bio ch24-34

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26) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? A) the shelled, amniotic egg B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature C) two pairs of appendages D) bony scales E) a four-chambered heart

28) At the end of which era did most dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct? A) Cretaceous B) Permian C) Devonian D) Ordovician E) Triassic

Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by each of the protists listed below. A. autotrophic B. mixotrophic C. heterotrophic (by absorption) D. heterotrophic (by ingestion) 36) Diatoms

A. autotrophic

Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 62) have one normal and one crystalline-rod-containing flagellum

A. euglenozoans

1) Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as A) the digestive system's opening. B) suspension-feeding devices. C) components of the jaw. D) gill slits for respiration. E) portions of the inner ear.

101) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the spread of this fungus to uninfected bats? A) southward migration during the winter B) communal roosting in tightly packed clusters during hibernation C) reliance on fat reserves for calories during hibernation D) much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation E) hibernating in parts of the cave that are farthest away from the mouth of the cave

107) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials A) lack nipples. B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus. C) lay eggs. D) are found in Australia and Africa. E) include only insectivores and herbivores.

11) The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of A) chondrichthyans. B) actinopterygians. C) lungfishes. D) coelacanths. E) hagfishes.

12) Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes? A) lampreys B) chondrichthyans C) ray-finned fishes D) lungfishes E) placoderms

16) Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives? A) sharks, skates, and rays B) lungfishes C) lancelets D) amphibians E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs

24) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange. B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C) It prolongs embryonic development. D) It provides insulation to conserve heat. E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

25) Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"? A) Cenozoic B) Mesozoic C) Paleozoic D) Devonian E) Cambrian

30) Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that, in common with extant birds, it had A) a long tail containing vertebrae. B) feathers. C) teeth. D) Three of the options listed are correct. E) Two of the options listed are correct.

36) Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal? A) lay shelled eggs B) limit litters to a single embryo C) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about 6 weeks long) D) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats E) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas

39) Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of A) amphibians. B) nonbird reptiles. C) chondrichthyans. D) mammals. E) birds.

4) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics? A) legs B) no jaws C) an amniotic egg D) endothermy

41) What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? A) endothermy B) feathers C) an amniotic egg D) flight E) a four-chambered heart

42) Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes 2. hominins 3. Homo 4 anthropoids 5. primates A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3 E) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3

48) Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa? A) Australopithecus garhi B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

59) Which of the following is a cluster of genes coding for transcription factors involved in the evolution of innovations in early vertebrate nervous systems and vertebrae? A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these

62) If a physoclistus fish removes gas from its swim bladder, this fish's density cannot actually change until that gas arrives at the A) mouth. B) gills. C) skin. D) heart. E) anus.

65) We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from A) ectoderm. B) endoderm. C) mesoderm. D) mesoglea. E) neurectoderm.

66) Regarding its position in the water column, the same thing that happens to a shark when it stops swimming also happens to a A) physostomus fish when it gulps air. B) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the water. C) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the swim bladder into the blood. D) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the swim bladder.

79) The organisms represented by number 8 are A) birds. B) mammals. C) nonbird, terrestrial reptiles. D) aquatic reptiles. E) all mammals except humans.

84) Having caught and handled a hagfish, what will Terry's shipmates most likely require Terry to do before returning to further fishing? A) Wash his hands and then don gloves to prevent the spread of harmful microbes that live only on hagfish skin. B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat. C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish.

89) Which one of these, if found, should clear up any remaining doubt as to the identity of the organism? A) vestigial pelvic girdle B) blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from both the skin and the functional lung to the heart C) closed circulatory system D) ability to produce toxins from glands located on the skin, or that empty into the mouth E) two-chambered heart

9) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function? A) reproduction B) feeding C) locomotion D) defense E) respiration

94) Which feature of some carinates has the same effect on weight as the presence of air sacs? A) presence of a large, heavily keratinized beak B) absence of a urinary bladder C) presence of a carina (keel) D) number of chambers in the heart E) presence of large pectoral muscles

A large proportion of archaeans are "extremophiles," so called because they inhabit extreme environments with high acidity and/or high temperature. Such environments are thought to have been much more common on the primitive Earth. Thus, modern extremophiles survive only in places that their ancestors became adapted to long ago. Which of these is, consequently, a valid statement about modern extremophiles, assuming that their habitats have remained relatively unchanged? A) Among themselves, they should share relatively few ancestral traits, especially those that enabled ancestral forms to adapt to extreme conditions. B) On a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to amount of genetic change, the branches of the extremophiles should be shorter, relative to branches of the nonextremophilic archaeans. C) They should contain genes that originated in eukaryotes that are the hosts for numerous species of bacteria. D) They should currently be undergoing a high level of horizontal gene transfer with nonextremophilic archaeans.

A narrow hybrid zone separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata. What is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species? A. Such alleles should be absent. B. The alleles' heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads there. C. Their allele frequency should be nearly the same as the allele frequencies in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone. D. Their allele frequency on one edge of the hybrid zone should roughly equal their frequency on the opposite edge of the hybrid zone.

A phylogenetic tree that is "rooted" is one A) that extends back to the origin of life on Earth. B) at whose base is located the common ancestor of all taxa depicted on that tree. C) that illustrates the rampant gene swapping that occurred early in life's history. D) that indicates our uncertainty about the evolutionary relationships of the taxa depicted on the tree. E) with very few branch points.

According to the phylogenetic species concept, what is a species? A. a clone of genetically identical organisms B. a set of organisms with a unique genetic history C. a population with a distinct fossil record D. a population that is physically able to mate even if there are no offspring or the offspring are infertile E. a population that interbreeds and produces fertile offspring

An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates—a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. The bivalves started to die one by one; only the undamaged shells remained. To keep the remaining bivalves alive, the teacher would most likely need to remove the _____. A) sea anemones B) sea star C) gastropods D) ectoprocts

Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? A) by wind-blown spores B) by flagella C) by cilia D) by hyphae

Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability? A) This is always the first group of fungi to begin any kind of plant decomposition. B) This fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose. C) This is the only group of fungi that can use lignin for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. D) This enzyme releases heat energy from the breakdown of lignin that is used to kill off competing fungi.

Darwin analogized the effects of evolution as the above-ground portion of a many-branched tree, with extant species being the tips of the twigs. The common ancestor of two species is most analogous to which anatomical tree part? A) a single twig that gets longer with time B) a node where two twigs diverge C) a twig that branches with time D) the trunk E) neighboring twigs attached to the same stem

Deuteromycetes _____. A) represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified B) are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage C) are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens D) include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae

Healthy corals are brightly colored because they _____. A) secrete colorful pigments to attract mates B) host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments C) build their skeletons from colorful minerals D) secrete colorful pigments to protect themselves from ultraviolet light

How would a terrestrial centipede most likely benefit from the ability to close its spiracles? Closing spiracles would _____. A) allow the centipede to move more quickly B) allow the centipede to retain more moisture in its tissues C) allow the centipede to stay warmer D) allow more oxygen from the environment to reach the centipede's tissues

Humans have immune systems in which lymph nodes are important, because many phagocytes and lymphocytes reside there. Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of the following is most probable? A) The hyphae secrete antibiotics, which increases the ability of the infected human to tolerate the fungus. B) Their conversion from yeast to hyphal morphology allows such fast growth that the body's defenses are at least temporarily overwhelmed. C) Defensive cells of humans cannot detect foreign cells that are covered with cell walls composed of cellulose. D) Given that most fungal pathogens attack plants, human defenses are simply not adapted to seek out and destroy fungi.

If Bd cannot grow properly at temperatures above 28°C (82°F), then, assuming the amphibians can survive, in which time or place should the chytrid infection proceed most rapidly? 1. cooler months 2. warmer months 3. lower altitudes 4. higher altitudes A) 1 or 3 B) 1 or 4 C) 2 or 3 D) 2 or 4

If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that _____. A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates D) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners

If the eukaryotic condition arose, independently, several different times during evolutionary history, and if ancestors of these different lineages are extant and are classified in the domain Eukarya, then the domain Eukarya would be A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

If, someday, an archaean cell is discovered whose SSU-rRNA sequence is more similar to that of humans than the sequence of mouse SSU-rRNA is to that of humans, the best explanation for this apparent discrepancy would be A) homology. B) homoplasy. C) common ancestry. D) retro-evolution by humans. E) co-evolution of humans and that archaean.

In Figure 26.4 from your textbook, which similarly inclusive taxon descended from the same common ancestor as Canidae? A) Felidae B) Mustelidae C) Carnivora D) Canis E) Lutra

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian? A) amoebocyte B) choanocyte C) epidermal cell D) pore cell

In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (15), with 1 being the shallowest. Which habitats should harbor snapping shrimp species with the greatest degree of genetic divergence from each other? A. A1 and A5 B. A5 and B5 C. A1 and B5 D. B5 and B1 E. Both A1/A5 and B1/B5 should have the greatest, but equal amounts of, genetic divergence.

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? A) Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants. B) Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated. C) Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars. D) Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars.

Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. cells with two diploid nuclei A) 1 or 3 B) 2 or 3 C) 2 or 4 D) 3 or 4

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? A) parasitic B) mutualistic C) commensal D) predatory

Suppose that a group of male pied flycatchers migrated from a region where there were no collared flycatchers to a region where both species were present (see Figure 24.15 in your textbook). Assuming events like this are very rare, which of the following scenarios is least likely? A. Pied females would rarely mate with collared males. B. The frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease. C. The frequency of hybrid offspring would increase. D. Migrant males would mate with collared females more often than with pied females. E. Migrant pied males would produce fewer offspring than would resident pied males.

The answer to which of these questions would be of most assistance to one who is attempting to assign the genus Sporothrix to the correct fungal phylum? A) Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host? B) Does S. schenkii rely on animal infection to complete some part of its life cycle, or is the infection merely opportunistic? C) Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic? D) Is S. schenkii best described as a decomposer, parasite, pathogen, or mutualist of humans?

The correct sequence, from the most to the least comprehensive, of the taxonomic levels listed here is A) family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus. B) kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. C) kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species. D) phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus. E) phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, and species.

The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? A) desmosomes — tonoplasts B) gap junctions — plasmodesmata C) tight junctions — plastids D) centrioles — plastids

The human nuclear genome includes hundreds of genes that are orthologs of bacterial genes, and hundreds of other genes that are orthologs of archaean genes. This finding can be explained by proposing that A) neither archaea nor bacteria contain paralogous genes. B) the eukaryotic lineage leading to humans involved at least one fusion of an ancient bacterium with an ancient archaean. C) the infection of humans by bacteriophage introduced prokaryotic genes into the human genome. D) horizontal gene transfer did not occur to any significant extent among the prokaryotic ancestors of humans.

The lakes of northern Minnesota are home to many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma that have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about 10,000 years ago. Sequencing which of the following would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species? A) nuclear DNA B) mitochondrial DNA C) small nuclear RNA D) ribosomal RNA E) amino acids in proteins

The microsporidian Brachiola gambiae parasitizes the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs. 5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes. A) 2 and 5 B) 1, 2, and 4 C) 2, 3, 5 D) 3 and 4

The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____. A) due to common ancestry B) by convergent evolution C) by inheritance of acquired traits D) by serial endosymbioses

The next few questions refer to the following description. On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. If the low number of hybrid flies in the hybrid zone, relative to the number of D. santomea flies there, is due to the fact that hybrids are poorly adapted to conditions in the hybrid zone, and if fewer hybrid flies are produced with the passage of time, these conditions will most likely lead to A. stability. B. reinforcement. C. fusion. D. further speciation events.

The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and A. a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. B. an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. C. the hybrid zone is inhospitable to hybrid survival. D. their chromosomes are no longer homologous enough to permit meiosis. E. a constant number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.

The spiracles and tracheae of insects have a function most similar to that of _____. A) rhinophores B) dorsal plummules C) cerata. D) chemoreceptors

The water vascular system of echinoderms _____. A) functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells B) functions in locomotion and feeding C) is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical D) is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms

Two animals are considered members of different species if they _____. A. live in different habitats B. cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring C. look different D. are geographically isolated E. are members of different populations

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? A. niche differences B. gene flow C. morphological similarity D. geographic isolation E. molecular (DNA, RNA, protein) similarit

What is true of macroevolution? A/ It is defined as the evolution of microscopic organisms into organisms that can be seen with the naked eye. B. It is evolution above the species level. C. It is the same as microevolution, but includes the origin of new species. D. It is defined as a change in allele or gene frequency over the course of many generations. E. It is the conceptual link between irritability and adaptation.

What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population? A) reduce the mosquito population B) reduce the population of the intermediate snail host C) avoid contact with rodent droppings D) carefully wash all raw fruits and vegetables

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) fungal haustoria B) fungal enzymes C) increased oxygen levels D) larger bacterial populations

When it acts upon a gene, which of these processes consequently makes that gene an accurate molecular clock? A) transcription B) directional natural selection C) mutation D) proofreading E) reverse transcription

Which individual would make the worst systematist? One who is uncomfortable with the A) Linnaean system of classification. B) notion of hypothetical phylogenies. C) PhyloCode method of classification. D) notion of permanent polytomies

Which mutation should least require realignment of homologous regions of a gene that is common to several related species? A) 3-base insertion B) 1-base substitution C) 4-base insertion D) 1-base deletion E) 3-base deletion

Which of the following has been shown to cause speciation most rapidly? A. differential resource exploitation B. autopolyploidy C. sexual selection D. hybridization E. punctuated equilibrium

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible. A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) _____. A) echinoderm B) mollusc C) nematode D) arthropod

3) Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) lancelets B) adult tunicates C) amphibians D) reptiles E) chondrichthyans

31) Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. C) claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. D) idea that the first birds were ratites. E) hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.

32) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

40) Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A) ray-finned fishes B) birds C) amphibians D) nonbird reptiles E) mammals

47) Which of these species was apparently the first to craft stone tools? A) Australopithecus garhi B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

51) With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? A) Humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. B) Humans evolved directly from Old World monkeys. C) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection. D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees. E) Humans and apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.

54) Which of the following statements is correct in regard to Homo erectus? A) Their fossils are not limited to Africa. B) On average, H. erectus had a smaller brain than H. habilis. C) H. erectus had a level of sexual dimorphism less than that of modern humans. D) H. erectus was not known to use tools. E) H. erectus evolved before H. habilis.

58) At least one of these has been found in all species of eumetazoan animals studied thus far. A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these

67) In coelacanths, a swim bladder is present, but the swim bladder is full of adipose tissue (fat), which is there on a fairly permanent basis. If such a swim bladder is used by coelacanths to affect buoyancy, then it does so in much the same way as does the A) liver of a shark. B) physoclistus swim bladder. C) physostomus swim bladder. D) lung of a lungfish.

73) Which pair of numbers represents extinct reptiles that had returned to an aquatic life? A) 1 and 2 B) 3 and 4 C) 5 and 7 D) 6 and 8 E) 7 and 9

85) Terry saved some of the tooth-like objects within the hagfish's round mouth to analyze their composition in his mentor's biochemistry research lab. Terry will find that they are composed of the same protein found in tetrapod A) skin. B) teeth. C) bones. D) cartilage. E) muscles.

88) The adaptation of the body shape of snakes has resulted in one of their lungs becoming vestigial. Another adaptation (to a fossorial lifestyle) is snakes' absence of limbs. If the "mystery organism" has also become adapted to a fossorial lifestyle, though its ancestors moved about on the surface, then which structures should one expect to find upon dissecting the organism? 1. reduced or absent pelvic and/or pectoral girdles 2. metanephridia 3. hydrostatic skeleton A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3

92) Birds generate a lot of heat, especially during flight. Yet the adipose tissue under their skin and the feathers atop their skin make it difficult to eliminate excess heat across the skin. Which of the following alternatives can absorb body heat and eliminate it from the bird most effectively? A) air in the air sacs B) lymph in the lymphatic vessels C) blood in the vessels D) blood in the heart E) urine in the bladder

96) Which type of bird is most likely to need air sacs to reduce its weight? A) birds that migrate long distances B) waterfowl that float on water, but do not dive C) birds that spend much of their time underwater D) ratites

97) The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically? A) the same as that occurring in fish gills B) the same as that occurring in insect tracheae C) the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs D) the same as that occurring in echinoderm skin gills

98) The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of A) hyphae. B) haustoria. C) arbuscules. D) yeasts. E) basidia.

