Bio 412 Final Exam/ Unit 4 Exam
Niche destruction
'Fairy rings' of mushrooms are the result of
Food web; trophic pyramid
A _____ depicts the flow of carbon through an ecosystem, whereas a _____ depicts the transfer of energy.
Increasing diversity moving from the poles toward the equator
A general trend in global diversity is a gradient of
10,000
A group of biologists want to estimate a population of beetles living in an area around a pond. They capture and mark 500 beetles, then release them on the first day. They return the following day and catch a total of 400 individuals, 20 of which are marked. What is the estimated population size of the beetles? ( equation: N= (100)(total no. recaptured/ no. number capture with marks). )
The melting of permafrost and the increase of methane producing archaea
A group of scientists in Alaska notices that not onlu have the atmospheric CO2 levels at their sampling site but so too have methane levels. What could account for this increase in methane levels?
True
A researcher hopes to estimate the sixe on an E. coli population in a liter of seawater. To do this, he can count the number of E. coli in a millimeter of seawater and multiply this number by 1000
Independent
A scientists is studying the population of kangaroo rats in the southwestern deserts of the United States. For approximately 4 years the population remains near or at 125 individuals. In the 5th year, it falls to 30. This sharp decrease in population size is most likely the result of density-______ factors.
Independent; dependent
A weather extreme is an example of a density-_______ factor that can influense the population size. The availability of bird nest sites is an example of a density ______ factor
ecosystem
A(n) ____ is a community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies.
Metapopulation
Aa large population made up of smaller allopatrics populations linked by migration is a:
Community
An ecological _____ is the set of all populations of all species in a given place
False
An individual E. coli bacterium, much like a population of E. coli, can evolve antibiotic resistance.
Amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual
An individual's ecological footprint is equivalent to the :
Density- Dependent Factors
Any limitying factos limiting the size of a population whose effect is dependent on the number of individuals in the population
The air picks up additional moisture
As air moves from the summit down the side of a mountain, it warms. What is one consequence of this air movement?
Increases
As the standard of living of a country increases, the ecological footprint usually:
False
At the poles, the Coriolis effect is much smaller than at the equator
Density
Because tropical plants have very high species diversity, they also tend to have very low population:
Distance of the island from neighboring land masses
Both the land area (size) of an island is ______ are two factors that contribute most to species diversity
Biomes
Broad, ecologically uniform areas with stable and distinctive collections of species are called:
acid, down
Carbon dioxide combines with water to for a weak _____; this is caused by the pH of seawater to go _____.
Average temperature
Characteristics used to describe biomes include precipitation and:
more; less
Cold air is ____ dense than warm air, and cold air holds _____ moisture than warm air
Failure of similar ecospecies to coexist
Competitive exclusion describes:
b>d
Consider a population undergoing logistic growth. When (K-N)/K>0, what does that imply about the birth rate (b) and death rate (d)?
Their hyperspace is broad and food is scarce
Generalists prosper when
All of these choices are correct
Giant sequoia trees are among the largest and longest-living organisms on earth. These trees grow in wieght by up to 1000 pouds of wood per year. As these trees are growing, they:
Through the use of fertilizer
Humans add about 150,000,000 tons of fixed nitrogen to the biosphere each year, primatily:
Cyanobacteria
Humans have a nearly ubiquitous influence on physical environments throughout the world. Looking back through geologic history, whihc type of organism can claim a comparable impact on physical environments?
False
If the Earth spun on an axis that was perfectly perpendicular to the equarot, then the poles would receive the same amount of solar radiation as the equator
There would be no seasonality in climate
If the Earth spun on an axis that was perfectly perpendicular to the equator:
There would still be latitudinal differences because incoming solar radiation would be spread across a greater area at the poles than at the equator.
If the earth spun on an axis that was perfectly perpendicular to the equator, how might this affect latitudinal differences in incoming solar radiation?
The ball will deflect east
If you stand at the equator and throw a ball north (really hard), which direction will it deflect relative to where you were standing when you threw the ball?
A species that is a habitat specialist and lives at the highest elevations
If you were studying the effects of climate change on the geographic ranges of species living in the mountains and your climate records showed that mean temperatures were increasing, which species would you be MOST concerned about from a conservation standpoint?
Higher elevations
If you were studying the effects of climate change on the geographic ranges of species living in the mountains and your climate records showed that mean temperatures were increasing, you would predict that species ranges would show a shift toward:
N, the total population size
In 1987, 18 black-footed ferrets, the last known individuals of this species, were captured and brought into a captive breeding program in whyoming. In 1989, the total ferret population, still in captivity, was 120 animals. These 120 animals in 1989 represented:
secondary consumers
In a pond, tadpoles eat algae and fish eat tadpoles. Around the pond, grasshoppers eat grass and, at night, are preyed upon by bats. Other bats eat the fish that eat the tadpoles. In this community, the fish are:
Clearing forests for agriculture
In addition to burning fossil fuels, humans retuen CO2 to teh atmosphere faster than it can be removed by:
Fundamental; realized
In general, a species ____ niche will be larger than its ____ niche due to interactions with other organisms in the community.
competitive exclusion
In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in teh rocky intertidal zone, comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were donminated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process MOST likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was:
One chemical element limits plant growth rate at any one time
Liebig's law of the minmum states that:
Climax Community
Once a hemlock-spruce forest is established in Glacier Bay (Alaska), it tends to remain relatively unchanged unlesss distributed. This makes it the ____ for the region
Eutrophication
Phosphorus runoff leads to large increases in the populations of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes and oceans in a process know as
Population Density
Prairie dogs are rodents that live in colonies. Black-tailed prairie dog colonies typically have around 12 adult males per hectare. When aspect of teh population ecology of the black-tailed prairie dog does this statement describe?
