Bio 20ll- Chapter 57

Match each type of atmospheric circulation with latitude. Drag and drop application. 0-30oN _________ 30-60oN or S ____________ 0-30oS. ________ a. Southeast trade winds b. Northeast trade winds c. Westerlies

0-30oN- b. Northeast trade winds 30-60oN or S- c. Westerlies 0-30oS- a. Southeast trade winds

____ _____ are highly productive aquatic ecosystems that exist in warm tropical waters with clear water and solid substrates for attachment.

Coral reefs

During a(n) _____ _______Southern Oscillation event, the coastline water warms and populations of seabirds decline due to a reduction in primary productivity.

El Nino

Match the type of pollution with its description. Point-source Diffuse a. Pollution that comes from run-off b. Pollution comes from an identifiable source

Point-source- b. Pollution comes from an identifiable source Diffuse- a. Pollution that comes from run-off.

Energy from the _______ drives wind, which then drives the major ocean currents.

Sun

The burning of coal releases oxidized sulfur, which combines with water vapor to produce which of the following? a. Acid rain b. Heavy metals c. Nutrient water

a. Acid rain

The Westerlies are winds at latitudes of 30o to 60o which occur in which of the following hemispheres? a. Both hemispheres b. The northern hemisphere c. The southern hemisphere

a. Both hemispheres

Which of the following is the main reason that solar radiation affects climate? a. Due to the planet's spherical shape, the equator receives more energy than the poles. b. Oceans act as a sink for solar energy. c. Productive ecosystems receive higher quality light for primary production.

a. Due to the planet's spherical shape, the equator receives more energy than the poles.

The most ominous threats to freshwater habitats is a. Extraction of excessive amounts of water b. Burgeoning human populations that depend on freshwater c. Fish parasites d. DDT

a. Extraction of excessive amounts of water b. Burgeoning human populations that depend on freshwater

What causes air to rise at equatorial latitudes? a. Heat b. Cooling c. High density

a. Heat

Which of the following best describes the wavelengths of radiant energy associated with emissions from the Sun and Earth? a. Incoming solar energy is composed of short wavelengths and outgoing solar energy is composed of long wavelengths. b. Incoming solar energy is composed of long wavelengths and outgoing solar energy is composed of short wavelengths. c. The wavelength composition of incoming energy from the Sun and outgoing energy emitted by Earth is the same.

a. Incoming solar energy is composed of short wavelengths and outgoing solar energy is composed of long wavelengths.

Which are likely to occur as a result of global warming? a. Increase in severe storms b. Heatwaves c. Droughts d. Increase in deforestation e. El Nino events occur more often

a. Increase in severe storms b. heatwaves c. droughts e. El Nino events occurs more often

As temperature increases in equatorial regions due to intense solar radiation, the motion of the molecules in the air tends to increase, which affects the air in which of the following ways? a. It becomes less dense and rises b. It becomes less dense and falls c. It becomes more dense and rises d. It becomes more dense and falls

a. It becomes less dense and rises.

Select all effects of an El Nino event. a. Land birds flourish due to abundant rain b. Commercial fish populations increase c. Plankton populations drop dramatically

a. Land birds flourish due to abundant rain. c. Plankton populations drop dramatically.

What is the expected rainfall in a desert? a. Less than 25-40 cm b. 40-75 cm c. No more than 75-100 cm d. At least 25-40 cm

a. Less than 25-40cm

Which of the following are characteristics of oligotrophic lakes? a. Light can often penetrate the entire water column. b. Dissolved oxygen is high at all depths. c. They are often crystal clear. d. They receive large inputs of nutrients from surrounding areas

a. Light can often penetrate the entire water column. b. Dissolved oxygen is high at all depths. c. They are often crystal clear.

Which of the following absorbs some wavelengths of solar energy as it passes through the atmosphere? Select all that apply. a. Ozone b. High winds c. Gases

a. Ozone c. Gases

Select all features of temperate deciduous forests. a. Seasonal climate b. Mild climate c. Limited rainfall d. Spruces and pines

a. Seasonal climate b. Mild climate

In the deep sea hydrothermal vent habitat, the base of the food chain is composed of which of the following? a. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria b. Autotrophic worms c. Photoautotrophic algae

a. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Which of the following best describes why winter and summer seasons occur in the Northern Hemisphere? a. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun during some months and away from the sun during other months b. The farther north from the equator, the more perpendicular the Sun's rays hit the Earth's surface c. The Northern Hemisphere is always tilted toward the sun, and the Southern Hemisphere is always tilted away from the sun.

a. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun during some months and away from the sun during other months.

Which of the following would be a typical situation in a eutrophic lake during the summer? a. There are large amounts of decay microbes that use up most of the oxygen. b. There are low levels of decay microbes and oxygen levels are typically uniform throughout the entire depth of the lake. c. Decay microbes are practically absent, leading to a high dissolved oxygen concentration.

a. There are large amounts of decay microbes that use up most of the oxygen.

