Bio 211 Final Exam

Which of the following statements concerning the phylum animalia is (are) true? Select all that apply.

-Animals are more closely related to fungi than to plants -animals have most likely evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates -Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic

The scientific naming convention introduced by Carolus Linnaeus, known as binomial nomenclature gives a uniques two-part name. In the example Canis lupus..

-Canis represents the genus -lupis represents the species

Ecological roles played by protists include:

-Clarification of water -Primary producers -Cause diseases in various organisms -Photosynthetic production for aquatic food chains

Select all embryonic tissue layers found in diploblasts.

-Ectoderm -Endoderm

Which of the following are characteristics of the lytic cycle? Select all that apply.

-The virus kills the host cells at the end of this cycle -A large number of viruses are released at a time

What are the unique characteristics of lophotrochozoans? Select all that apply.

-a lophophore -a trochophore -spiral cleavage

Sexual reproduction introduces genetic diversity by ______. Select all that apply.

-fertilization -crossing over -independent assortment

Which of the following statements regarding altitude and climate are true? Select all that apply.

-species composition on different sides of a mountain range are different from each other -rain shadows may appear on one side of a mountain range

Which of the following are characteristics of the lysogenic cycle? Select all that apply.

-the virus is dormant and coexists with the host -Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome

A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 36% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What is the frequency of allele a in the gene pool?

0.60

Which of the following is not one of the five fundamental characteristics of all living organisms?

Movement

Similar gill pouches in embryos of a chick, human, and cat are an example of _____.

developmental homology

In fungi the occurrence of plasmogamy without karyogamy results in

dikaryotic hyphae

What is the correct sequence of the following five events during a deuterostome's development?

1. zygote 2. cleavage 3. blastula 4. anus development 5. mouth development

If a cell has 16 chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis, how many chromosomes will the daughter cells have during telophase?

16

Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What is the probability that their first child will be an albino?

25%

The most accurate currently available scientific evidence supports the conclusion that the Earth is approximately

4.5 billion years old

In a population with two alleles at one locus, A and a, that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the allele "a" is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele?

42%

In a population with two alleles at one locus, A and a, that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the allele "a" is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?

49%

When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?

50%

Fossil data indicate that chimpanzees and modern humans last had a common ancestor about

7,000,000 years ago

What is difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

An epidemic is restricted to a local region; a pandemic is global.

A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that has a cell wall but lacks a nucleus. What is its most likely classification?

Archaea

How do prokaryotes reproduce? Select all that apply.

Asexual reproduction Binary fission

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which of the following statements about cancer are NOT accurate:

Benign tumors can spread, leading to metastases

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?

Cell walls contain peptidoglycan

Members of which phylum are a common cause of blindness in humans?

Chlamydiae

Coral reefs are produced primarily by members of the Phylum _____.

Cnidaria

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding coeloms?

Coeloms are fluid-filled body cavities between the digestive system and the outer body wall

Members of which phylum of bacteria carry out photosynthesis, and were responsible for changing the Earth's atmosphere?

Cyanobacteria

During what phase of mitosis does DNA replication take place?

DNA replication does not take place during mitosis

Members of which phylum of organisms are responsible for causing red tides and can lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning?

Dinoflagellates

Which of the following statements about genetic variation is FALSE?

Dominant alleles will always be the most common ones in a population

Members of which phylum are used by geologists searching for oil deposits?

Foraminifera

In which lineage belong green algae, red algae and brown algae?

Green algae and red algae belong to Plantae, brown algae belong to Stramenopila

Which of the following happens during meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes are separated.

Which of the following statements about populations is TRUE?

In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allele frequencies will not change as a result of meiosis and sexual reproduction

What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross?

In a monohybrid cross only one trait is being studied, in a dihybrid cross two traits are being studied

Which of the following is NOT a quality of a good scientific hypothesis?

It produces results that support the hypothesis

How do mass extinctions differ from background extinctions?