A researcher took water in which a Jl population had been thriving, filtered the water to remove all bacterial cells, and then applied the water to the skins of adult amphibians to see if there would subsequently be a reduced infection rate by Bd when frog skins were inoculated with Bd. For which of the following hypotheses is the procedure described a potential test? A) the hypothesis that a toxin secreted by Jl cells kills Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin B) the hypothesis that Jl cells infect and kill Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin C) the hypothesis that Jl outcompetes Bd when both are present together on a frog's skin D) the hypothesis that the presence of Jl on frog skin causes a skin reaction that prevents attachment by Bd cells

According to the _____ model, evolution occurs in spurts; species evolve relatively rapidly then remain unchanged for long periods. A. punctuated equilibrium B. adaptive radiation C. gradualist D. geographic isolation E. nondisjunction

According to the punctuated equilibria model, A. most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. B. speciation is usually due to a single mutation. C. given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. D. natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. E. most evolution occurs in sympatric populations.

Adaptive radiations on archipelagos (island chains) represent some of the best-understood speciation events. Why is an ancestral species more likely to give rise to multiple descendent species on an archipelago than on an equal-sized area of mainland? A. Populations on nearby islands are more likely to be genetically isolated than populations that are equally close to one another on the mainland. B. By chance, different species will colonize different islands in a chain. C. Favorable mutations are more likely to arise on an archipelago as populations try to adapt to conditions on their specific island.

Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation 3. sexual selection 4. polyploidy A. 2 and 4 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 4 D. 1 and 3

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest. 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus A) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 B) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 C) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 D) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3

Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. B) It should be transcriptionally less active. C) It should have reduced motility. D) It should have a smaller nucleus.

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible? A) If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another. B) Parasitic fungi steal nutrients from their hosts. C) Predatory fungi capture their prey by encircling them with hyphae, and the flowing of the cytoplasm through the pores helps the hyphae to move around the prey. D) Fungi function as part of the global carbon cycle not only by converting carbon from one form to another, but by physically moving it from one location to another.

Comb jellies may not be the most familiar animal to you, but they are critical in the food chain because they make up a significant portion of the planktonic biomass. Their feeding strategy is predatory and involves adhesives or mucus on their tentacles or other body parts. What feeding tactic do these animals use? A) suspension feeder B) fluid feeder C) deposit feeder D) food-mass feeder

Concerning growth in genome size over evolutionary time, which of these does not belong with the others? A) orthologous genes 13 B) gene duplications C) paralogous genes D) gene families

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? A. biological and phylogenetic B. biological and morphological C. morphological and phylogenetic D. ecological and morphological E. ecological and phylogenetic

For a proponent of PhyloCode classification, what is true of the reptile clade if birds are not included in it? A) It becomes paraphyletic and, thus, an invalid reflection of evolutionary history. B) It becomes a subclass, instead of a class. C) It becomes a superclass, whereas the birds remain a class. D) PhyloCode does not concern itself with what is, or is not, a clade.

Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? A) The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane. B) The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption. C) This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption. D) This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs.

Given the eukaryotic structures they lack, it should be expected that microsporidians also lack _____. A) the "9 + 2 pattern" of microtubules B) centrosomes C) lysosomes D) nuclei

If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located? A) mantle cavity B) incurrent siphon C) visceral mass D) excurrent siphon

If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes? A) 100, carried on 7 chromosomes B) 100, carried on 14 chromosomes C) 200, carried on 7 chromosomes D) 200, carried on 14 chromosomes

If birds are excluded from the class Reptilia, the term that consequently describes the class Reptilia is A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "C"? A) tree stump B) deceased animal C) fire pit D) cement-capped well

In Europe, there is a long narrow hybrid zone, shown in red on the map, between the high-altitude habitat of the yellow-bellied toad and the lowland habitat of the fire-bellied toad. Despite this, there is little gene flow between the two species. Select the correct explanation. A. Hybrids have poor survival and reproduction and thus produce few viable offspring with members of either parent species. B. Toads mate only with their own kind in order to avoid producing unhealthy hybrid young. C. Yellow-bellied toads and fire-bellied toads are two different species.

In a comparison of birds with mammals, having four appendages is A) a shared ancestral character. B) a shared derived character. C) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals. D) an example of analogy rather than homology. E) a character useful for sorting bird species.

In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism? A) a mantle B) a heart C) a body cavity D) a filter-feeding apparatus

Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants' _____. A) leaf mesophyll B) stem apical meristems C) root apical meristems D) xylem

Nudibranchs usually have two rhinophores. However, if they had a single rhinophore, it could still carry out the function of two rhinophores, and with similar effectiveness, if this single rhinophore _____. A) had two branches, one directed to the left, the other to the right B) was located within the mantle cavity C) was as long as two rhinophores placed end to end D) had cilia whose power strokes directed water away from the surface of the slug

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because _____. A) none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment B) they lack mesoderm as embryos and, therefore, lack the adult tissues derived from mesoderm C) their flame bulbs can carry out respiratory and circulatory functions D) their body cavity, a pseudocoelom, carries out these functions

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be A. 28. B. 16. C. 12. D. 56. E. 14.

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable? 1. sympatric species 2. prezygotic isolation 3. postzygotic isolation 4. allopatric species 5. habitat isolation 6. reduced hybrid fertility A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 4 C. 1, 3, and 6 D. 2, 4, and 5 E. 1, 2, 5, and 6

Sarah observed that the mystery pond organisms never come up to the pond's surface. If she catches one of these organisms and observes closely, perhaps dissecting the organism, she should find _____. A) gills B) spiracles C) tracheae D) book lungs

Select the correct statement describing sympatric speciation. A. Sympatric speciation can occur in a single generation. B. Sympatric speciation is always initiated by geographic isolation of two populations. C. Sympatric speciation has never been observed in nature.

Simard et al. (1997) further hypothesized that if reciprocal transfer did occur, it would be a source-sink relationship driven by photosynthetic rates. That is, if one seedling is in full sun and the other in deep shade, there will be a net movement of carbon from the seedling in full sun to the one in deep shade. If a shade was placed over the birch seedlings and the cedar, and the Douglas fir was left in full sun, what result could Simard and colleagues expect? A) More 13C would be found in the birch than in the Douglas fir. B) More 13C would be found in the Douglas fir than in the birch. C) The most 13C would be found in the cedar. D) The most 14C would be found in the cedar.

Sponges _____. A) have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia B) are the simplest diploblastic animals C) have a nerve net but not a central nervous system D) have feeding cells called dinoflagellates

The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of _____. A) hyphae B) haustoria C) yeasts D) basidia

The antennae of insects have a function most similar to that of _____. A) rhinophores B) dorsal plummules C) cerata D) chemoreceptors

The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a A. species. B. genus. C. population. D. hybrid. E. phylum.

The nematocysts most likely reach the skin of sea slugs through branches of the _____. A) intestine B) excurrent siphon C) nephridium D) pseudocoelom

The nematocysts of sea slugs should be most effective at protecting individual sea slugs from predation if the predators _____. A) remove small bites of flesh from sea slugs and have long-term memory B) remove small bites of flesh from sea slugs and have no long-term memory C) consume entire sea slugs in one gulp and have no long-term memory D) consume entire sea slugs in one gulp and have long-term memory

The original habitat of the North American maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, was native hawthorn trees. About 200 years ago, some populations colonized newly introduced apple trees. The two populations are still classified as subspecies, but sympatric speciation is under way. What has contributed to incipient speciation in the maggot fly? A. Because apples mature more quickly than hawthorn fruit, the apple-feeding flies have been selected for more rapid development. B. Maggot flies that feed and lay eggs on apples have gradually become adapted to this fruit. C. Apple maggot flies try to avoid mating with hawthorn maggot flies.

52) What provides the best rationale for not classifying the slime molds as fungi? Their A) (DNA &) SSU -rRNA sequences. B) physical appearance. C) choice of habitats. D) reproductive methods. E) nutritional modes.

A) (DNA &) SSU -rRNA sequences.

49) Which two heterotrophic organisms most commonly derive nutrition from endosymbiotic relationships with photosynthetic protists? 1. ciliates 2. slime molds 3. parabasalids 4. reef-building coral animals 5. foraminiferans A) 4 and 5 B) 2 and 4 C) 3 and 4 D) 2 and 3 E) 1 and 2

A) 4 and 5

13) Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the A) Cambrian period. B) Ediacaran period. C) Permian period. D) Carboniferous period. E) Cretaceous period.

A) Cambrian period.

19) If one encounters the deepest stratum in which aquatic and flying reptiles can be found, then one has likely found a stratum that was laid during which era? A) Mesozoic B) Paleozoic C) Cenozoic D) Neoproterozoic E) Precambrian

A) Mesozoic

57) If blue light is the component of the visible spectrum that can penetrate to the greatest depth in water, then what should be expected of photosynthetic protists that survive at great depths? A) They should absorb blue light preferentially. B) They should absorb red light preferentially. C) They should reflect green light preferentially. D) They should absorb white light preferentially. E) They should absorb green light preferentially.

A) They should absorb blue light preferentially.

4) Biologists have discovered the kingdom Protista to be paraphyletic. Which of the following statements is true, and consistent with this conclusion? A) Various combinations of prokaryotic ancestors gave rise to different lineages of protists. B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protistan ancestors. C) Multicellularity has evolved only once among the protists. D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes. E) The protists arose from a common ancestor that was a parabasalid.

A) Various combinations of prokaryotic ancestors gave rise to different lineages of protists.

41) The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the A) archenteron. B) blastula. C) coelom. D) germ layer. E) blastocoel.

A) archenteron.

35) Organisms that are neither coelomate nor pseudocoelomate should, apart from their digestive systems, have bodies that A) are solid with tissue. B) lack the ability to metabolize food. C) are incapable of muscular contraction. D) lack true tissues. E) lack mesodermally derived tissues.

A) are solid with tissue.

48) Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group? A) cercozoans B) gymnamoebas C) entamoebas D) amoeboid stage of cellular slime molds E) oomycetes

A) cercozoans

10) The chloroplasts of modern plants are thought to have been derived according to which sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → green plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → green plants C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → green plants D) red algae → cyanobacteria → green plants E) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → green plants

A) cyanobacteria → green algae → green plants

51) Echinoderms are A) deuterstomes. B) parazoans. C) protostomes. D) radiata. E) acoelomates.

A) deuterstomes.

21) Which of the following groups does not include many planktonic species? A) kinetoplastids. B) foraminferans. C) diatoms. D) dinoflagellates. E) radiolarians.

A) kinetoplastids.

54) According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is 12 A) monophyletic. B) paraphyletic. C) polyphyletic. D) euphyletic. E) multiphyletic.

A) monophyletic.

50) Which of the following produce the dense glassy ooze of the deep-ocean floor? A) radiolarians B) apicomplexans C) dinoflagellates D) forams E) ciliates

A) radiolarians

13) The current state of the revision of "protistan" taxonomy is an example of which feature of good scientific practice? A) the need to suspend judgment until enough evidence is available to make an informed decision B)base conclusions on controlled, repeatable experiments. C)be willing to change, or drop, one's hypotheses when the data warrant it. D)avoid sampling techniques that can introduce bias. E)Both A and C are correct

A) the need to suspend judgment until enough evidence is available to make an informed decision

47) Theoretically, which two of the following present the richest potential sources of silica? 1. marine sediments consisting of foram tests 2. diatomaceous earth 3. marine sediments consisting of radiolarian tests 4. marine sediments consisting of dinoflagellate plates A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 3 and 4

C) 2 and 3

18) Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas. A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 2, 1, 4, 3 C) 2, 4, 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4 E) 2, 1, 3, 4

C) 2, 4, 1, 3 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas. 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments.

21) During which era did the greatest radiation of mammals occur? A) Mesozoic B) Paleozoic C) Cenozoic D) Neoproterozoic E) Precambrian

C) Cenozoic

14) A mixotroph loses its plastids yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis. D) It has an endospore. E) It is protected by a siliceous case.

C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis.

50) What does recent evidence from molecular systematics reveal about the r elationship between grades and clades? A) They are one and the same. B) There is no relationship. C) Some, but not all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness. D) Grades have their basis in, and flow from, clades. E) Each branch point on a cladogram is associated with the evolution of a new grade.

C) Some, but not all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness.

11) What may have occurred to prevent species that are of the same grade from also belonging to the same clade? A) similar structures arising independently in different lineages B) convergent evolution among different lineages C) adaptation by different lineages to the same selective pressures D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

C) adaptation by different lineages to the same selective pressures

17) Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of A) anagenesis (phyletic evolution). B) evolutionary stasis. C) adaptive radiation. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

C) adaptive radiation.

1) Most animals exhibit the following structures or functions except A) nervous and muscle tissue. B) unique types of intercellular junctions, such as tight junctions and gap junctions. C) autotrophic nutrition. D) sexual reproduction. E) multicellularity.

C) autotrophic nutrition.

4) Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition A) from organic matter. B) by preying on animals. C) by ingesting it. D) by consuming living, rather than dead, prey. E) by using enzymes to digest their food.

C) by ingesting it.

7) At which stage would one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) organogenesis E) metamorphosis

C) gastrulation

36) What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates A) have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. B) contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue. C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. D) have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening. E) have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in place.

C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.

27) Which of the following is an incorrect association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise? A) ectoderm-outer covering B) endoderm-internal lining of digestive tract C) mesoderm-nervous system D) mesoderm-muscle E) endoderm-internal linings of liver and lungs

C) mesoderm-nervous system

32) Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with A) an ability to sense equally in all directions. B) the presence of a skeleton. C) motility and active predation and escape. D) development of a true coelom. E) adaptation to terrestrial environments.

C) motility and active predation and escape.

23) Organisms showing radial symmetry would likely A) be good swimmers. B) have rapid escape behavior. C) move from place to place relatively slowly, if at all. D) be able to fly. E) have many fins.

C) move from place to place relatively slowly, if at all.

52) What kind of data should probably have the greatest impact on animal taxonomy in the coming decades? A) fossil evidence B) comparative morphology of living species C) nucleotide sequences of homologous genes D) similarities in metabolic pathways E) the number and size of chromosomes within nuclei

C) nucleotide sequences of homologous genes

The next few questions refer to the following description. In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (15), with 1 being the shallowest. There are currently two, large, permanent bridges that span the Panama Canal. The bridges are about 8 miles apart. If snapping shrimp avoid swimming at night and avoid swimming under shadows, then what do these bridges represent for the snapping shrimp? A. sources of a hybrid zone between the two bridges B. sources of refuge C. geographic barriers D. sources for increased gene flow

The origin of a new plant species by hybridization, coupled with accidents during cell division, is an example of A. habitat selection. B. allopatric speciation. C. sympatric speciation. D. autopolyploidy.

56) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group? A) brown algae B) golden algae C) red algae D) green algae E) dinoflagellates

C) red algae

34) The distinction between the sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of A) a body cavity. B) a complete digestive tract. C) true tissues. D) a circulatory system. E) mesoderm.

C) true tissues.

What is true of the flightless cormorants of the Galápagos Islands? A. They are close relatives of flightless cormorants from the Americas. B. They are descendants of the same common ancestor that gave rise to the unique finches of these islands. C. Flightless cormorants on one island have restricted gene flow with those on other islands, which could someday lead to a macroevolutionary event. D. If they are still able to breed successfully with flying cormorants, it would probably be with North American cormorants, rather than with South American cormorants. E. Their DNA has low levels of sequence homology with the DNA of flying American cormorants.

Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by each of the protists listed below. A. autotrophic B. mixotrophic C. heterotrophic (by absorption) D. heterotrophic (by ingestion) 37) Oomycetes

C. heterotrophic (by absorption)

Whiteflies are common pest insects found on cotton, tomato, poinsettia, and many other plants. Nymphs are translucent and mostly sessile, feeding on their host plants' phloem (sap) from the undersides of leaves. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis into winged adults. Because whitefly nymphs cannot escape predation by moving, you hypothesize that their translucent bodies make them hard to spot by predators. How could you directly test this hypothesis? A) Compare rates of predation on whitefly nymphs on plant leaves of different colors (for example, red vs. green poinsettia leaves). B) Compare rates of predation on whitefly nymphs coated with a nontoxic dye vs. undyed whitefly nymphs. C) Compare rates of predation on whitefly nymphs vs. whitefly adults. D) Compare rates of predation on whitefly nymphs by predators that are translucent vs. predators that are not translucent.