Tundra is characterized by a lack of which of the following? a. Trees b. Large carnivores c. Large herbivores

a. Trees

Select all reasons why rising air at the equator is typically moist. a. Warm air holds more water b. Winds carry moist air into the atmosphere c. Intense solar radiation promotes evaporation

a. Warm air holds more water. c. Intense solar radiation promotes evaporation.

Major ocean currents are directly driven by which of the following? a. Wind b. Tides c. Evaporation

a. Wind

Select all causes of depletion of stratospheric ozone. a. Chlorine-containing compounds b. Oxygen in the form of O3 c. Bromine-containing compounds d. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

a. chlorine-containing compounds c. bromine-containing compounds d. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Select the two major predictors of biome distribution. a. mean annual precipitation b. maximum annual temperature c. mean annual temperature d. maximum annual precipitation

a. mean annual precipitation c. mean annual temperature

Select all of the following which are principal biomes: a. tundra b.semidesert c. taiga d. riparian wetland e. estuary f. desert

a. tundra c. taiga f. desert

Stratospheric ozone absorbs damaging a. ultraviolet radiation. b. infrared light. c. radio waves. d. visible light.

a. ultraviolet radiation

The practice of culturing fish populations in man-made conditions is called _____.

aquaculture

Gases in the Earth's ________, absorb some wavelengths of energy emitted by the Sun, while allowing others to pass through. For example, ______ (O3) strongly absorbs UV-B radiation from the sun.

atmosphere ozone

Although ozone is continually being made and broken down, what atoms released by CFCs increase the rate of ozone breakdown? a. Hydrogen b. Chlorine c. Mercury d. Carbon

b. Chlorine

Diffuse pollution often leads to which of the following? a. Bioaccumulation b. Eutrophication c. A loss of mineral nutrients in water d. Thermal stratification

b. Eutrophication

Select all statements that accurately describe oxygen solubility in freshwater habitats. a. The concentration of oxygen in fully aerated water is greater than that in the air. b. Even when freshwater is fully saturated with oxygen, the concentration of oxygen usually does not exceed 5%. c. Oxygen is very soluble in water. d. Oxygen is not very soluble in water.

b. Even when freshwater is fully saturated with oxygen, the concentration of oxygen usually doesn't exceed 5%. d. Oxygen is not very soluble in water.

Select all features of taiga. a. Dominated by deciduous trees b. Long, cold winters c. Most precipitation occurs in winter d. Low precipitation

b. Long, cold winters

Which of the following happens when fresh water forms by evaporation of water into the atmosphere? a. Most dissolved salts are retained. b. Most dissolved salts are removed. c. Newly dissolved salts are usually added.

b. Most dissolved salts are removed

Mean annual temperature and precipitation are good predictors of biome distribution because they are strongly correlated with which of the following? a. Soil composition b. Primary productivity c. Wind patterns d. Ocean current patterns

b. Primary productivity

Which biome is typically found along coastlines with temperate climates? a. Savanna b. Temperate evergreen forest c. Tundra d. Tropical rainforest

b. Temperate evergreen forest

The most important saltwater ecosystem for human food production is which of the following? a. The coral reef ecosystem b. The continental shelf c. The estuaries d. The open ocean

b. The continental shelf

This figure indicates which of the following with respect to annual mean temperatures? a. The least variation in annual mean temperature occurs in the southern hemisphere b. The highest annual mean temperature occurs near the equator c. The greatest variation in annual mean temperature occurs in the northern hemisphere

b. The highest annual mean temperature occurs near the equator. c. The greatest variation in annual mean temperature occurs in the northern hemisphere.

Which of the following is true of savannas? a. They have cold summers and warm winters. b. They have seasonal rainfall. c. They have warm summers and cold winters. d. They lack trees completely.

b. They have seasonal rainfall.

Why do latitudes near the equator have high precipitation? a. Warm air holds less water, so water is released as rainfall. b. When warm air rises, it cools and water condenses. c. Most of the world's oceans are found near the equator.

b. When warm air rises, it cools and water condenses.

Trade winds are formed from which of the following? a. Winds in the northern hemisphere blowing eastward and winds in the southern hemisphere blowing westward b. Winds in the northern and southern hemispheres blowing westward and also blowing towards the equator c. Winds in the northern hemisphere blowing westward and winds in the southern hemisphere blowing eastward

b. Winds in the northern and southern hemisphere blowing westward and also blowing towards the equator.

One of the consequences of human caused lake eutrophication is an increase in the likelihood that a. bottom waters will become oxygen-rich in the summer. b. bottom waters will become oxygen-free in the summer. c. the entire lake will become oxygen-rich due to increased photosynthesis during the summer.

b. bottom waters will become oxygen-free in the summer.