Mass extinctions cause a much larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions

Prokaryotes that are poisoned by the presence of oxygen are called

Obligate anaerobes

Which of the following flower parts develop into a fruit?

Ovary

The largest mass extinction, measured as a percentage of species that went extinct, occurred at the end of which geological period?

Permian

A prokaryote that obtains energy from light is a(n) _____.

Phototroph

Which feature most clearly differentiates protists from prokaryotes?

Presence of a nucleus in protists but not prokaryotes

Biological fitness is best defined as

Relative ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce.

What do all protostomes have in common

The blastopore formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth

Based on the available data, trilobites have been extinct on Earth for about 250 million years. If you found some trilobite fossils and wanted to use radiometric dating to determine the age of the fossils why WOULDN'T you use C-14 dating?

The half-life of C-14 is far too short

A couple has a child with Down syndrome. The mother is 39 years old at the time of delivery. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the child's condition?

The mother most likely underwent nondisjunction during gamete production

Which of the following is the immature male gametophyte of seed-bearing plants?

pollen grain

Which statement regarding evolution is FALSE

The process of evolution leads to progressively more complex organisms

Which of the following supports the argument that viruses are nonliving?

They are not cellular

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

They require water for reproduction

What would happen to the seasons if the Earth were tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees?

Winters and summers would be more severe

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

Regarding mitosis and cytokineses, one difference between plants and animals is that in plants:

a cell plate begins to form at telophase, whereas in animals a cleavage furrow is initiated at that stage.

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of ________?

a common squirrel

An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake?

a genetic bottleneck

Vertebrates and tunicates (urochordata) share _____.

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Which of the following statements best describes the term synapomorphy?

a trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group

Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of _____.

a vestigial trait

Ichthyosaurs, now extinct, were aquatic reptiles with dorsal fins and tails, like dolphins. Their most recent ancestors were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tail of ichthyosaurs and dolphins are ________.

adaptations to a common environment and examples of convergent evolution

A species first arrives on newly formed islands. Select a likely scenario of what happens next:

adaptive radiation, because of a variety of empty ecological niches

When bone tissue first evolved in vertebrates, it was found within _____.

an exoskeleton

At what point during mitosis do sister chromatids separate?

anaphase

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?

animals

Which marine zone would have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)?

aphotic

What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which nutrients are passed from fungus to host?

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

In ferns (members of the phylum Pteridophyta) female gametes (eggs) are produced in _____.

archegonia

Lichens are symbiotic associations of _____ fungi and _____.

ascomycete; green algae or cyanobacteria

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains reproductive structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. In which phylum does this fungus belong?

ascomycota

The biological species concept is inadequate for defining species in:

asexual organisms

If a fern gametophyte is bisexual (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same individual), then it _____.

belongs to a species that is homosporous

Sexual reproduction _______.

can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment

Darwin's and Wallace's idea of "natural selection" is based on all of the following EXCEPT:

characteristics that are acquired during the life of an individual are passed on to offspring

A unique characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of _____

chelicerae

All fungi share which of the following characteristics?

chemoorganoheterotrophic

The most recent common ancestor of all animals was probably a ______.

choanoflagellate

Crossing over is important because it ______.

creates new combinations of alleles on homologous chromosomes

The possession of two pairs of antennae and a carapace is a characteristic of _____.

crustaceans

Which organisms were most likely the common ancestor of the photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?

cyanobacteria

Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution?

descent with modification

Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants?

desiccation

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____.

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

Which of the following is most likely to produce an African butterfly species in the wild whose populations show two strikingly different color patterns?

disruptive selection

The vertebrate spinal cord develops from the embryonic _____.

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Which of the following groups of deuterostome animals lacks a post-anal tail at any stage of development?

echinoderms

Which of the following characteristics are shared by both mammals and birds?

endothermy

A cephalopod's tentacles are modified from its _____.

foot

A lophophore is used by some types of lophotrochozoans ______.

for feeding

According to the endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is:

geographic isolation

Which of the following can be effective in preventing a viral infection in humans?

getting vaccinated

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably

green algae

Nematodes and arthropods both ______.

grow by shedding their exoskeleton

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is _____.