You find a multi-legged animal in your garden and want to determine if it is a centipede or a millipede. You take the animal to a university where a myriapodologist quickly tells you that you have found a centipede. Which of the following may have allowed her to make this distinction? A) segmentation B) poisonous fangs C) egg-laying D) molting

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm? A) It is a suspension feeder. B) It has no coelom. C) It is shaped like a worm. D) It has a mouth and an anus.

24) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 4 and 5

B) 1 and 4

20) What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians A) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 B) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 C) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1 D) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 5, 2, 1,4

B) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 5. bilaterians 3. deuterostomes 2. vertebrates 1. tetrapods 4. amniotes

60) If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record? A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been incorrect because it is Incomplete. C) The fossil record will be ignored. D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded. E) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.

B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been incorrect because it is Incomplete.

45) Why are annelids, arthropods, and molluscs placed in the same clade? A) They are triploblastic. B) They are protostomes. C) They are bilaterally symmetrical. D) They are coelomates. E) They are deuterostomes.

B) They are protostomes.

54) What makes certain red algae appear red? A) They live in warm coastal waters. B) They possess pigments (phycoerythrin) which reflects and transmits red light. C) They use red light for photosynthesis. D) They lack chlorophyll. E) They contain the water-soluble pigment anthocyanin.

B) They possess pigments (phycoerythrin) which reflects and transmits red light.

58) Members of the green algae often differ from members of the plant kingdom in that some green algae A) are heterotrophs. B) are unicellular. C) have chlorophyll a. D) store carbohydrates as starch. E) have cell walls containing cellulose.

B) are unicellular.

22) The major branches of Eumetazoa are the Radiata and the Bilateria. These names refer to what characteristic of these animals? A) size B) body symmetry C) embryonic cleavage D) types of appendages E) presence or absence of a nucleus in their cells

B) body symmetry

2) Which of the following terms or structures is not associated with animals? A) eukaryotic B) cell wall C) desmosome D) zygote E) blastula

B) cell wall

5) The young of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following most directly favors the evolution of the latter more radical kind of metamorphosis? A) natural selection of sexually immature forms of insects B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development C) the evolution of meiosis D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development

3) A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? A) genes involved in chitin synthesis B) collagen genes C) crystallin genes D) myosin genes E) globin genes

B) collagen genes

43) Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? A) radial cleavage B) determinate cleavage C) enterocoelous D) blastopore becomes the anus E) archenteron absent

B) determinate cleavage

41) A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong? A) dinoflagellate B) diatom C) gymnamoeba D) foraminiferan E) cellular slime mold

B) diatom

25) Which of the following marine organisms produce potent neurotoxins that cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and create severe respiratory irritation to humans along the shore? A) red algae B) dinoflagellates C) diplomonads D) euglenids E) golden algae

B) dinoflagellates

57) According to both the molecular- and morphology-based animal phylogenies, the following are all protostomes except A) molluscs. B) echinoderms. C) segmented worms. D) insects. E) spiders.

B) echinoderms.

51) A snail-like, coiled, porous shell of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group? A) diatoms B) foraminiferans C) radiolarians D) gymnamoebas E) ciliates

B) foraminiferans

6) According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for oxygen-using metabolism B) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes C) by tertiary endosymbiosis D) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes E) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont

B) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes

24) During metamorphosis, echinoderms undergo a transformation from motile larvae to a sedentary (and sometimes sessile) existence as adults. What is true of adults, but not of larvae? Adults should A) be diploblastic. B) have radial symmetry. C) lack mesodermally derived tissues. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

B) have radial symmetry.

53) Phylogenetic trees are best described as A) true and inerrant statements about evolutionary relationships. B) hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships. C) the most accurate representations possible of genetic relationships among taxa. D) theories of evolution. E) the closest things to absolute certainty that modern systematics can produce.

B) hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships.

35) Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness? A) metazoans B) kinetoplastids C) diatoms D) brown algae E) ciliates

B) kinetoplastids

56) If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can be classified among the A) eumetazoans. B) metazoans. C) protozoans. D) lophotrochozoans. E) hydrozoans.

B) metazoans.

14) Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna? A) true tissues B) mineralized hard parts C) bilateral symmetry D) cephalization E) embryos

B) mineralized hard parts

5) The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following? A) nuclei and chloroplasts B) mitochondria and chloroplasts C) cilia and mitochondria D) mitochondria and nuclei E) mitochondria and cilia

B) mitochondria and chloroplasts

19) Which protists form colorful multinucleate masses? A) euglenids B) plasmodial slime molds C) cellular slime molds D) forams E) water molds

B) plasmodial slime molds

46) At the phylum level, you are most closely related to a(n) A) clam. B) sea star. C) earthworm. D) jelly. E) planarian.

B) sea star.

42) Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes? A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development C) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus, enterocoelous development D) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore anus, becomes enterocoelous development E) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development

B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development

34) The Irish Potato Famine (from potato blight) was caused by a mildew that belongs to which group? A) bacterium B) stramenopile C) foraminiferan D) apicomplexan E) virus

B) stramenopile

Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 60) have two identical, functional flagella, roughly parallel to each other and emerging from about the same site

B. Chlamydomonas

B. mixotrophic

105) Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent A) the first chordates. B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates. C) early craniates. D) marsupials. E) nontetrapod gnathostomes.

108) Which clade does not include humans? A) synapsids B) lobe-fins C) diapsids D) craniates E) osteichthyans

109) As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first? A) reduced jawbones B) language C) bipedal locomotion D) the making of stone tools E) an enlarged brain

21) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was A) the appearance of jaws. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. C) feet with digits. D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. E) the amniotic egg.

22) What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods? A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization. B) They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs. C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. D) They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time. E) They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws.

38) Their scales most closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin. A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) osteichthyans

46) Which of these species was the first to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism? A) Australopithecus garhi B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

53) The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about A) 6 million years ago. B) 1.6 million years ago. C) 195,000 years ago. D) 60,000 years ago. E) 16,000 years ago.

56) Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs? A) apes B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates

57) Which of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys? A) apes B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates

63) Which shark structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gas? A) its lateral line system B) its spiral valve C) its liver D) its dead-end nostrils E) its gills

76) Which of these numbers represents ectotherms that were able to fly? A) 1 B) 2 C) 7 D) 8 E) It is not possible to say.

8) The feeding mode of the extinct conodonts was A) herbivory. B) suspension feeding. C) predation. D) filter feeding. E) absorptive feeding.

80) Which feature excludes the organism from possibly being a leech? A) elongated shape B) lack of scales C) lack of external segmentation D) round mouth E) anterior sucker

81) Terry detaches the snakelike organism from the fish and uses a knife to cut off its head. In doing so, its brain slides out onto the deck of the boat. Terry peers into the cut end of the head and notices that the brain had lain in a sort of panlike structure that only partially surrounded the brain. What is the structure Terry is observing, and what is it made of? A) skull, made of bone B) cranium, made of bone C) cranium, made of cartilage D) vertebral column, made of bone E) vertebral column, made of cartilage

86) The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity remained. Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer? A) presence of a closed circulatory system B) presence of moist, highly vascularized skin C) presence of lungs D) presence of a nerve cord E) presence of a digestive system with two openings

87) The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the right lung. Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition exists. If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared ancestral characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this organism is explained as which of the following? 1. a result of convergent evolution 2. an example of homologous structures 3. a similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body plan 4. a result of having identical Hox genes 5. a homoplasy A) 3 only B) 1 and 5 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5

90) If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what can be inferred about the air sacs? A) They must not belong to the respiratory system. B) They cannot be derived from endoderm. C) They cannot be sites of gas exchange between air and blood. D) They must obtain nutrition from some source other than the bloodstream. E) They cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs.

95) The movement of air along parabronchi is most similar to the movement of A) air in the lungs of other amniotes. B) food/waste in a gastrovascular cavity. C) food/waste in a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. D) the frog tongue during feeding. E) air in lungs of terrestrial amphibians.

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? A) basidiospores B) spores of ectomycorrhizae C) soredia D) yeasts

A certain species of salamander was split into two populations by a wide, dry valley, and the populations began to diverge from each other. After a period of time, some members of the two populations began to interbreed in a hybrid zone at the southern end of the valley. Only weak reproductive barriers existed by this time, so the two populations could freely interbreed and re-establish gene flow. This outcome in a hybrid zone is known as _____. A. speciation B. punctuated equilibrium C. fusion D. stability E reinforcement

A natural predator of the crown-of-thorns sea star is a mollusc called the Giant Triton, Charonia tritonis. If the triton uses a radula to saw into the sea star, then to which clade should the triton belong? A) chitons B) bivalves C) gastropods D) cephalopods

A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA would be most valid for discerning the evolutionary relatedness of A) archaeans and bacteria. B) fungi and animals. C) chimpanzees and humans. D) sharks and dolphins. E) mosses and ferns. A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA would be most valid for discerning the evolutionary relatedness of A) archaeans and bacteria. B) fungi and animals. C) chimpanzees and humans. D) sharks and dolphins. E) mosses and ferns.

A taxon, all of whose members have the same common ancestor, is A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

All arthropods _____. 1) undergo complete metamorphose 2) have jointed appendages 3) molt 4) have segmented bodies 5) have an exoskeleton or cuticle A) 1, 2, and 4 B) 3 and 5 C) 2, 3, 4, 5 D) 1, 4, 5

Arthropod exoskeletons and mollusk shells both _____. A) completely replace the hydrostatic skeleton B) are secreted by the mantle C) help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats D) are comprised of the polysaccharide chitin

At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced? A) fertilization B) karyogamy C) plasmogamy D) germination

Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers' bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it? A. sympatric speciation; allopolyploidy B. sympatric speciation; sexual selection C. sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation D. allopatric speciation; ecological isolation E. allopatric speciation; behavioral isolation

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? A. The two forms have many genes in common. B. The two forms live in similar habitats. C. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. D. The two forms have similar food requirements. E. The two forms are very similar in coloration.

Hybrid zones provide an opportunity to investigate _____. A. polyploidy B. allopatric speciation C. the evolution of reproductive isolation D. mutations E. punctuated equilibrium

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? A) flowering plants B) protists C) prokaryotes D) grasses

If the dinoflagellate-containing sea slug P. ianthina preys on coral animals, then it would be LEAST surprising to find that _____. A) P. ianthina has no tolerance to the toxin in the nematocysts of its prey B) P. ianthina can locate its coral prey by chemicals released into the water by corals C) the coral prey harbor dinoflagellates in their tissues D) the coral prey transform themselves into medusas to flee from approaching P. ianthina

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup? A) lion B) domestic cat C) wolf D) leopard E) tiger

In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (15), with 1 being the shallowest. Which of these habitats is likely to harbor the youngest species? A. B2 B. A5 C. A1 D. A3 E. B4

In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (15), with 1 being the shallowest. The Panama Canal was completed in 1914, and its depth is about 50 feet. After 1914, snapping shrimp species from which habitats should be most likely to form hybrids as the result of the canal? A. A5 and B5 B. A3 and B3 C/ A1 and B1 D. either A1 and A2, or B1 and B2 E. A1A3 and B1B3 have equal likelihoods of harboring snapping shrimp species that can hybridize.

Linnaeus was a "fixist" who believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with A) classifying organisms using the morphospecies concept. B) the scientific discipline known as taxonomy. C) phylogenies. D) nested, ever-more inclusive categories of organisms. E) a hierarchical classification scheme.

Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins. In fact, it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet. What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of these toxins? A) the medusa body form B) asexual reproduction C) a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult D) diploblastic design

Nematodes and arthropods both _____. A) develop an anus from the blastopore (pore) formed in the gastrula stage B) are suspension feeders C) grow by shedding their exoskeleton D) have ciliated larvae

Nucleic acid sequences that undergo few changes over the course of evolutionary time are said to be conserved. Conserved sequences of nucleic acids A) are found in the most crucial portions of proteins. B) include all mitochondrial DNA. C) are abundant in ribosomes. D) are proportionately more common in eukaryotic introns than in eukaryotic exons. E) comprise a larger proportion of pre-mRNA (immature mRNA) than of mature mRNA.

Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is, extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plummules, usually located posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal surface and contain nematocysts at their tips. The claws (fangs) on the foremost trunk segment of centipedes have a function most similar to that of _____. A) rhinophores B) dorsal plummules C) cerata D) chemoreceptors

Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack? A) by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed B) by providing the seeds with water and minerals C) by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed D) by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed

Parasitism is one of the most widespread life strategies ever to evolve. Which of the following is consistent with this finding? A) Parasites almost always predigest their hosts' tissues and, therefore, spend less energy and require fewer structural adaptations. B) Parasites, unlike predators, feed on almost all the tissues of their host. C) Parasites do not generally kill their hosts; thus they can feed on the same host throughout the host's normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers. D) Parasites generally kill their host and can feed for a very long time because they are much smaller than their host.

Phylogenetic hypotheses (such as those represented by phylogenetic trees) are strongest when 11 A) they are based on amino acid sequences from homologous proteins, as long as the genes that code for such proteins contain no introns. B) each clade is defined by a single derived character. C) they are supported by more than one kind of evidence, such as when fossil evidence corroborates molecular evidence. D) they are accepted by the foremost authorities in the field, especially if they have won Nobel Prizes. E) they are based on a single DNA sequence that seems to be a shared derived sequence.

Shared derived characters are most likely to be found in taxa that are A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

Suppose that S. schenkii had initially been classified as a deuteromycete. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S. schenkii yeasts. Which two of these are conclusions make sense on the basis of this information? 1. S. schenkii produces asexual spores within lymph nodes. 2. S. schenkii should be reclassified. 3. S. schenkii continues to have no known sexual stage. 4. The hyphae growing in lymphatic vessels probably belonged to a different fungal species. 5. S. schenkii yeasts belonging to two different mating strains were introduced by the same thorn prick. A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 5 C) 2 and 5 D) 4 and 5

The best classification system is that which most closely A) unites organisms that possess similar morphologies. B) conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices. C) reflects evolutionary history. D) corroborates the classification scheme in use at the time of Charles Darwin. E) reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes.

The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly possessed 3-chambered hearts (2 atria, 1 ventricle). Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having 4-chambered hearts (2 atria, 2 ventricles). The 4-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as A) structural homologies. B) vestiges. C) homoplasies. D) the result of shared ancestry. E) molecular homologies.

The common housefly belongs to all of the following taxa. Assuming you had access to textbooks or other scientific literature, knowing which of the following should provide you with the most specific information about the common housefly? A) order Diptera B) family Muscidae C) genus Musca D) class Hexapoda E) phylum Arthropoda

The crown-of-thorns sea star, Acanthaster planci, preys on the flesh of live coral. If coral animals are attacked by these sea stars, then what actually provides nutrition to the sea star, and which chemical (besides the toxin within their nematocysts) do the corals rely on for protection? A) medusae; silica B) exoskeleton; calcium carbonate C) polyps; calcium carbonate D) polyps; silica

The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the A. amount of genetic variation that occurs among two gene pools as speciation occurs. B. the ploidy of the two populations as speciation occurs. C. relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs. D. speed (tempo) at which two populations undergo speciation. E. identity of the phylogenetic kingdom or domain in which these phenomena occur.

The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong? A) Platyhelminthes B) Arthropoda C) Nematoda D) Annelida

The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of A) their common ancestor having been legless. B) a shared adaptation to an arboreal (living in trees) lifestyle. C) several instances of the legless condition arising independently of each other. D) individual lizards adapting to a fossorial (living in burrows) lifestyle during their lifetimes.

The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is A) having a large number of base pairs. B) having a larger proportion of exonic DNA than of intronic DNA. C) having a reliable average rate of mutation. D) its recent origin by a gene-duplication event. E) its being acted upon by natural selection

The most likely explanation for the high rate of sympatric speciation that apparently existed among the cichlids of Lake Victoria in the past is A. introduction of a new predator. B. pollution. C. sexual selection. D. habitat differentiation. E. polyploidy.