Sunlight, water, and nutrients
Primary productivity is affected by the availability of:
False
Seasons are caused by the earth's elliptical around the sun
Times when the sun is directly over head
Sunlight his the Earth MOST directly at:
Conservation of species used by humans without causing the decline or extinction of that species
Sustainable development plans are designed to allow:
Amount of solar energy received per unit area at each latitude
Temperature differences on Earth are caused primarily by the:
Winds move from east to west along the Andes in the southern hemisphere
The Mojave Desert lies to the east of the coastal and sierra nevada ountains in California. Deserts in Chile lie to the west of the Andes mountains. Both California and the Andes mountains run along the west coast of their respective continents. What probably accounts for the fact that one desert is on the east side of its neighboring mountain range, while the other is on the west side of its neighboring mountain range?
Population
The ___ of bald eagles in the United States includes all the individual bald eagles that could mate and reproduce within the 50 states
Realized niche
The area shaded gray in the figure in the center represents the ____ of species A.
Geographic Range
The coast Redwood occurs naturally in a habitat about 450 miles long and 5-35 miles wide, from southwest Oregon along the xoast to just south of Monterey, California. What aspect of the population ecology of the coast redwood does this statement describe?
Diagram b
The figures represent three hypothetical populations; each circle is an individual. Select the type of distribution where food is not limiting throughout the range
Food supply
The global carrying capacity of the human population will most likely be determined by
Cooler than predicted because of all the heat carried by ocean waters from low to high latitudes.
The high specific heat of water means that land masses near the equator are:
carrying capacity
The maximum number of individuals of a given population the environment can support
Multiple dimensions with both ranges and positions of most suitability for a species
The niche of an ecospecies defined as a hyperspace has:
West
The prevailing wind over a mountain range travels from east to west. In this mountain range, rain shadows are located on the ____ side of the mountain.
II
The sunfish population experiences relatively high mortality rates early in its life. It exhibits Type ____ survivorship.
A population's specific growth rate
The term (deltaN/delta t) (where N denotes the size f a population and t represents time) is used to calculate:
The flag at the equator travels faster than the flag at the pole because it will go further in one day (i.e., one turn on its axis)
Two people place flags simultaneously on the surface of the Earth: one flag just north of the south polw ( at approximatley 85 degrees), and one flag at the equator ( app. 0 degrees). Which of the statements is a CORRECT reflection of their speed?
Obligate mutualism
We think of termites as insects that "eat" wood. In fact, however, termites rely on a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic gut microbes to digest cellulose—without the microbes, the termites will ingest wood, but will starve. This, then, is an example of a(n);
7.7 Billion people
What is the approximate size of the population today?
Exponential growth
What pattern of growth are humans currently exhibiting?
Tropical seasonal forest/savanna
What type of biome would you expect to find in an area where the average annual precipitation is 150 cm and the average annual temperature is 25 C?
Exponential
When a population is close to its carrying capacity, its growth will be:
Facilitate
When lichens grow on bare rock, they may eventually accumulate enough organic material around them to supply the footholld for later rooted vegetation. These early pioneering lichens can be said to do what for species arriving in a latter successional stage?
False
When the ecological footprints of every human are summed, this number corresponds exactly to the land area of the Earth
When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample
Which of the following results from a mark-recapture study done on mice would reflect a larger population size?
Countries with the largest population sizes have the largest ecological footprints
Which of the following statements about the concept of an ecological footprint if FALSE?
Purchasing produce from local farmers instead of produce shipped from overseas
Which of the following would result in a decrease in the size of you ecological footprint?
The same pattern of climate and biome change one would experience if hiking from high to low latitude
Which of the following would you expect to observe as you go from the summit to the base of a mountain?
recently created volcanic island
You are MOST likely to observe succession in a terrestrial community where lichens were one of the first species to establish the area when you visit a(n):
Ecological disturbance and a new community
You decide to plant a garden in your backyard. You dig up a strip of grass in a sunny spot. When you have finished digging up the grass and planted wildflowers, you have created a (an) ____ in the lawn.
Symbioses; mutualisms
_____ are close interactions between species that have evolved over long periods of time. When these interactions enhance the reproduction and population growth of both species, they are called _____.
Mortality
_____ is the proportion of individuals of an initial cohortthat die at each successive age or state of the life cycle.