

formation of bones in embryo via models of hyaline cartilage blood vessels invade perichondrium of model, converting it to periosteum osteoblasts at inner periosteum secrete bone matrix around model, forming a bony collar cartilage in shaft center calcifies then hollows out, forming internal cavity periosteal bud invades cavity to form spongy bone includes blood vessels, nerves, red marrow elements, osteoblasts, osteoclasts spongy bone removed to produce medullary cavity proceeds in both directions from primary ossification center

red marrow

found in interior of epiphyses

4.11 shallow depression

g. fossa

6.6 contains fat in adult bones

g. medullary cavity l. yellow marrow

flat bones

generally thin spongy bone covered by thin layer of compact bone can be curved

Depressions & openings for passage of blood vessels or nerves

groove a furrow fissure narrow slit-like opening foramen found or oval opening through a bone notch indentation at the edge of a structure

4.5 structure supported on neck

h. head

projections that help form joints

head bony expansion carried on narrow neck facet smooth, nearly flat articular surface condyle rounded articular projection ramus armlike bar of bone

long bone epiphysis

head thin layer of compact bone enclosing spongy bone

major bones - long

humerus ulna radius femur tibia fibula phalanges metacarpals metatarsals

4.9 canal-like structure

i. meatus

6.8 major submembranous site of osteoblasts

i. periosteum

depressions or cavities

indentations or openings in bone that often serve as conduits for nerves or blood vessels

bone, chemical composition

inorganic calcium salts collagen fibers

4.15 projection or prominence

j. process

6.3 site of blood cell formation

j. red marrow

articulations

joints connections of bones

4.6 armlike projection

k. ramus

4.12 air filled cavity

l. sinus

axial skeleton

lies around body's center of gravity

The category of bone with the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume is ____

long

4.1 sharp slender process

m. spine

other bony landmarks

meatus canal-like passageway inner ear sinus bone cavity filled with air & lined with mucous membrane fossa shallow basin-like depression often serves as articular surface

endosteum

membrane that covers the inner side of bone medullary cavity, trabeculae, canals of compact bone contains osteoblasts & clasts involved in bone remodeling

elastic cartilage

more flexible than hyaline tolerates repeated bending external ear, epiglottis

long bones

much longer than wide generally a diaphysis (shaft) with epiphyses (heads) on either end composed mostly of compact bone

4.13 large, irregularly shaped projection

n. trochanter

cartilage

not innervated mainly avascular

4.2 small rounded projection

o. tubercle

4.4 large rounded projection

p. tuberosity

Trace the route of nutrients through a bone, from entry to destination

periosteum perforating canal central canal canaliculus osteocyte

compact bone structure

periosteum superficially wraps the bone Perforating fibers project from it to attach to most superficial circumferential lamella circumferential lamellae are thin layers of compact bone that wrap around osteons that comprise the bone structure osteon (haversian system) cylindrical structure running parallel to bone's long axis comprised of lamellae surrounding a central canal canal contains artery, nerve, vein lacunae occur between lamellar layers osteocytes reside in lacunae canaliculus tiny canals radiating outward from central canal to lacunae of lamellae perforating (Volkmann's) right angle to shaft, connect osteon to osten to allow communication between interior & exterior spongy bone fills central canal of shaft endosteum membrane that lines bony canals & covers trabeculae

What is the function of the calcium salts (contained in bone)?

provides hardness, strength resist compression

tracheal & bronchial cartilage

reinforce passageways of respiratory system

What is the function of the organic matrix in bone?

resist twisting provides flexibility & strength

fibrocartilage

rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers great tensile strength withstand heavy compression intervertebral discs, knee joint

intervertebral discs

separate & cushion bones of the spine

compact bone

smooth & homogeneous

sesamoid bones

special types of short bones found in tendons ex: patella

hyaline cartilage

sturdy support with modicum of give most skeletal cartilage

ear

supported by external cartilage

nasal cartilage

supports external nose

major bones - short

talus carpals patella (sesamoid) calcaneal

epiphyseal plate

thin area of hyaline cartilage between diaphysis & epiphysis allows longitudinal growth of bone

sutural bones

tiny bones in cranial sutures

projections that are sites of muscle & ligament attachment

tuberosity large, rounded projection, may be rough crest narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent trochanter large, blunt, irregular process femur line narrow ridge, less prominent than crest intertrochateric line of femur tubercle small rounded projection or process adductor tubercle of femur epicondyle riased area on or above a condyle spine sharp, slender, pointed projection spinous process of vertebrae process any bony prominence

major bones - irregular

vertebrae ilium, ischium, pubis