27) A paramecium is a Cilate

Cilate

When adult amphibian skin harbors populations of the bacterium, Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl), chytrid infection seems to be inhibited. Which of the following represents the best experimental design to test whether this inhibition is real? A) Inoculate uninfected amphibians with Jl, and determine whether the amphibians continue to remain uninfected by chytrids. B) Inoculate infected amphibians with Jl, and determine whether the amphibians recover from infection by chytrids. C) Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Leave one population alone; inoculate the other with Jl. Measure the rate at which infection proceeds in both populations. D) Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Inoculate one population with a high dose of Jl; inoculate the other with a low dose of Jl. Measure the survival frequency in both populations.

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____. A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue

When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? A) shared primitive characters B) analogous primitive characters C) shared derived characters D) the number of homoplasies E) overall phenotypic similarity

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms? A) dorsoventrally flattened bodies B) radial symmetry C) a digestive system with a single opening D) a distinct head

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall B) coenocytic hyphae C) flagellated spores D) parasitic lifestyle

Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? A) Mollusca B) Crustacea C) Echinodermata D) Nematoda

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. B) Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D) The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.

Which of the following can be found in the mesohyl of a sponge? 1. amoebocytes 2. spicules 3. spongin 4. zygotes 5. choanocytes A) 1 and 2 B) 2, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? A. The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. B. The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs. C. Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. D. Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations. E. A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population.

Which of the following has the LEAST affiliation with all of the others? A) Glomeromycota B) mycorrhizae C) lichens D) arbuscules

Which of the following is the best explanation for the high degree of sequence homology observed in Exon I among these five species? A) It is the most-upstream exon of this gene. B) Due to alternative gene splicing, this exon is often treated as an intron. C) It codes for a polypeptide domain that has a crucial function. D) These five species must actually constitute a single species. E) This exon is rich in G-C base pairs; thus, it is more stable.

Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock? A) Intron I B) Exon I C) Intron VI D) Exon V

Which structure do sea slugs use to feed on their prey? A) nematocysts B) an incurrent siphon C) a radula D) a mantle cavity

You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? A. biological B. ecological C. morphological D. phylogenetic

10) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

100) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of abnormal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the growth of this fungus? A) shifting roosting location to the mouth of the cave during winter B) searching for food during winter C) searching for food during the day D) All three of the options listed are correct. E) Only two of the options listed are correct.

15) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes? A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.

18) The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes A) was probably modified from simple lungs of chondrichthyans. B) developed into lungs in saltwater fishes. C) first appeared in sharks. D) provides for regulation of buoyancy. E) Two of the options listed are correct.

2) Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists? A) The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates. B) The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years ago. C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates. D) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes. E) Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.

20) Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

27) Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals? A) ectothermy B) diaphragm C) shelled eggs D) keratinized skin E) conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size

29) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A) lizards B) crocodiles C) snakes D) birds E) tuataras

35) Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones? A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones. B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones. C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw. D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos. E) Mammals can hear better than reptiles.

37) In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles D) reptiles and mammals E) reptiles and amphibians

45) Which of the following are considered apes? A) lorises B) New World monkeys C) Old World monkeys D) orangutans E) tarsiers

49) Which of these species is currently thought to have coexisted (at the same time and places) with H. neanderthalensis? A) H. erectus B) H. ergaster C) H. habilis D) H. sapiens

5) How many of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? 1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are noncraniates. 2. Craniates' genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors. 3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade. 4. Pharyngeal slits that play important roles in gas exchange originated in craniates. 5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates. A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these

52) Which of these statements about human evolution is correct? A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals.

55) Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates

6) What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? A) brain B) vertebrae C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord D) partial or complete skull E) bone

64) When a shark stops swimming, it does which of the following? 1. sinks 2. quickly dies 3. oxygenates its blood less effectively A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 1 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3

75) Which number represents the closest relative to the parareptiles? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 9 E) It is not possible to say.

82) Terry takes the body of the snakelike organism and slices it open along its dorsal side. If it is a hagfish, what should Terry see? A) a well-developed series of bony vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord B) a well-developed series of cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord C) a tube of cartilage (surrounding the notochord) with dorsal projections on both sides of the spinal cord D) a notochord, located underneath the spinal cord

83) The snakelike organism turned out to be a hagfish. Consequently, why should Terry throw the fish to which the hagfish was attached overboard, rather than having it for dinner? A) It has mucus on its skin. B) If it had an ectoparasite, then it must also have endoparasites. C) The bite of the hagfish introduces paralytic neurotoxins, which Terry wants to avoid. D) It was already sick or dying; otherwise, the hagfish would probably not have attacked it.

99) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the growth of this fungus? A) southward migration during the winter B) communal roosting in tightly packed clusters during hibernation C) reliance on fat reserves for calories during hibernation D) much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation E) hibernating in parts of the cave that are farthest away from the mouth of the cave

A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles. If the pond organisms are larvae, rather than adults, Sarah should expect them to have all of the following structures, EXCEPT _____. A) antennae B) an open circulatory system C) an exoskeleton of chitin D) sex organs

A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? A) karyogamy B) mycelial flagella C) breezes distributing spores D) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae

A researcher wants to determine the genetic relatedness of several breeds of dog (Canis familiaris). The researcher should compare homologous sequences of __________ that are known to be __________. A) carbohydrates; poorly conserved B) fatty acids; highly conserved C) lipids; poorly conserved D) proteins or nucleic acids; poorly conserved E) amino acids; highly conserved

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that the adults of this species would also feature _____. A) eight legs B) two pairs of antennae C) a sessile lifestyle D) an open circulatory system

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, A. given enough time, most existing species will gradually give rise to new species. B. transitional fossils, intermediate between newer species and their parent species, should be abundant. C. natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. D. a new species accumulates most of its unique features as it comes into existence. E. evolution of new species features long periods during which changes are occurring, interspersed with short periods of equilibrium, or stasis.

After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a _____. A) similar nucleus and more cytoplasm than the mother cell B) smaller nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell C) larger nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell D) similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell

Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work? A) cuticle B) shell C) endoskeleton D) hydrostatic skeleton

Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). Consequently, the morphological similarities of these two species are probably due to A) inheritance of acquired characteristics. B) sexual selection. C) inheritance of shared derived characters. D) possession of analogous structures. E) possession of shared primitive characters.

Speciation A. must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population. B. occurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new species. C. and macroevolution are synonymous. D. can involve changes to a single gene. E. occurs only by the accumulation of genetic change over vast expanses of time.

The HIV genome's reliably high rate of change permits it t o serve as a molecular clock. Which of these features is most responsible for this genome's high rate of change? A) the relatively low number of nucleotides in the genome B) the relatively small number of genes in the genome C) the genome's ability to insert itself into the genome of the host D) the lack of proofreading by the enzyme that converts HIV's RNA genome into a DNA genome

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms B) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats C) the increased probability of contact between different mating types D) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

The four-chambered hearts of birds and the four-chambered hearts of mammals evolved independently of each other. If one were unaware of this independence, then one might logically conclude that A) the birds were the first to evolve a 4-chambered heart. B) birds and mammals are more distantly related than is actually the case. C) early mammals possessed feathers. D) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a four-chambered heart. E) birds and mammals should be placed in the same family.

The most likely explanation for the recent decline in cichlid species diversity in Lake Victoria is A/ stability. B. reinforcement. C. geographic isolation. D. fusion. E. polyploidy.

The presence of a lophophore in a newly discovered species would suggest that the species _____. A) has an exoskeleton B) grows by shedding its external covering C) is motile D) is a suspension feeder

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. C) base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution. D) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology. E) choose the tree with the fewest branch points.

Traditional zoologists have long agreed that birds evolved from dinosaurs. What keeps such zoologists from agreeing that birds, like dinosaurs, should be considered reptiles? A) There is not yet enough evidence to be sure. B) Stubbornness, insofar as they are unwilling to change their thinking when new data warrants it. C) They deny the validity of genetic molecular data. D) They differ in what they consider to be important traits for assigning organisms to the class Reptilia.

D. heterotrophic (by ingestion)

D. stramenopiles

102) Almost all North American bats are insectivores, with one notable exception being a bat that bites and then laps blood from the wound. The blood-lapping bats are limited to the warm, southwestern United States. Thus, if WNS continues to decimate bat populations in the United States and Canada, then we can expect A) livestock bites from vampire bats to increase in frequency. B) plant diseases that are spread by insects to increase in frequency. C) plant diseases directly caused by insect feeding to increase in frequency. D) human and livestock diseases that are spread by insects to increase in frequency. E) all but one of these are correct.

103) Which feature(s) allow(s) hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories? A) shivering B) fur C) fat layer below the skin D) All three of the options listed are correct. E) Two of the options listed are correct.

104) Vertebrates and tunicates share A) jaws adapted for feeding. B) a high degree of cephalization. C) the formation of structures from the neural crest. D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull. E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

14) To which of the following are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? A) osteichthyan scales B) reptilian scales C) mammalian scales D) bird scales E) chondrichthyan teeth

17) There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved A) in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans. B) directly from lampreys and hagfish. C) early in the Cambrian period. D) directly from lancelets. E) the swim bladder from a lung.

19) Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade? A) chondrichthyans B) ray-finned fishes C) lampreys D) hagfishes E) tetrapods

23) Which of these are amniotes? A) amphibians B) fishes C) egg-laying mammals D) placental mammals E) More than one of these is correct.

43) Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism? A) fingerprints B) enhanced depth perception C) shortened hind limbs D) opposable big toe E) repositioning of foramen magnum

44) Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct? A) Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth. B) Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees. C) Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage. D) The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved simultaneously. E) Fossil evidence indicates that early anthropoids were arboreal and cat-sized.

50) Which of these species had members who moved out of Africa? A) H. erectus B) H. ergaster C) H. habilis D) H. sapiens E) both H. sapiens and H. erectus

60) The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still A) effectively circulate its blood. B) be highly maneuverable. C) use its lateral line system. D) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ. E) not sink.

61) Rank the following fish, from most to least, in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth) in the water column over the long term. 1. physoclistus fish 2. physostomus fish 3. chondrichthyan fish A) 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 3, 1 C) 2, 1, 3 D) 3, 1, 2 E) 3, 2, 1

69) If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use? A) its heart B) its pectoral fins C) its lateral line system D) its caudal (tail) fin E) its opercula

7) Lampreys differ from hagfishes in A) lacking jaws. B) having a cranium. C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits. D) having a notochord throughout life. E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.

72) Which number represents the birds? A) 3 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 10, if it were at the end of a branch emerging from the dinosaurs

74) If circle 3 includes all of the extant reptiles that are ectotherms, then what do circles 4 and 6 represent? A) crocodiles and birds B) turtles and birds C) ratites and carinates D) mammals and birds E) There is not enough information to say.

77) Whose DNA would have had the most sequence homologies with amphibian DNA? A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8 E) 9

78) In order for the four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals to be homologous, which other organisms would have to have had four-chambered hearts? A) dinosaurs B) thecodonts C) plesiosaurs D) synapsids E) stem reptiles

91) Some bird bones are hollow rather than honeycombed. The hollow bones mostly contain air sacs. The replacement of bone marrow with air sacs is properly understood as an adaptation to A) reduce the weight of the bird. B) facilitate flight. C) eliminate the functions that marrow performs. D) All three of the options listed are correct. E) Only two of the options listed are correct.

93) If Archaeopteryx had air sacs, then which of its features would have had the opposite effect on enabling Archaeopteryx to fly long distances from that provided by air sacs? 1. teeth 2. contour feathers 3. wing claws 4. long tail with many vertebrae A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4

3) Which of the following statements concerning living phytoplanktonic organisms are true? 1. They are important members of communities surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 2. They are important primary producers in most aquatic food webs. 3. They are important in maintaining oxygen in Earth's seas and atmosphere. 4. They are most often found growing in the sediments of seas and oceans. 5. They can be so concentrated that they affect the color of seawater. A) 1 and 4 B) 1, 2, and 4 C) 2, 3, and 4 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5

D) 2, 3, and 5

49) With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan 2. protostome 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic A) 4, 2, 3, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 4, 3, 2, 1

D) 3, 4, 2, 1 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic 2. protostome 1. ecdysozoan

59) Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A) 5 B) 1, 3 C) 2, 4 D) 3, 5 E) 3, 4, 5

D) 3, 5 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

31) Which of the following subdivisions of the animal kingdom encompasses all the others in the list? A) Protostomia B) Bilateria C) Radiata D) Eumetazoa E) Deuterostomia

D) Eumetazoa

12) The goal in classifying organisms should be to create categories that reflect the evolutionary histories of organisms. What system would be best to use? A) a three-kingdom classification system B) a five-kingdom classification system C) an eight-kingdom classification system D) a system that uses as many kingdoms as necessary to be accurate E) a system that returns to that used by Linnaeus

D) a system that uses as many kingdoms as necessary to be accurate

44) The largest seaweeds such as kelp belong to which group? A) cyanobacteria B) red algae C) green algae D) brown algae E) golden algae

D) brown algae

32) Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process wherein the population size of paramecium increases? A) budding B) meiotic division C) mitotic division D) conjugation E) binary fission

D) conjugation

39) An animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be all of the following except A) bilaterally symmetrical. B) coelomate. C) eumetazoan. D) diploblastic. E) cephalized.

D) diploblastic.

40) The blastopore is a structure that is evident in the A) zygote. B) blastula. C) eight-cell embryo. D) gastrula. E) egg and sperm.

D) gastrula.

16) Which of these genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) random segregation D) gene duplication E) chromosomal condensation

D) gene duplication

45) A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) thalli B) bladders C) blades D) holdfasts E) none of the above

D) holdfasts

44) Protostome characteristics include all of the following except A) a mouth that develops from the blastopore. B) schizocoelous development. C) spiral cleavage. D) indeterminate cleavage. E) solid masses of mesodermal tissue that split and form the body cavity.

D) indeterminate cleavage.

10) What should animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common? A) body cavity between body wall and digestive system B) number of embryonic tissue layers C) type of body symmetry D) presence of Hox genes E) degree of cephalization

D) presence of Hox genes

47) Protostomes exhibit ________ cleavage; deuterostomes exhibit ________ cleavage. A) radial and spiral; determinate and indeterminate B) radial and indeterminate; spiral and determinate C) radial and determinate; spiral and indeterminate D) spiral and determinate; radial and indeterminate E) spiral and indeterminate; radial and determinate

D) spiral and determinate; radial and indeterminate

28) You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a A) flatworm. B) jelly. C) comb jelly. D) sponge. E) nematode.

D) sponge.

48) The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having A) radial or bilateral symmetry. B) a well-defined head or no head. C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. D) true tissues or no tissues. E) a body cavity or no body cavity.

D) true tissues or no tissues.

40) which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer? A. oomycete B. kinetoplastid C. apicomplexan D. diatom E. radiolarian

D. diatom

A hybrid zone is properly defined as A/ a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. B. a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other. C. an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow. D. an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap. E. an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring.

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that A.the species is now extinct. B. speciation occurred instantaneously. C. the species will consequently have a relatively short existence, compared with other species. D. speciation occurred in one generation. E. speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time.

Cladograms (a type of phylogenetic tree) constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in A) morphology. B) the pattern of embryological development. C) biochemical pathways. D) habitat and lifestyle choices. E) mutations to homologous genes.

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? A. hybrid breakdown B. mechanical isolation C. gametic isolation D. reduced hybrid fertility E. habitat isolation

2.) Which of the following is not true concerning the sporophyte or gametophyte generations of flowering plants? a.) The flower is composed of gametophyte tissue only. b.) The sporophyte generation is dominant. c.) The sporophyte generation is what we see when looking at a large plant. d.) The gametophyte generation is not photosynthetic. e.) The gametophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower

a.) The flower is composed of gametophyte tissue only.