Mercury emitted in smoke from the burning of coal is a major health issue because a. it is dissolved in rainwater and causes the production of highly acidic rain. b. even small amounts of mercury interfere in brain development in humans. c. it poisons plants and leads to a heavily reduced harvest.

b. even small amounts of mercury interfere in brain development in humans

Monsoons are caused by the heating and cooling of which of the following? a. Oceans b.Land c. Air

b. land

Areas of the Earth near the equator receive ______ energy per unit of surface area because the angle of incidence at which the Sun's rays strike is ______ in these regions. a. less; perpendicular b. more; perpendicular c. more; oblique d. less; oblique

b. more; perpendicular

Tropical rain forest, savanna, desert, temperate grassland, temperate deciduous forest, temperate evergreen forest, taiga, and tundra are all major types of .

biomes

Because they are characterized by the mixing of freshwater and ocean water, estuaries typically have _____ (intermediate) salinities.

brackish

Each square meter of Earth's upper atmosphere receives about a. 140,000 J/sec of energy from the Sun. b. 14 J/sec of energy from the Sun. c. 1400 J/sec of energy from the Sun. d. 1,400,000 J/sec of energy from the Sun.c.

c. 1400 J/sec of energy from the Sun

The Westerlies blow at which of the following latitudes? a. 60-90o b. 0-30o c. 30-60o

c. 30-60o

Stratospheric ozone over Antarctica has been reduced by an amount of ______ compared to its historical concentration. a. 60-83% b. 33-50% c. 20-33%

c. 33-50%

Approximately what percentage of the energy from the Sun that reaches the Earth is absorbed within the atmosphere? a. About 90% b. About 15% c. About 50% d. About 99%

c. About 50%

Which best describes the global patterns of air circulation? a. Air flows towards the equator at high altitudes and away from the equator at the surface of the Earth b. At the surface, air flows toward the equator in the southern hemisphere, but away from the equator in the northern hemisphere c. Air flows away from the equator at high altitudes and towards the equator at the surface of the Earth

c. Air flows away from the equator at high altitudes and towards the equator at the surface of the Earth.

The Earth's supply of fresh water is continuously replenished through which of the following? a. Filtration and evaporation b. Filtration and percolation c. Evaporation and condensation d. Percolation and condensation

c. Evaporation and condensation

Select all features of savannas. a. Uniformly heavy rainfall throughout the year b. Contain permafrost c. Grasslands d. Tropical or subtropical location

c. Grasslands d. Tropical or subtropical location

Which of the following best describes how a rain shadow is produced? a. It is produced by the increasing water holding capacity of moisture-rich winds ascending a mountain b. It is produced by the decreasing water holding capacity of moisture-depleted winds descending a mountain. c. It is produced by the increasing water holding capacity of moisture-depleted winds descending a mountain. d. It is produced when dry air encounters a mountain.

c. It is produced by the increasing water holding capacity of moisture-depleted winds descending a mountain.

Rainfall patterns of Asia are affected by the seasonal shifting of winds called which of the following? a. Rain shadows b. Gyres c. Monsoons d. Westerlies

c. Monsoons

Which of the following marine zone is located on continental shelves and is highly productive? a. Pelagic b. Benthic c. Neritic

c. Neritic

On the diagram depicting global patterns of atmospheric circulation, the letter A indicates a. Southeast trades. b. Westerlies. c. Northeast trades. d. Coriolis winds.

c. Northeast trades

Primary productivity is low in the open ocean because of which of the following? a. Sunlight destroys chlorophyll in primary producers. b. Dissolved oxygen levels are low. c. Nutrient concentrations in the photic zone are low. d. Salinity is stressful for photosynthetic organisms.

c. Nutrient concentrations in the photic zone are low.

Select all features of temperate grasslands. a. Permafrost b. Seasonal precipitation c. Periodic fire d. Deep, fertile soil

c. Periodic fire d. Deep, fertile soil

The angle at which the solar radiation of the Sun strikes the Earth is referred to as which of the following? a. The angle of impact b. The angle of reflectance c. The angle of incidence

c. The angle of incidence

The area around the equator is relatively warmer because of which of the following? a. The sun's rays spread over a wider area of the Earth's surface. b. The ozone layer is thinner and more UV light reaches Earth's surface. c. The sun's rays hit the Earth perpendicular to the surface.

c. The sun's rays hit the Earth perpendicular to the surface.

Which of the following is true of temperate deciduous forests? a. They are dominated by herbaceous vegetation. b. They are confined to coastlines. c. They have warm summers and cold winters. d. They are home to very few mammals.

c. They have warm summers and cold winters.