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

Recall Pasteur's experiment on spontaneous generation. If he had just warmed the nutrient-rich broth, rather than boiled it, what would have been the likely outcome of his experiment? Cells would _____.

have appeared in both flasks

Sponges _____.

have motile larvae

Gymnosperms differ from ALL seedless vascular plants because they:

have pollen

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Echinoderms?

have protostome development

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _____.

have three or four membranes

Double fertilization means that angiosperms:

have two sperm nuclei, one of which fertilizes the egg and the other fuses with 2 other nuclei to form nutritive endosperm tissue.

Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammals shared a common ancestor that was terrestrial. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers (forelimb adaption for swimming) of penguins and seals?

homologous; analogous

In a test cross, an individual with dominant phenotype (whose genotype is not known) is crossed with a ______ individual

homozygous recessive

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

human skin color

Long, branching fungal filaments within a mycelium are called _____.

hyphae

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

post-anal tail

A flowering plant species that bears flowers with stamens and flowers with carpels on different individual plants would be described as:

imperfect and dioecious

One of the major advantages of fruit production is:

improved dispersal of seeds

All the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This is an example of ______.

incomplete dominance

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.

is surrounded by a cuticle

A triploid individual _____.

is unable to undergo normal meiosis

The biological species concept is NOT useful for organisms known only from fossils because

it is not possible to test reproductive isolation in fossil forms.

You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid?

it sheds its external skeleton to grow

Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic of all chordates?

jaws

A defining characteristic of sympatric speciation is

lack of geographic isolation

Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during _____.

meiosis I only

Sister chromatids separate from each other during _____.

mitosis and meiosis II

In what way are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages, as opposed to more recently evolved mammals?

monotremes lay eggs

Genetic variation _____.

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

Mycorrhizae are:

mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi

One criterion for the distinction between the sponges and other animal phyla is the absence versus the presence of ______.

neurons and muscles

What would be the best anatomical feature to look for to distinguish a gastropod from a chiton?

number of shell plates

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have all of the following in common EXCEPT _____.

ovaries

Which of the following flower parts develop into a seed?

ovule

Mendel studies seven different traits in the garden pea. What genetic term is used to describe an observable trait, such as those studied by Mendel?

phenotype

Which species concept is defined by synapomorphies

phylogenetic species concept

______ is a circumstance in which one allele effects many phenotypes.

pleiotropy

Which of the types of reproductive barriers listed below corresponds to the following situation: two species of meadowlarks with different mating songs that live in the same area, but do not mate.

pre-zygotic barrier

Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities?

predation

What is characteristic for the Carboniferous period?

presence of coal-forming swamps

A heterosporous plant is one that

produces microspores and megaspores, which give rise to male and female gametophytes.

Chromosomes first become visible during ________ of mitosis.

prophase

Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait. If homozygous red long radishes are crossed with homozygous white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of the following?

purple and long

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____.

radial symmetry

Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The results were as follows: 6022 yellow and 2001 green (8023 total). The allele for green seeds has what relationship to the allele for yellow seeds?

recessive

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to ______.

reduce dehydration

What is the primary role of a mushroom's underground mycelium?

secreting enzymes and absorbing nutrients

The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that ________.

sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle

Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This ratio suggests that _____.

the parents were both heterozygous for the particular trait

Which of the following is NOT common to all phyla of vascular plants?

the production of seeds

All of the following correctly characterize flatworms (Platyhelmintes) EXCEPT:

they are not dangerous to humans

All of the following correctly characterize arthropods EXCEPT:

they undergo complete metamorphosis

In cats, fur color is caused by an X- linked allele; the two alleles at this locus are black and orange color. A heterozygote cat is tortoiseshell colored. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male?

tortoiseshell females; black males

Which of these are amniotes?

turtles

Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an egg from a roundworm?

two

During prophase I of meiosis a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _______.

two chromosomes and four chromatids

Viruses ________.

use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

you see a mouth, but not an anus