43.) Which of the following statements is not true of monocots? a.) They are currently thought to be polyphyletic. b.) The veins of their leaves are parallel to each other. c.) They, along with the and eudicots basal angiosperms, are currently placed in the phylum Anthophyta. d.) They possess a single cotyledon. e.) All of the statements are true.

a.) They are currently thought to be polyphyletic

The first terrestrial organisms probably were considered which of the following? 1. burrowers 2. photosynthetic 3. multicellular 4. prokaryotes 5. eukaryotes 6. plants and their associated fungi a) 2, 3, 5, and 6 b) 2 and 4 c) 1, 3, and 5 d) 2, 3 and 6 e) 3 and 5

b) 2 and 4

Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events in the origin of life? I. formation of protobionts II. synthesis of organic monomers III. synthesis of organic polymers IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems a) II, III, I, IV b) I, III, II, IV c) III, II, I, IV d) I, II, III, IV

b) II, III, I, IV

Select the factor most likely to have caused the animals and plants of India to differ greatly from species in nearby Southeast Asia. a) Life in India was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions. b) India was a separate continent until 55 million years ago. c) The species have become separated by convergent evolution. d) The climates of the two regions are similar. e) India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia.`

b) India was a separate continent until 55 million years ago.

How were conditions on the early Earth of more than 3 billion years ago different from those on today's Earth? a) Less ultraviolet radiation penetrated early Earth's atmosphere b) Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris c) Only early Earth had an oxidizing atmosphere d) Early earth's atmosphere had significant quantities of ozone.

b) Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris

An explanation for the evolution of insect wings suggests that wings began as lateral extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipaters for thermoregulation. When they had become sufficiently large, these extensions became useful for gliding through the air, and selection later refined them as flight-producing wings. If this hypothesis is correct, insect wings could best be described as a) examples of natural selection's predictive ability. b) exaptations. c) mutations. d) adaptations. e) isolating mechanisms.

b) exaptations.

Which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? a) synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes b) formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids c) abiotic synthesis of polypeptides d) abiotic synthesis of organic molecules e) formation of molecular aggregates with selectively permeable membranes

b) formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids

Fossilized stromatolites a) provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago. b) resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays. c) all date from 2.7 billion years ago. d) contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes and date from 2.1 billion years ago. e) formed around deep-sea vents.

b) resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays.

Plants first moved onto land at least ______ years ago. a. 65 million b. 475 million c. 1.2 billion d. 3.5 billion e. 4.5 billion

b. 475 million

30) Which of the following statements concerning protists is false? a. All protists are eukaryotic organisms; many are unicellular or colonial. b. The organism that causes malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of the tsetse fly. c. All apicomplexans are parasitic. d. Cellular slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. e. The euglenozoans that are functionally mixotrophic contain chloroplasts.

b. The organism that causes malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of the tsetse fly.

What is true of charophytes? a. They are examples of seedless vascular plants. b. They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants. c. They share some features in common with land plants, namely spores surrounded by sporopollenin and alternation of generations. d. They are the ancestors of green algae.

b. They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants.

The following characteristics all helped seedless plants become better adapted to land except a. stomata on leaves. b. a dominant gametophyte. c. a branched sporophyte. d. vascular tissue. e. a waxy cuticle.

b. a dominant gametophyte.

15) Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because a. the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes. b. almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, whereas only autotrophic eukaryotes generally have plastids. c. mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA. d. without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur. e. mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes, whereas plastids utilize their own ribosomes.

b. almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, whereas only autotrophic eukaryotes generally have plastids.

Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants? a. gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms b. bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms c. ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes d. bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms e. ferns, gymnosperms, bryophytes, angiosperms

b. bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Which of these should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants? a. early angiosperms b. early bryophytes c. early lycophytes d. early pterophytes e. early gymnosperms

b. early bryophytes

Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except multicellularity. a. a reduced, dependent sporophyte. b. lignified vascular tissue. c. walled spores in sporangia. d. specialized cells and tissues.

b. lignified vascular tissue.

26.) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore a.) 4, 3, 2, 1 b.) 4, 2, 3, 1 c.) 4, 1, 2, 3 d.) 1, 4, 3, 2 e.) 1, 4, 2, 3

b.) 4, 2, 3, 1

51.) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below. A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 24 E. 32 How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?

b.) 8

53.) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below. A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 24 E. 32 How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?

b.) 8

54.) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below. A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 24 E. 32 How many chromosomes should be in an embryo sac nucleus?

b.) 8

67.) For the following questions, match the adaptations of the various fruits below with the most likely means used by the fruit to disperse the seeds contained within the fruit (A-E). A. animal skin, fur, or feathers B. animal digestive tract C. water currents D. gravity and terrain E. air currents The fruit is made of material high in calories.

b.) Animal digestive tract

72.) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods? a.) Genetic engineering b.) Artificial selection c.) Natural selection d.) Sexual selection e.) Pesticide and herbicide application

b.) Artificial selection

29.) Before pollination occurs, what does an individual flower potentially have that an individual pine cone does not have? a.) Sporophylls b.) Both male and female gametophytes c.) Sporangia d.) Structures for dispersing seed or pollen grains e.) Spore mother cells

b.) Both male and female gametophytes

47.) How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? a.) By nourishing the plants that make them b.) By facilitating dispersal of seeds c.) By attracting insects to the pollen inside d.) By producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat e.) By producing triploid cells via double fertilization

b.) By facilitating dispersal of seeds

10.) In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) a.) Fruit b.) Cotyledon c.) Sporophyte d.) Seed Coat e.) Endosperm

b.) Cotyledon

37.) For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A-D) that most directly produces them. Egg cell in the embryo sac a.) male gametophyte b.) female gametophyte c.) male sporophyte d.) female sporophyte

b.) Female gametophyte

x a.) Close to the ground. b.) In dense, single-species stands. c.) In relative isolation from other members of the same species. d.) Along coastlines where prevailing winds blow from the land out to sea. e.) In well-drained soils. f) soils.

b.) In dense, single-species stands f) soils

14.) With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? a.) Egg-n b.) Megaspore-2n c.) Microspore-n d.) Zygote-2n e.) Sperm-n

b.) Megaspore-2n

4.) All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms, except a.) Haploid nuclei. b.) Mitochondria. c.) Cell walls. d.) Chloroplasts. e.) Peroxisomes.

b.) Mitochondria.

75.) Assume that a botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except a.) Observing which plants sick animals seek out. b.) Observing which plants are the most used food plants. c.) Observing which plants animals do not eat. d.) Collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis. e.) Asking local people which plants they use as medicine.

b.) Observing which plants are the most used food plants

42.) All of the following are sporophyte structures except a.) Immature ovules. b.) Pollen tubes. c.) Ovaries. d.) Stamens. e.) Sepals.

b.) Pollen tubes

3.) Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants? a.) Decrease in the size of the leaf b.) Reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle c.) Elimination of sperm cells or sperm nuclei d.) Increasing reliance on water to bring sperm and egg together e.) Replacement of roots by rhizoids

b.) Reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle

Which of the following characteristics should have been possessed by the first animals to colonize land? 1. were probably herbivores (ate photosynthesizers) 2. had four appendages 3. had the ability to resist dehydration 4. had lobe-finned fishes as ancestors 5. were invertebrates a) 3 and 5 b) 1,2,3, and 4 c) 1, 3, and 5 d) 2, 3, and 4 e) 3 only

c) 1, 3, and 5

9.) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the cells below, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1. cells of sporangium 2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root 3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls 4. cells of a gametophyte a.) 3, 4, 1, 2 b.) 3, 4, 2, 1 c.) 3, 1, 4, 2 d.) 3, 2, 1, 4 e.) 3, 1, 2, 4

c.) 3, 1, 4, 2

45.) All of the following statements are true of angiosperm carpels except that they a.) Are features of the sporophyte generation. b.) Consist of stigma, style, and ovary. c.) Are structures that directly produce female gametes. d.) Surround and nourish the female gametophyte. e.) Consist of highly modified sporophylls.

c.) Are structures that directly produce female gametes

40.) Which of these would have been the most likely dietary staple for a 20-foot-tall, bipedal, herbivorous dinosaur of about 100 million years ago? a.) Moss gametophytes (Bryophyta) b.) Corn plants (Zea maize) c.) Cycads (Cycadophyta) d.) Giant club mosses (Lycophyta) e.) Watermelons (Anthophyta)

c.) Cycads (Cycadophyta)

41.) All of the following are characteristic of angiosperms except a.) Coevolution with animal pollinators. b.) Double internal fertilization. c.) Free-living gametophytes. d.) Styles and stigmas. e.) Fruit.

c.) Free-living gametophytes

21.) Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant ferns because they a.) Are woody. b.) Have macrophylls. c.) Have pollen. d.) Have sporophylls. e.) Have spores.

c.) Have pollen

56.) Double fertilization means that angiosperms a.) Are the only plants that can produce dizygotic twins. b.) Have embryos that are triploid. c.) Have two sperm nuclei, both of which unite with nuclei of the female gametophyte. d.) Have two sperm nuclei, which simultaneously fertilize the single egg. e.) Produce twice as many embryos per fertilization event as do gymnosperms.

c.) Have two sperm nuclei, both of which unite with nuceli of the female gametophyte

20.) Which of these is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore? a.) A different type of sporopollenin b.) An internal reservoir of liquid water c.) Integument(s) d.) Ability to be dispersed e.) Waxy cuticle

c.) Integument(s)

66.) The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces, such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the pericarp if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? a.) It should be drab in color. b.) It should be colored so as to provide it with camouflage. c.) It should be nutritious. d.) It should secrete enzymes that can digest bark. e.) It should contain chemicals that cause birds to fly to the ground and vomit.

c.) It should be nutritious

31.) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? a.) Anthers b.) Atigma c.) Ovule d.) Ovary e.) Carpel

c.) Ovule

8.) Which of the following most closely represents the male gametophyte of seed-bearing plants? a.) Ovule b.) Microspore mother cell c.) Pollen grain d.) Embryo sac e.) Fertilized egg

c.) Pollen Grain

1.) The sporophytes of mosses depend on the gametophytes for water and nutrition. In seed plants, the reverse is true. From which seed plant sporophyte structure(s) do the immature (unfertilized) gametophytes directly gain water and nutrition? a.) Sporophylls b.) Embryos c.) Sporangia d.) Sporopollenin e.) Ovary

c.) Sporangia

33.) What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales? a.) They are female reproductive parts. b.) None are capable of photosynthesis. c.) They are modified leaves. d.) They are found on flowers. e.) They are found on angiosperms.

c.) They are modified leaves

69.) For the following questions, match the adaptations of the various fruits below with the most likely means used by the fruit to disperse the seeds contained within the fruit (A-E). A. animal skin, fur, or feathers B. animal digestive tract C. water currents D. gravity and terrain E. air currents The fruit contains an air bubble

c.) Water currents

28) Which of these groups includes multicellular organisms? choanoflagellates

choanoflagellates

Which event is nearest in time to the end of the period known as snowball Earth? a) Permian extinction b) evolution of mitochondria c) evolution of true multicellularity d) Cambrian explosion e) oxygenation of Earth's seas and atmosphere

d) Cambrian explosion

Several scientific laboratories across the globe are involved in research concerning the origin of life on Earth. Which of these questions is currently the most problematic and would have the greatest impact on our understanding if we were able to answer it? a) How can RNA molecules catalyze reactions? b) How can amino acids, simple sugars, and nucleotides be synthesized abiotically? c) How can RNA molecules act as templates for the synthesis of complementary RNA molecules? d) How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences? e) How could polymers involving lipids and/or proteins form membranes in aqueous environments?

d) How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences?

If it were possible to conduct sophisticated microscopic and chemical analyses of microfossils found in 3.2-billion-year-old stromatolites, then within such microfossils, one should be surprised to observe evidence of: I. double-stranded DNA II. a nuclear envelope III. a nucleoid IV. a nucleolus V. nucleic acids a) III only b) II only c) II, III, and IV d) II and IV e) all five of these

d) II and IV

If natural selection in a particular environment favored genetic systems that permitted the production of daughter "cells" that were genetically dissimilar from the mother "cells," then one should expect selection for I. polynucleotide polymerase with low mismatch error rates. II. polynucleotide polymerases without proofreading capability. III. batteries of efficient polynucleotide repair enzymes. IV. polynucleotide polymerases with proofreading capability. V. polynucleotide polymerases with high mismatch error rates. a) I and IV b) I only c) II, III and V d) II and V e) I, III, and IV

d) II and V

Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes? a) meteorites that have struck Earth b) abiotic laboratory experiments that produced liposomes c) Liposomes closely resemble prokaryotic cells. d) The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes. e) the primitive structure of plants

d) The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.

A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped to make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of a) the influence of environment on development. b) gene duplication. c) heterochrony. d) a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts. e) paedomorphosis.

d) a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts.

The first genes on Earth were probably a) oligopeptides located within protobionts. b) RNA produced by autocatalytic, proteinaceous enzymes. c) DNA produced by reverse transcriptase from abiotically produced RNA. d) auto-catalytic RNA molecules. e) DNA molecules whose information was transcribed to RNA and later translated in polypeptides.

d) auto-catalytic RNA molecules.

How many of the following statements concerning the loss of hind limbs during whale evolution are true? 1. It is well documented by a series of transitional fossils. 2. It explains why modern whales have vestigial pelvic girdles. 3. It involved changes in the sequence or expression of Hox genes 4. It is an example of macroevolution 5. It, and the loss of lims by snakes, are an example of similair adaptations to a similair environment. a) Only one statement is true b) two statements are true c) three statements are true d) four statements are true e) all five statements are true

d) four statements are true

The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following adaptations took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? a) the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen b) the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria c) the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes d) the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules e) the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats

d) the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules

Which of these observations gives the mose support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells? a) the observation that some eukaryotic cells lack mitochondria b) the existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranse of mitochondria and cholorplasts c) the size disparity between most prokaryotic cells and most eukaryotic cells d) the similarity in size between cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts

d) the similarity in size between cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts

Larval flies express the Ubx gene in all of their segments and thereby lack appendages. if this same gene continued to be expressed throughout the subsequent developmental stages, except in the head region, and if the result was a fit, secually mature organism that still strongly resembled a maggot, this would be an example of a) homochrony b) paedomorphosis c) heterochrony d) two of the responses above are correct

d) two of the responses above are correct

Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophyte a. 4 →1 → 3 → 5 → 2 b. 3 → 1 → 4 → 5 → 2 c. 3 → 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 d. 4 → 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 e. 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3

d. 4 → 3 → 5 → 2 → 1

Why are bryophytes considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial environment, when compared with other plants? a. Their embryos do not develop within gametangia. b. They lack a cuticle. c. The gametophyte generation is dominant. d. Their sperm are flagellated and require water for fertilization. e. They lack flowers.

d. Their sperm are flagellated and require water for fertilization.

The sperm producing organ of seedless vascular plants are the a. rhizoids. b. archegonia. c. sporangia. d. antheridia. e. sporophylls.

d. antheridia.

In ______ the gametophyte is more obvious than the sporophyte. a. conifers b. grasses c. angiosperms d. bryophytes e. ferns

d. bryophytes

Gametophytes continue the plant lifecycle ______. a. by budding b. by undergoing the cell cycle c. by fission d. by producing sperm and eggs e. by alternation of generations

d. by producing sperm and eggs

17) In ciliates, the process that produces genetic variation through the exchange of nuclei is a. mixotrophy. b. endosymbiosis. c. meiosis. d. conjugation. e. binary fission

d. conjugation.

20.Assuming that all of the flagella found among the various types of protists require the same amount of ATP per unit time to operate, and assuming that all of an individual protist's flagella are in use simultaneously, then which of these protists should use the greatest amount of ATP per unit time to move about? a. Chlamydomonas b. dinoflagellates c. euglenids d. diplomonads e. golden algae

d. diplomonads

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to a. charophytes. b. gymnosperms. c. mosses. d. ferns. e. flowering plants.

d. ferns.

55) The structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts in red algae are most like the structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts in which of the following organisms? a. golden algae b. diatoms c. dinoflagellates d. green algae e. brown algae

d. green algae

18) In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with a. unicellular haploid forms. b. unicellular diploid forms. c. multicellular haploid forms. d. multicellular diploid forms. e. multicellular polyploid forms.

d. multicellular diploid forms.

The primitive root like structure of bryophyte plants are the a. sporangia. b. sporophylls. c. antheridia. d. rhizoids. e. archegonia.

d. rhizoids.