The tilt in the Earth's axis and its annual orbit around the sun result in which of the following? a. Day and night b. High and low tides c. Winter and summer

c. Winter and summer

Unpredictable rainfall is characteristic of _______. a. temperate forests b. temperate grasslands c. deserts d. taiga

c. deserts

The Earth's global patterns of life are mainly influenced by which two of the following abiotic factors? a. soil type b. proximity to ocean/sea c. solar radiation d. atmospheric circulation

c. solar radiation d. atmospheric circulation

Sulfur oxides produced when ____ is burned are released in the atmosphere and mix with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid which mixes with falling precipitation to produce ___ _____.

coal acid rain

On a global scale, regions with the highest precipitation are located at which of the following latitudes? a. 30o b. 60o c. 45o to 60o d. 0o to 15o

d. 0o to 15o

What is the definition of a microclimate? a. The average yearly precipitation and temperature in a relatively small area. b. A region, which is characterized by very little climatic variation. c. A time period, which is characterized by very little climatic variation. d. A highly localized set of climatic conditions.

d. A highly localized set of climatic conditions.

As air temperature drops in autumn, the stratified layers of a freshwater become similar in which of the following? a. Oxygen level b. Biotic life c. Nutrient value d. Density

d. Density

Deserts occur at latitudes of 30o because of which of the following? a. The descending air is warm and dry. b. The descending air is warm and moist. c. The descending air is cold and moist. d. The descending air is cold and dry.

d. The descending air is cold and dry.

n the marine environment, the lowest productivity is found in which of the following? a. The estuaries b. The upwelling regions c. The continental shelf d. The open ocean

d. The open ocean

Tropical rain forests are highly productive because of which of these? a. They are sunny and warm b. They have rich soils c. They are in rain shadows d. They are warm and moist

d. They are warm and moist

Deep water is brought to the surface in which of the following? a. Continental shelf ecosystems b. Estuaries c. Coral reefs d. Upwelling regions

d. Upwelling regions

An El Nino event is characterized by which of the following? a. Seabird population explosions b. High primary productivity c. High nutrient levels d. Warm coastal waters

d. Warm coastal waters

The run-off of excessive amounts of nitrates and phosphates from lakes and rivers to oceans creates areas with significantly depleted oxygen levels which leads to massive deaths of fish and other animals. These areas are called

dead zones

In fresh- or saltwater habitats, the intensity of sunlight _______ with increasing depth.

decreases

The greatest problem for terrestrial habitats is _____ caused by the cutting or burning of wood.

deforestation

Match each thermally stratified layer to its characteristics: epilimnion hypolimnion thermocline a. warmer water, at the surface b. cooler water, below the surface layer c. transitional layer between warm and cold water

epilimnion- a. warmer water, at the surface hypolimnion- b. cooler water, below the surface layer thermocline- c. transitional layer between warm and cold water

A bay along the coastline where fresh water mixes with ocean water is called a(n) _________.

estuary

The washing off of nitrates and phosphate from lawns or fields into local lakes can cause those lakes to become ________.

eutrophic

One of the greatest threats to coastal habitats is severe _____ which has resulted in an oxygen depletion due to the accumulation and decay of large amounts of organic matter.

eutrophication

The smallest and most threatened of all habitats is the ____ habitat.

freshwater

The worldwide reduction of ozone is most dramatic over Antarctica, where it is known as the ozone

hole

The distribution of ecosystems depends on _____ characteristics, such as soil type and altitude and on _______, characteristics, such as atmospheric circulation and solar radiation.

local global

In an aquatic habitat, the ______ zone occurs near the surface of the water where light is sufficient for photosynthesis.

photic

Hydrothermal vents provide a source of _____ production so deep sea animals do not depend on the sunlight found in the photic zone.

primary

The Sun provides energy to Earth in the form of visible and near-visible ________.

radiation

On the windward side of a mountain, the warm, moist air flows upward and cools, releasing precipitation. On the side of the mountain sheltered from the wind, the drier air descends, producing what is called a ______. ___________.

rain shadow

Two types of estuaries include _______ marshes and mangrove _____.

salt swamps

In the summer, lakes typically exhibit thermal _____ which results in layers of water at different temperatures.

stratification

The ______ winds are formed by winds in the northern and southern hemisphere which blow westward and towards the equator.

trade

The constant mixing of nutrient rich deep waters with well-lit surface waters causes ______ regions to have the highest primary productivity per unit area in the world's oceans.

upwelling

A major feature of global air circulation results from rising (choose warm or cool) air which is pushed away from the equator at high altitudes. The warm air is replaced by (choose warm or cool) air which flows towards the equator at the surface.

warm cool

The air that rises at the equator is typically rich with _____ vapor.

water

As energy passes from the Sun to Earth, it is modified in both intensity and ______ composition.

wavelength

Marshes, swamps, and bogs are freshwater ______ that are intermediate habitats between water and land.

wetlands

Contagious diseases that spread from animals to humans are called ____ diseases.

zoonotic