Plant spores are produced directly by a. gametes. b. gametophytes. c. gametangia. d. sporophytes. e. seeds.

d. sporophytes.

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to a. cellulose. b. lignin. c. secondary compounds. d. sporopollenin.

d. sporopollenin.

Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants? a. genetic similarities in chloroplasts b. similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose c. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division d. the presence of chloroplasts e. similar sperm structure

d. the presence of chloroplasts

52.) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below. A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 24 E. 32 How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?

d.) 24

28.) Which of these statements is false? a.) A female pinecone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. b.) A male pinecone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. c.) A flower is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. d.) A mature fruit is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages

d.) A mature fruit is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages

11.) A stamen consists of a(n) a.) Stigma and filament b.) Stigma and anther c.) Stigma and style d.) Anther and filament e.) Ovary and sepal

d.) Anther and Filament

57.) Hypothetically, one of the major benefits of double fertilization in angiosperms is to a.) Decrease the potential for mutation by insulating the embryo with other cells. b.) Increase the number of fertilization events and offspring produced. c.) Promote diversity in flower shape and color. d.) Coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores. e.) Emphasize embryonic survival by increasing embryo size.

d.) Coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores.

35.) Match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A-D) that most directly produces them. Scale of ovulate (ovule-bearing) pine cone a.) male gametophyte b.) female gametophyte c.) male sporophyte d.) female sporophyte

d.) Female sporophyte

36.) For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A-D) that most directly produces them. Integument of pine nut a.) male gametophyte b.) female gametophyte c.) male sporophyte d.) female sporophyte

d.) Female sporophyte

38.) For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A-D) that most directly produces them. Fruit a.) male gametophyte b.) female gametophyte c.) male sporophyte d.) female sporophyte

d.) Female sporophyte

60.) All of the following are found in angiosperms except a.) Tracheids. b.) Triploid endosperm tissues. c.) Fruits. d.) Flagellated sperm. e.) Carpels.

d.) Flagellated sperm

70.) For the following questions, match the adaptations of the various fruits below with the most likely means used by the fruit to disperse the seeds contained within the fruit (A-E). A. animal skin, fur, or feathers B. animal digestive tract C. water currents D. gravity and terrain E. air currents The fruit has a heavy weight and spheroidal shape

d.) Gravity and terrain

17.) Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except a.) Seeds. b.) Pollen. c.) Vascular tissue. d.) Ovaries. e.) Ovules.

d.) Ovaries

59.) Which of the following flower parts develops into a fruit? a.) Stigma b.) Style c.) Ovule d.) Ovary e.) Receptacle

d.) Ovary

25.) Which of the following statement is not generally true of the pine life cycle? a.) Cones are short stems with spore-bearing, leaflike structures. b.) The pine tree is a sporophyte. c.) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during fertilization. d.) Pollen grains are very different from pine male gametophytes. e.) Double fertilization is a relatively rare phenomenon.

d.) Pollen grains are very different from pine male gametophytes

65.) Which feature of honeybees probably arose under the mutual evolutionary influence of flowering plants that are not wind pollinated? a.) Possessing three pairs of legs b.) Possessing a metabolism whose rate is influenced by environmental temperature c.) Possessing an exoskeleton made of chitin d.) Possessing an abdomen that is densely covered with short bristles e.) Possessing an ovipositor modified as a non-reusable stinger

d.) Possessing an abdomen that is densely covered with short bristles

22.) The main way that pine trees disperse their offspring is by using a.) Fruits that are eaten by animals. b.) Spores. c.) Squirrels to bury cones. d.) Windblown seeds. e.) Flagellated sperm swimming through water.

d.) Windblown seeds

12.) Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? a.) in the style of a flower b.) inside the tip of a pollen tube c.) enclosed in the stigma of a flower d.) within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower e.) packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen

d.) Within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses a) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 b) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 c) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 e) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5

e) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5

An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome. Which of the following is true of this organism? a) Most of its Hox genes owe their existence to gene fusion events. b) Its Hox genes cooperate to bring about sexual maturity at the proper stage of development c) The organism must have multiple paired appendages along the length of its body d) These genes are fundamental, and are expressed in all cells of the organism e) The organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy

e) The organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy

Which is a defining characteristic that all protobionts had in common? a) the ability to synthesize enzymes b) RNA genes c) the ability to replicate RNA d) a nucleus e) a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure

e) a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure

A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim bladder from lungs of an ancestral fish is an example of a) changes in the Hox gene expression. b) adaptive radiation. c) paedomorphosis. d) an evolutionary trend. e) exaptation.

e) exaptation.

Fossil evidence indicates that several kinds of flightless dinosaurs possessed feathers. If some of these feather-bearing dinosaurs incubated clutches of eggs in carefully constructed nests, this might be evidence supporting the claim that a) the feathers were plucked from the bodies of other adults to provide nest-building materials. b) the earliest reptiles could fly, and the feathers of flightless dinosaurs were vestigial flight surfaces. c) all fossils with feathers are actually some kind of bird. d) dinosaurs were as fully endothermal (warm-blooded) as modern birds and mammals. e) their feathers originally served as insulation, and only later became flight surfaces.

e) their feathers originally served as insulation, and only later became flight surfaces.

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from smallest to largest. 1. antheridia 2. gametes 3. gametophytes 4 .gametangia a. 3, 4, 2, 1 b. 4, 3, 1, 2 c. 3, 1, 2, 4 d. 1, 4, 3, 2 e. 3, 4, 1, 2

e. 3, 4, 1, 2

42) Which of the following are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism? a. green alga: fungal partner of lichen b. dinoflagellate : reef-building coral animal c. Trichomonas : human d. alga : certain foraminiferans e. A, B, and D

e. A, B, and D

2) All of the following groups had taxonomic significance in the past, but only one is now considered to be a diverse clade. Which group is it? a. algae b. protist c. protozoa d. monera e. Euglenozoa

e. Euglenozoa

The egg producing organ of seedless vascular plants are the a. sporophylls. b. antheridia. c. sporangia. d. rhizoids. e. archegonia.

e. archegonia.

Which of the following lack vascular tissue? a. flowering plants b. ferns c. grasses d. cone-bearing plants e. bryophytes

e. bryophytes

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm,vascular tissue, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to a. gymnosperms. b. charophytes. c. flowering plants. d. mosses. e. ferns.

e. ferns.

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? a. haploid sporophytes b. haploid gametes c. diploid spores d. diploid gametes e. haploid spores

e. haploid spores

16) Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates are placed in the clade Alveolata because they all a. have flagella or cilia. b. are parasites of animals. c. are found exclusively in freshwater or marine habitats. d. have mitochondria. e. have membrane-bounded sacs under their plasma membrane

e. have membrane-bounded sacs under their plasma membrane

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? a. hornworts b. charophytes c. liverworts d. mosses e. pterophytes

e. pterophytes

Each of the following is a general characteristic of bryophytes except a. being photosynthetic autotrophs. b. being eukaryotic. c. a cellulose cell wall. d. chlorophylls a and b. e. vascular tissue.

e. vascular tissue.

49.) Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel 5. embryo sac a.) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 b.) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 c.) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 d.) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 e.) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

e.) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

71.) For the following questions, match the adaptations of the various fruits below with the most likely means used by the fruit to disperse the seeds contained within the fruit (A-E). A. animal skin, fur, or feathers B. animal digestive tract C. water currents D. gravity and terrain E. air currents The fruit has light, fibrous plumes or puffs

e.) Air currents

50.) Which structure(s) must pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in angiosperms? a.) One sperm nucleus b.) Two sperm nuclei c.) The pollen tube d.) Both A and C e.) Both B and C

e.) Both B and C

18.) In seed plants, which structure/material is properly considered part of a pollen grain? a.) Sporophyll b.) Male gametophyte c.) Sporopollenin d.) Stigma e.) Both B and C contribute to the structure of the pollen grain.

e.) Both B and C contribute to the structure of the pollen grain

46.) A hypothetical angiosperm opens its flowers only at night. The flowers are brown and emit a putrid odor. The pollinator is most likely to be which organism? a.) Nectar-eating hummingbird b.) Nectar-eating bee c.) Pollen-eating moth d.) Fruit-eating bat e.) Detritivorous (scavenging) animal

e.) Detritivorous (scavenging) animal

19.) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a a.) Moss sporophyte. b.) Moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia. c.) Fern sporophyte. d.) Hermaphroditic fern gametophyte. e.) Fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.

e.) Fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

78.) In pine trees, microsporangia form ________ microspores by ________. a.) Triploid; fertilization b.) Diploid; mitosis c.) Diploid; meiosis d.) Haploid; mitosis e.) Haploid; meiosis

e.) Haploid; meiosis

73.) What is the greatest threat to plant diversity? a.) Insects b.) Grazing and browsing by animals c.) Pathogenic fungi d.) Competition with other plants e.) Human population growth

e.) Human population growth

64.) Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are probably an adaptation that a.) Promotes grazing. b.) Favors pollination. c.) Fosters seed dispersal. d.) Decreases competition. e.) Inhibits herbivory.

e.) Inhibits herbivory

34.) Reptilian embryos are protected from desiccation by a leathery shell. Similarly, sporophytes of both gymnosperms and angiosperms protect embryos within ________, and they also protect male gametophytes against desiccation using ________. a.) Ovules : waxy cuticle b.) Ovaries : filaments c.) Fruits : stamens d.) Pollen grains : waxy cuticle e.) Integuments : sporopollenin

e.) Integuments : sporopollenin

44.) Carpels and stamens are a.) Sporophyte plants in their own right. b.) Gametophyte plants in their own right. c.) Gametes. d.) Spores. e.) Modified sporophylls.

e.) Modified sporophylls

61.) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. This success is due to all of the following except a.) Animal pollination. b.) Reduced gametophytes. c.) Fruits enclosing seeds. d.) Highly efficient xylem. e.) Sperm cells with flagella.

e.) Sperm cells with flagella

32.) A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, all of the following would provide useful information except whether or not the plant has a.) Endosperm b.) Seeds c.) Sperm that lack flagella d.) Flowers e.) Spores

e.) Spores

16.) Which of the following traits is not shared by most angiosperms?

Parallel leaf venation

12) The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 2. formation of channels in sponges 3. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 4. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 5. anterior-posterior orientation of somites in vertebrate embryos A) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 B) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 C) 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 D) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1 E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 2. formation of channels in sponges 4. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 3. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 5. anterior-posterior orientation of somites in vertebrate embryos

6) What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal's development? 1. gastrulation 2. metamorphosis 3. fertilization 4. cleavage A) 4, 3, 2, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 3, 2, 4, 1 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 4, 1, 2

E) 3, 4, 1, 2 3. fertilization 4. cleavage 1. gastrulation 2. metamorphosis

11) The evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes probably A) occurred many times. B) allowed for the formation of both complexity and multicellularity. C) involved endosymbiosis on multiple occasions. D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

22) Organisms classified as Euglenozoa have previously been classified as protozoans, protista, plants, and animals. Why the confusion? A) Like protozoans, they are unicellular. B) Like animals, many are heterotrophic. C) Like plants, many are photosynthetic. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

37) Which of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity? A) Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury. B) Organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall. C) The cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C A) Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury. B) Organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall. C) The cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.

7) Which of the following statements is consistent with the hypothesis that certain eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts? Such organelles A) are roughly the same size as bacteria. B) can be cultured on agar since they make all their own proteins. C) contain circular DNA molecules. D) have ribosomes that are similar to those of bacteria. E) A, C, and D

E) A, C, and D

29) What is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in the Ecdysozoa in one hypothesis of animal phylogeny? A) Animals in both groups are segmented. B) Animals in both groups undergo ecdysis. C) They both have radial, determinate cleavage, and their embryonic development is similar. D) The fossil record has revealed a common ancestor to these two phyla. E) Analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes.

E) Analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes.

1) Protists are alike in that all are A) multicellular. B) photosynthetic. C) marine. D) nonparasitic. E) Eukaryotic

E) Eukaryotic

9) The number of legs an insect has, or the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by ________ genes. A) haploid B) introns within C) heterotic D) heterogeneous E) Hox

E) Hox

38) You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is an acoelomate? A) It responds to food by moving toward it. B) It is triploblastic. C) It has bilateral symmetry. D) It possesses sensory structures at its anterior end. E) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

E) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

30) Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A) Echinodermata-branch of Bilateria, coelom forms from archenteron B) Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate C) Cnidaria-radial symmetry, diploblastic D) Platyhelminthes-flatworms, acoelomates E) Porifera-coelomates, mouth from blastopore

E) Porifera-coelomates, mouth from blastopore

46) The following are all characteristic of the water molds (Oomycota) except A) the presence of filamentous feeding structures. B) flagellated cells. C) a nutritional mode that can result in the decomposition of dead organic matter. D) they possess cell walls of cellulose. E) a feeding plasmodium.

E) a feeding plasmodium.

26) Cephalization is generally associated with all of the following except A) bilateral symmetry. B) concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end. C) a brain. D) a longitudinal nerve cord. E) a sessile existence.

E) a sessile existence.

33) Acoelomates are characterized by A) the absence of a brain. B) the absence of mesoderm. C) deuterostome development. D) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm. E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.

E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.

25) Cephalization is primarily associated with A) adaptation to dark environments. B) method of reproduction. C) fate of the blastopore. D) type of digestive system. E) bilateral symmetry.

E) bilateral symmetry.

58) Which of the following organisms are deuterostomes? A) molluscs B) annelids C) echinoderms D) chordates E) both C and D (although klenks answer is B & C)

E) both C and D (although his answer is B & C)

9) Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes? A) autotrophic euglenids B) diatoms C) dinoflagellates D) red algae E) cyanobacteria

E) cyanobacteria

53) Which taxonomic group containing eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom? A) golden algae B) apicomplexans C) foraminiferans D) radiolarians E) green algae

E) green algae

15) Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? A) increased incidence of worm burrows in the fossil record B) increased incidence of larger animals in the fossil record C) increased incidence of organic material in the fossil record D) increased incidence of fern galls in the fossil record E) increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

E) increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

55) The common ancestor of all animals was probably a A) bacterium. B) prokaryote. C) plant. D) fungus. E) protist.

E) protist.

8) Which of the following is not unique to animals? A) cells that have tight junctions, desmosomes, or gap junctions B) the structural protein collagen C) nervous conduction and muscular movement D) regulatory genes called Hox genes E) sexual reproduction

E) sexual reproduction

Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 61) possess more than two identical, functional flagella

E. diplomonads

26) Which structure(s) consist(s), at least in part, of DNA?

Trypanosoma kinetoplast chlorarachniophytes nucleomorph

The question refers to the following evolutionary tree, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change. Which species is least expected to have a good record of transitional fossils; in other words, which species' fossils, if present at all, are expected only in relatively superficial (i.e., shallow) strata? V W X Y Z

If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old? a) 22,900 b) 2,800 c) 11,200 d) 1,400 e) 16,800

a) 22,900

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? a) 3.5 billion b) 5 billion c) 3 million d) 5 million

a) 3.5 billion

6.) Seeds commonly provide for each of the following except a.) A choice of germination location. b.) Dispersal. c.) Dormancy. d.) A nutrient supply for the embryo. e.) Desiccation resistance.

a.) A choice of germination location.

7.) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants? a.) A haploid gametophyte retained within tissues of the diploid sporophyte b.) Lignin present in cell walls c.) Pollen d.) A and C only e.) A, B, and C

a.) A haploid gametophyte retained within tissues of the diploid sporophyte

13.) A fruit is most commonly a.) A mature ovary. b.) A thickened style. c.) An enlarged ovule. d.) A modified root. e.) A mature female gametophyte.

a.) A mature ovary

15.) Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? a.) Alternation of generations b.) Ovules c.) Integuments d.) Pollen e.) Dependent gametophytes

a.) Alternation of generations

68.) For the following questions, match the adaptations of the various fruits below with the most likely means used by the fruit to disperse the seeds contained within the fruit (A-E). A. animal skin, fur, or feathers B. animal digestive tract C. water currents D. gravity and terrain E. air currents The fruit is covered with spines or hooks

a.) Animal skin, fur, or feathers

24.) Which of the following statements does not describe a portion of the pine life cycle? a.) Female gametophytes use meiosis to produce eggs. b.) Seeds are produced in ovulate (ovule-bearing) cones. c.) Meiosis occurs in sporangia. d.) Pollen grains contain male gametophytes. e.) A pollen tube enters an ovule through a micropyle in the single integument.

a.) Female gametophytes use meiosis to produce eggs

62.) A plant whose reproductive parts produce nectar should be expected to a.) Have brightly colored reproductive parts. b.) Produce sweet-tasting fruit. c.) Rely on wind pollination. d.) Have no parts that can perform photosynthesis. e.) Suffer significant seed loss to sugar-seeking insects.

a.) Have brightly colored reproductive parts

39.) For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A-D) that most directly produces them. Pollen tube a.) male gametophyte b.) female gametophyte c.) male sporophyte d.) female sporophyte

a.) Male gametophyte

77.) In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the a.) Micropyle. b.) Eggs. c.) Megaspore. d.) Pollen cone. e.) Integument.

a.) Micropyle

63.) If the "mostly male" hypothesis for the origin of flowers is correct, then the development of which gymnosperm structure below should be controlled by genes most similar to those that control the development of bisexual flowers? a.) Microsporangium b.) Megasporangium c.) Ovule d.) Scale of ovulate (ovule-bearing) pine cone e.) Embryo

a.) Microsporangium

58.) Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? a.) Ovule b.) Ovary c.) Fruit d.) Style e.) Stamen

a.) Ovule

74.) Which of the following is not a valid argument for preserving tropical forests? a.) People in the tropics do not need to increase agricultural output. b.) Many organisms are becoming extinct. c.) Plants that are possible sources of medicines are being lost. d.) Plants that could be developed into new crops are being lost. e.) Clearing land for agriculture results in soil destruction.

a.) People in the tropics do not need to increase agricultural output

76.) In pines, an embryo is a(n) ________. a.) Seed b.) Immature sporophyte c.) Food reserve for the immature sporophyte d.) Immature male gametophyte e.) Immature female gametophyte

a.) Seed

48.) In flowering plants, meiosis occurs specifically in the a.) Spore mother cells. b.) Gametophytes. c.) Endosperm. d.) Gametes. e.) Embryos.

a.) Spore mother cells

5.) Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land partly because a.) Having no stomata, they lose less water. b.) They all disperse by means of seeds. c.) Diploid plants experience fewer mutations than do haploid plants. d.) Their gametophytes are completely enclosed within sporophyte tissue. e.) Eggs and sperm need not be produced. f) 5) their gametophytes are protected by, and obtain nutrition from, the sporophytes.

5) their gametophytes are protected by, and obtain nutrition from, the sporophytes.

106) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes E) an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily

13) Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans? A) a mineralized, bony skeleton B) opercula C) bony fin rays D) a spiral valve intestine E) a swim bladder

The question refers to the following description. On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea A. descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere. B. descended from a now-extinct, non-African fruit fly. C. arrived on the island before D. yakuba. D. descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events.

The scientific discipline concerned with naming organisms is called A) taxonomy. B) cladistics. C) binomial nomenclature. D) systematics. E) phylocode

The sharp, inch-long thorns of the crown-of-thorns sea star are its spines. These spines, unlike those of most other sea stars, contain a potent toxin. If it were discovered that crown-of- thorns sea stars do not make this toxin themselves, then the most likely alternative would be that this toxin is _____. A) derived from the nematocysts of its prey B) absorbed from the surrounding seawater C) an endotoxin of cellulose-digesting bacteria that inhabit the sea star's digestive glands D) injected into individual thorns by mutualistic corals which live on the aboral surfaces of these sea stars

The term "homoplasy" is most applicable to which of these features? A) the legless condition found in various types of extant lizards B) the 5-digit condition of human hands and bat wings C) the beta-hemoglobin genes of mice and of humans D) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles E) the basic skeletal features of dog forelimbs and cat forelimbs

Theoretically, molecular clocks are to molecular phylogenies as radiometric dating is to phylogenies that are based on the A) fossil record. B) geographic distribution of extant species. C) morphological similarities among extant species. D) amino acid sequences of homologous polypeptides.

What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom? A) molecular B) behavioral C) nutritional D) anatomical E) ecological

Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient proteobacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

Which kind of DNA should provide the best molecular clock for gauging the evolutionary relatedness of several species whose common ancestor became extinct billions of years ago? A) that coding for ribosomal RNA B) intronic DNA belonging to a gene whose product performs a crucial function C) paralogous DNA that has lost its function (i.e., no longer codes for functional gene product) D) mitochondrial DNA E) exonic DNA that codes for a non-crucial part of a polypeptide

Which of the following combinations correctly matches a phylum to its description? A) Echinodermata — bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system B) Nematoda — segmented worms, closed circulatory system C) Cnidaria — flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate D) Platyhelminthes — radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms

Which of the following is most likely to be aquatic? A) suspension feeder B) mass feeder C) deposit feeder D) fluid feeder

Which of the following is not true of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees, where time advances to the right? A) Each branch point represents a point in absolute time. B) Organisms represented at the base of such trees are ancestral to those represented at higher levels. C) The more branch points that occur between two taxa, the more divergent their DNA sequences should be. 9 D) The common ancestor represented by the rightmost branch point existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located to the left. E) The more branch points there are, the more taxa are likely to be represented.

Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures? A) bat wing and human hand B) owl wing and hornet wing C) porcupine quill and cactus spine D) bat forelimb and bird wing E) Australian mole and North American mole

Which of these processes can be included among those responsible for the horizontal components of this phylogeny? A) endosymbiosis B) mitosis C) binary fission D) point mutations E) S phase of the cell cycle

Which one of these mollusk groups can be classified as suspension feeders? A) bivalves B) gastropods C) chitons D) cephalopods

You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong? A) Chytrids B) Zygomycetes C) Basidiomycota D) Ascomycota

The question refers to the following description. In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. The oceans were completely separated by the isthmus about 3 million years ago. Why should deepwater shrimp on different sides of the isthmus have diverged from each other earlier than shallow-water shrimp? A. The rise of the land bridge was accompanied by much volcanic activity. Volcanic ash contains heavy metals, which are known mutagens. Ash fall caused high levels of heavy metals in the ocean sediments underlying the deep water, resulting in accelerated mutation rates and faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. B. Cold temperatures, associated with deep water, have accelerated the mutation rate, resulting in faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. C. They have been geographically isolated from each other for a longer time. D. Fresh water entering the ocean from tHe canal is both less dense and cloudier than seawater. The cloudy fresh water interferes with the ability of shallow-water shrimp to locate mating partners, which reduces the frequency of mating, thereby slowing the introduction of genetic variation.

The question refers to the following description. On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. If one builds a canal linking a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond, then what type(s) of selection should subsequently be most expected among the mosquitofish in the original predator-rich pond, and what type(s) should be most expected among the mosquitofish in the formerly predator-poor pond? A. less-intense disruptive selection; more-intense disruptive selection B. stabilizing selection; stabilizing selection C. less-intense directional selection; more-intense directional selection D. stabilizing selection; directional selection

The question refers to the following evolutionary tree, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change. Which species is most closely related to species W? A. X is most closely related to species W. B. Y and Z are equally closely related to W. C. V is most closely related to species W. D. It is not possible to say from this tree.

The stingers of honeybees have a function most similar to that of _____. A) rhinophores B) dorsal plummules C) cerata D) chemoreceptors

The term that is most appropriately associated with clade is A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

The various taxonomic levels (viz, genera, classes, etc.) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of A) how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment. B) the body sizes of the organisms assigned to each. C) their inclusiveness. D) the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each. E) morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms.

Theoretically, the production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) should A. eventually result in the formation of a single species from the two parental species. B. weaken the intrinsic reproductive barriers between horses and donkeys. C. strengthen postzygotic barriers between horses and donkeys. D. cause convergent evolution. E. result in the extinction of one of the two parental species.

There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example? A. ecological B. morphological C. biological D. phylogenetic

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? A. the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown B. the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility C. the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability D. gametic isolation

Ultimately, which of these serves as the basis for both the principle of maximum parsimony and the principle that shared complexity indicates homology rather than analogy? A) the laws of thermodynamics B) Boyle's law C) the laws of probability D) chaos theory E) Hutchinson's law

What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. B) Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. C) Both groups use chitin for support. D) Both groups have cell walls.

What important criterion was used in the late 1960s to distinguish between the three multicellular eukaryotic kingdoms of the five-kingdom classification system? A) the number of cells present in individual organisms B) the geological stratum in which fossils first appear C) the nutritional modes they employ D) the biogeographic province where each first appears E) the features of their embryos

What is the most important factor that holds a gene pool of a species together and prevents speciation? A. behavioral isolation B. hybridization C. gene flow D. prezygotic barriers E. sexual selection

Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. A. euglenozoans B. Chlamydomonas C. dinoflagellates D. stramenopiles E. diplomonads 63) have one flagellum oriented at 90 degrees to the second flagellum

C. dinoflagellates

An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates—a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. One day, Tommy, a student in an undersupervised class of forty fifth graders, got the urge to pet Nemo (the clownfish), who was swimming among the waving petals of a pretty underwater "flower" that had a big hole in the midst of the petals. Tommy giggled upon finding that these petals felt sticky. A few hours later, Tommy was in the nurse's office with nausea and cramps. Microscopic examination of his fingers would probably have revealed the presence of ______. A) teeth marks B) spines C) spicules D) nematocysts

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill A) 4 →? 5 → 1→ 2 → 3 B) 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 C) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 D) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3

As you are walking along a beach, you find an animal and believe that it belongs to the class Asteroidea. Which of the following characteristics would support your hypothesis that the animal is a sea star and not another type of echinoderm? A) It is pentaradially symmetric. B) It feeds on other animals. C) It has a hydrostatic skeleton, formed from its water vascular system. D) Its central region is not well-delineated from its appendages.

Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A) presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

Generally, within a lineage, the largest number of shared derived characters should be found among two organisms that are members of the same A) kingdom. B) class. C) domain. D) family. E) order.

If the teacher wanted to show the students what a lophophore is and how it works, the teacher would point out a feeding _____. A) hydra B) sponge C) gastropod D) ectoproct

In angiosperm plants, flower morphology can be very intricate. If a tree, such as a New Mexico locust, has flowers that share many morphological intricacies with flowers of the sweet pea vine, then the most likely explanation for these floral similarities is the same general explanation for the similarities between the A) dorsal fins of sharks and of dolphins. B) reduced eyes of Australian moles and North American moles. C) scales on moth wings and the scales of fish skin. D) cranial bones of humans and those of chimpanzees. E) adaptations for flight in birds and adaptations for flight in bats.

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently _____. A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells

In order for speciation to occur, what must be true? A/ Large numbers of genes that affect numerous phenotypic traits must change. B. Large numbers of genes that affect a single phenotypic trait must change. C. The number of chromosomes in the gene pool must change. D. At least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change. E. Changes to centromere location or chromosome size must occur within the gene pool.

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? A. habitat isolation B. postzygotic barriers C. gametic isolation D. behavioral isolation E. temporal isolation

One should expect to find cilia associated with the feeding apparatus of _____. A) annelids B) coral animals C) tapeworms D) sponges

Rank the following from most general to most specific: 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. sperm-egg incompatibility in sea urchins 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism A. 2, 3, 1, 4 B. 4, 1, 2, 3 C. 2, 1, 4, 3 D. 2, 4, 1, 3 E. 4, 2, 1, 3

Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in A) distinguishing introns from exons. B) determining degree of sequence homology. C) selecting appropriate genes for comparison among species. D) inferring evolutionary relatedness from the number of sequence differences.

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms is applicable? A. reduced hybrid viability B. behavioral isolation C. hybrid breakdown D. mechanical isolation

Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd. If its morphology and genetics did not identify it as a chytridiomycete, then to which fungal group would Bd be assigned? A) zygomycetes B) glomeromycetes C) basidiomycetes D) deuteromycetes

The question refers to the following description. On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish, one of which lives in a predator-rich pond, and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond? A. Perform a reciprocal transfer of females between predator-rich and predator-poor ponds. B. Transfer only female mosquitofish from a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond. C. Remove predators from a predator-rich pond and transfer them to a predator-poor pond. D. Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators.

The question refers to the following description. On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. If a speciation event occurred on Sao Tomé, producing D. santomea from a parent colony of D. yakuba, then which terms apply? I. macroevolution II allopatric speciation III. sympatric speciation A. I only B. II only C. I and II D. I and III

The question refers to the following description. On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. Which of the following reduces gene flow between the gene pools of the two species on Sao Tomé, despite the existence of hybrids? A. a geographic barrier B. hybrid inviability C. temporal isolation D. hybrid sterility E. hybrid breakdown

The question refers to the following evolutionary tree, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change. Which of these five species is the extant (i.e., not extinct) species that is most closely related to species X, and why is this so? A. Z; shared a common ancestor with X most recently, and arose in the same fashion as X B. W; shared a common ancestor with X most recently C/ Y; arose in the same fashion (i.e., at the same tempo) as X D. V; shared a common ancestor with X most recently E. This tree does not provide enough information to answer this question.

The reason that paralogous genes can diverge from each other within the same gene pool, whereas orthologous genes diverge only after gene pools are isolated from each other, is that A) having multiple copies of genes is essential for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild. B) paralogous genes can occur only in diploid species; thus, they are absent from most prokaryotes. C) polyploidy is a necessary precondition for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild. D) having an extra copy of a gene permits modifications to the copy without loss of the original gene product.

The relative lengths of the amphibian and mouse branches in the phylogeny in Figure 26.12 in your textbook indicate that A) amphibians evolved before mice. B) mice evolved before amphibians. C) the genes of amphibians and mice have only coincidental homoplasies. D) the homologous gene has evolved more slowly in mice. E) the homologous gene has evolved more rapidly in mice.

The sea slug Elysia chorotica has no nematocysts or dinoflagellates but, rather, has "naked" chloroplasts in its skin. The chloroplasts are all that remain of the seaweed (Vaucheria sp.) that Elysia feeds upon. The chloroplasts are transferred to the skin; consequently, this slug is green. It spends most of its time basking in shallow water on the surface of seaweeds. How should we expect its chloroplasts to benefit the Elysia sea slug? 1. provide Elysia with fixed carbon dioxide 2. provide Elysia with fixed nitrogen 3. provide Elysia with protective coloration A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 1 and 3

The teacher and class were especially saddened when the colonial hydrozoan died. They had watched it carefully, and the unfortunate creature never even got to produce offspring by budding. Yet, everyone was elated when one of the students noticed a small colonial hydrozoan growing in a part of the tank far from the location of the original colony. The teacher was apparently unaware that these hydrozoans exhibit _____. A) spontaneous generation B) abiogenesis C) alternation of generations D) a medusa stage

The teacher was unaware of the difference between suspension feeding and predation. The teacher thought that providing live copepods (2 mm long) and feeder fish (2 cm long) would satisfy the dietary needs of all of the organisms. Consequently, which two organisms would have been among the first to starve to death (assuming they lack photosynthetic endosymbionts)? A) sponges and corals B) sea stars and sponges C) shrimp and bivalves D) bivalves and sponges

There is some evidence that reptiles called cynodonts may have had whisker-like hairs around their mouths. If true, then what can be properly said of hair? A) It is a shared derived character of mammals, even if cynodonts continue to be classified as reptiles. B) It is a shared derived character of the amniote clade, and not of the mammal clade. C) It is a shared ancestral character of the amniote clade, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals. D) It is a shared derived character of the mammals, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that includes species T, X, Y, and Z makes up A) a valid taxon. B) a monophyletic clade. C) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup. 26 D) a paraphyletic grouping. E) a polyphyletic grouping.

Traditionally, zoologists have placed birds in their own class, Aves. More recently, molecular evidence has shown that birds are more closely related to reptiles than their anatomy reveals. Genetically, birds are more closely related to crocodiles than crocodiles are to turtles. Thus, bird anatomy has become highly modified as they have adapted to flight, without their genes having undergone nearly as much change. 62) Taxonomically, what should be done with the birds? A) The traditional stance is correct. Such dramatic morphological change as undergone by birds merits that the birds be placed in their own order, separate from the reptiles. B) The birds should be reclassified, and their new taxon should be the subclass Aves. Genetic similarity trumps morphological dissimilarity. C) The rest of the reptiles should be reclassified as a subclass within the class Aves. D) Science is consensual. Taxonomy is a science. Variant classification schemes involving the birds should be tolerated until consensus is reached.

What would be the best anatomical feature to look for to distinguish a gastropod from a chiton? A) presence of a muscular foot B) presence of a rasp-like feeding structure C) production of eggs D) number of shell plates

What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae? The insect would have trouble _____. A) hearing B) mating C) seeing D) smelling

Which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and therefore not acceptable, based on cladistics? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

Which of the following is (are) problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history? A) polyphyletic taxa B) paraphyletic taxa C) monophyletic taxa D) Two of the responses are correct.

Which of the following is true of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees, where time advances to the right? A) Each branch point represents a point in absolute time. B) Organisms represented at the base of such trees are descendants of those represented at higher levels. C) The fewer branch points that occur between two taxa, the more divergent their DNA sequences should be. D) The common ancestor represented by the rightmost branch point existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located to the left. E) The more branch points there are, the fewer taxa are likely to be represented.

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to- volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length. A) a mollusk B) an annelid C) an arthropod D) a platyhelminth

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? A. phylogenetic B. morphological C. ecological D. biological

Which of these is an example of temporal isolation? A. One species is found only in New York, the other only in London. B. One is a type of primate, the other is a type of marsupial. C. One species performs a specific courtship dance. the other species does not. D. One species is nocturnal, and the other species is not. E. The average weight of the individuals in one species is 45 kg; in the other species the average is 290 kg.

Which of these would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock? A) neutral mutations B) genetic drift C) mutations within introns D) natural selection E) most substitution mutations involving an exonic codon's 3rd position

Which portion of this tree may ultimately be better depicted as a "ring"? A) the bacterial lineage B) the archaean lineage C) the eukaryotic lineage D) the weblike part near the base of the tree E) the part corresponding to the first living cell on Earth

Which process hinders clarification of the deepest branchings in a phylogenetic tree that depicts the origins of the three domains? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) horizontal gene transfer E) gene duplication

Which process is observed in prokaryotes and is responsible for the vertical components of the various bacterial and archaean lineages? A) mitosis B) meiosis C) sexual reproduction D) binary fission

Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of homology? A) Dogs and wolves have very similar morphologies. B) Dogs and wolves belong to the same order. C) Dogs and wolves are both members of the order Carnivora. D) Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently. E) Convergent evolution has occurred.

Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? A) Dogs and wolves have very similar morphologies. B) Dogs and wolves belong to the same order. C) Dogs and wolves are both members of the order Carnivora. D) Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently.

Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? A) Hyphae are one hundred to one thousand times larger than plant roots. B) Hyphae have a smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio than do the hairs on a plant root. C) Mycelia are able to grow in the direction of food. D) Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.

33) Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in A) birds. B) monotremes. C) marsupials. D) placentals. E) Three of the options listed are correct.

34) Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. E) Examine the teeth.

Dozens of potato varieties exist, differing from each other in potato-tuber size, skin color, flesh color, and shape. One might construct a classification of potatoes based on these morphological traits. Which of these criticisms of such a classification scheme is most likely to come from an adherent of the phylocode method of classification? A) Flesh color, rather than skin color, is a valid trait to use for classification because it is less susceptible to change with the age of the tuber. B) Flower color is a better classification criterion, because below-ground tubers can be influenced by minerals in the soil as much as by their genes. C) A more useful classification would codify potatoes based on the texture and flavor of their flesh, because this is what humans are concerned with. D) The most accurate phylogenetic code is that of Linnaeus. Classify potatoes based on Linnaean principles; not according to their color. E) The only biologically valid classification of potato varieties is one that accurately reflects their genetic and evolutionary relatedness.

If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology? A) A and B B) A and C C) B and D D) C and F 3 E) D and F

If the genes of yeast are 50% orthologous to those of humans, and if the genes of mice are 99% orthologous to those of humans, then what percentage of the genes of fish might one validly predict to be orthologous to the genes of humans? A) 10% B) 30% C) 40% D) 50% E) 80%

In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. If some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with other fleas that prefer cattle blood, then over time which of these should occur, if the host mammal can be considered as the fleas' habitat? 1. reproductive isolation 2. sympatric speciation 3. habitat isolation 4. prezygotic barriers A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 C. 1, 2, and 3 D. 2, 3, and 4 E. 1 through 4

In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (15), with 1 being the shallowest. Which factor is most important for explaining why there are equal numbers of snapping shrimp species on either side of the isthmus? A/ the depth of the canal B. the number of actual depth habitats between the surface and the sea floor C. the elevation of the isthmus above sea level D. the depth of the ocean E. the relative shortness of time they have been separated

Neutral theory proposes that A) molecular clocks are more reliable when the surrounding pH is close to 7.0. B) most mutations of highly conserved DNA sequences should have no functional effect. 18 C) DNA is less susceptible to mutation when it codes for amino acid sequences whose side groups (or R groups) have a neutral pH. D) DNA is less susceptible to mutation when it codes for amino acid sequences whose side groups (or R groups) have a neutral electrical charge. E) a significant proportion of mutations is not acted upon by natural selection.

Paralogous genes that have lost the function of coding for a functional gene product are known as "pseudogenes." Which of these is a valid prediction regarding the fate of pseudogenes over evolutionary time? A) They will be preserved by natural selection. B) They will be highly conserved. C) They will ultimately regain their original function. D) They will be transformed into orthologous genes. E) They will have relatively high mutation rates.

Species that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their A) plasmids. B) chloroplast genomes. C) mitochondrial genomes. D) homologous genes that are poorly conserved. E) homologous genes that are highly conserved.

Sympatric speciation is _____. A. the process by which most animal species have evolved B. the emergence of many species from a single ancestor C. initiated by the appearance of a geographic barrier D. especially important in the evolution of island species E. the appearance of a new species in the same area as the parent population

The importance of computers and of computer software to modern cladistics is most closely linked to advances in A) light microscopy. B) radiometric dating. C) fossil discovery techniques. D) Linnaean classification. E) molecular genetics.

The question refers to the following description. On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. The predatory fish rely on visual cues and speed to capture mosquitofish. Mosquitofish rely on speed and visual cues to avoid the predatory fish. Which adaptation(s) might help the predators survive in ponds that are home to faster mosquitofish? 1. directional selection for increased speed 2. stabilizing selection for speed that matches that of the mosquitofish 3. change in hunting behavior that replaces reliance on visual cues with reliance on tactile cues, which can be used to hunt at night 4. change in hunting behavior that eliminates speed in favor of better camouflage, which permits an ambush strategy A. 1 only B. 2 only C. either 1 or 3 D. either 2 or 3 E. 1, 3, or 4

The question refers to the following description. On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. Using only the information provided in the paragraph, which of the following is the best initial hypothesis for how D. santomea descended from D. yakuba? A. sexual selection B. allopolyploidy C. autopolyploidy D. geographic isolation E. habitat differentiation

The question refers to the following evolutionary tree, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change. Which conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree? A. Gradualistic speciation and speciation involving punctuated equilibrium are mutually exclusive concepts; only one of them can occur. B.Eldredge and Gould would deny that the lineages labeled X, Y, and Z could represent true species. C. V and W shared a common ancestor more recently than any of the other species. D. Assuming that the tip of each line represents a species, there are five extant (i.e., not extinct) species resulting from the earliest common ancestor. E. A single clade (i.e., a group of species that share a common ancestor) can exhibit both gradualism and punctuated equilibri

What is true of gene duplication (NOTE: gene duplication is a process that is distinct from DNA replication)? 17 A) It is a type of point mutation. B) Its occurrence is limited to diploid species. C) Its occurrence is limited to organisms without functional DNA-repair enzymes. D) It is most similar in its effects to a deletion mutation. E) It can increase the size of a genome over evolutionary time.

Which is an obsolete kingdom that includes prokaryotic organisms? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

Which kingdom has been replaced with two domains? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

Which of the following is the first step in allopatric speciation? A. hybridization B. polyploidy C. formation of a reproductive barrier D. genetic drift E. geographic isolation

Which of the following statements about speciation is correct? A. Natural selection chooses the reproductive barriers for populations. B. When reunited, two allopatric populations will interbreed freely if speciation has occurred. C. It always takes millions of years for speciation to occur. D. The goal of natural selection is speciation. E. Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution.

Which of these illustrates the correct representation of the binomial scientific name for the African lion? A) Panthera leo B) panthera leo C) Panthera leo(leo italizied) D) Panthera Leo E) Panthera leo(all of it italized)

Which of these should decline in hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring? A. the genetic distinctness of two gene pools B. hybrid sterility C. mutation rate D. speciation E. gene flow between distinct gene pools

All animals with eyes or eyespots that have been studied so far share a gene in common. When mutated, the gene Pax-6 causes lack of eyes in fruit flies, tiny eyes in mice, and missing irises (and other eye parts) in humans. The sequence of Pax-6 in humans and mice is identical. There are so few sequence differences with fruit fly Pax-6 that the human/mouse version can cause eye formation in eyeless fruit flies, even though vertebrates and invertebrates last shared a common ancestor more than 500 million years ago. Pax-6 usually causes the production of a type of light-receptor pigments. In vertebrate eyes, though, a different gene (the rh gene family) is responsible for the light-receptor pigments of the retina. The rh gene, like Pax-6, is ancient. In the marine ragworm, for example, the rh gene causes production of c-opsin, which helps regulate the worm's biological clock. Which of these most likely accounts for vertebrate vision? a) During vertebrate evolution, the rh gene for biological clock opsin was co-opted as a gene for visual receptor pigments. b) The Pax-6 gene mutated to become the rh gene among early mammals. c) Pax-6 was lost from the mammalian genome, and replaced by the rh gene much later. d) In animals more ancient than ragworms, the rh gene(s) coded for visual receptor pigments; in lineages more recent than ragworms, rh has flip-flopped several times between producing biological clock opsins and visual receptor pigments.

a) During vertebrate evolution, the rh gene for biological clock opsin was co-opted as a gene for visual receptor pigments.

All animals with eyes or eyespots that have been studied so far share a gene in common. When mutated, the gene Pax-6 causes lack of eyes in fruit flies, tiny eyes in mice, and missing irises (and other eye parts) in humans. The sequence of Pax-6 in humans and mice is identical. There are so few sequence differences with fruit fly Pax-6 that the human/mouse version can cause eye formation in eyeless fruit flies, even though vertebrates and invertebrates last shared a common ancestor more than 500 million years ago. The appearance of Pax-6 in all animals with eyes can be explained in multiple ways. Based on the information above, which explanation is most likely? a) The Pax-6 gene was an innovation of an ancestral animal of the early Cambrian. Animals with eyes or eyespots are descendants of this ancestor. b) The Pax-6 gene is really not "one" gene. It is many different genes that, over evolutionary time and due to convergence, have come to have a similar nucleotide sequence and function. c) The perfectly designed Pax-6 gene appeared instantaneously in all animals created to have eyes or eyespots. d) Pax-6 in all of these animals is not homologous; it arose independently in many different animal phyla due to intense selective pressure favoring vision.

a) The Pax-6 gene was an innovation of an ancestral animal of the early Cambrian. Animals with eyes or eyespots are descendants of this ancestor.

An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to a) cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize). b) make it easier to maintain reduced molecules. c) change the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing. d) prevent the formation of an ozone layer. e) make life on land difficult for aerobic organisms.

a) cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize).

The synthesis of new DNA requires the prior existence of oligonucleotides to serve as primers. On Earth, these primers are small RNA molecules. This latter observation is evidence in support of the hypothesized existence of a) earlier genetic systems than those based on DNA. b) a snowball Earth. c) the abiotic synthesis of organic monomers. d) the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. e) the delivery of organic matter to Earth by meteors and comets.

a) earlier genetic systems than those based on DNA.

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? a. Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia. b. "Embryophytes" are small because they are in an early developmental stage. c. Gametangia protect gametes from excess water. d. Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction. e. Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another.

a. Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia.

______ are seedless vascular plants. a. Ferns b. Grasses c. Gymnosperms d. Angiosperms e. Bryophytes

a. Ferns

Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants? a. Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period. b. The gametophyte is the dominant generation. c. Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example. d. Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties. e. They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds.

a. Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.

The ______ helps plants retain water. a. cuticle b. mycorrhiza c. lignin d. skin e. hypha

a. cuticle

Gametophytes are ______; sporophytes are ______. a. haploid . . . diploid b. male . . . female c. the dominant stage of the conifer life cycle . . . the less obvious stage of the conifer life cycle d. an adaptation to an aquatic existence . . . an adaptation to a terrestrial existence e. not a component of the angiosperm life cycle . . . a component of the angiosperm life cycle

a. haploid . . . diploid

8. Which process allows nucleomorphs to be first reduced, and then lost altogether, without the loss of any genetic information from the host cell that ultimately surrounds the nucleomorph? a. horizontal gene transfer b. meiosis c. conjugation d. phagocytosis e. binary fission

a. horizontal gene transfer

Bryophytes may feature all of the following at some time during their existence except a. sporophylls. b. rhizoids. c. sporangia. d. antheridia. e. archegonia.

a. sporophylls.

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to a. sporopollenin. b. lignin. c. cellulose. d. secondary compounds.

a. sporopollenin.

Bryophytes never formed forests (mats, yes, but not forests) because a. they lack lignified vascular tissue. b. they possess flagellated sperms. c. the sporophyte is too weak. d. not all are heterosporous. e. they have no adaptations to prevent desiccation.

a. they lack lignified vascular tissue.

27.) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei a.) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 b.) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 c.) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 d.) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 e.) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

a.) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

All animals with eyes or eyespots that have been studied so far share a gene in common. When mutated, the gene Pax-6 causes lack of eyes in fruit flies, tiny eyes in mice, and missing irises (and other eye parts) in humans. The sequence of Pax-6 in humans and mice is identical. There are so few sequence differences with fruit fly Pax-6 that the human/mouse version can cause eye formation in eyeless fruit flies, even though vertebrates and invertebrates last shared a common ancestor more than 500 million years ago. Fruit fly eyes are of the compound type, structurally very different from the camera-type eyes of mammals. Even the camera-type eyes of mollusks, such as octopi, are structurally quite different from those of mammals. Yet, fruit flies, octopi, and mammals possess very similar versions of Pax-6. The fact that the same gene helps produce very different types of eyes is most likely due to a) the independent evolution of this gene at many different times during animal evolution. b) variations in the number of Pax-6 genes among these organisms. c) differences in the control of Pax-6 expression among these organisms. d) the few differences in nucleotide sequence among the Pax-6 genes of these organisms.

c) differences in the control of Pax-6 expression among these organisms.

Recent evidence indicates that the first major diversification of multicellular eukaryotes may have coincided in time with the rigin of prokaryotes. a) massive eruptions of deep-sea vents. b) origin of multicellular organisms. c) melting that ended the "snowball Earth" period. d) switch to an oxidizing atmosphere.

c) melting that ended the "snowball Earth" period.

The loss of ventral spines by modern freshwater sticklebacks is due to natural selection operating on the phenotypic affects of Pitx1 gene a) up-regulation (increase in expression). b) duplication (gain in number). c) silencing (loss of expression). d) elimination (loss). e) mutation (change).

c) silencing (loss of expression).

Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophore a. 4 → 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 b. 3 → 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 c. 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3 d. 4 →1 → 3 → 5 → 2 e. 3 → 1 → 4 → 5 → 2

c. 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3

Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? a. The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. b. The sporophyte generation is dominant. c. Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. d. Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. e. The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.

c. Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

Which of the following is the lineage of green algae believed to most resemble early plant ancestors? a. Ulva b. Apicomplexans c. Charophytes d. Volvox e. Dinoflagellates

c. Charophytes

29) Which group(s) within the Alveolata include(s) members that are important in ocean food webs, cause(s) red tides that kill many fish, and may even be carnivorous? a. ciliates b. apicomplexans c. Dinoflagellates d. A and B only e. A,B, and C

c. Dinoflagellates

23) When a protist possesses two flagella, both are generally used for propulsion. Assuming that a flagellum containing a crystalline rod cannot undulate back and forth, and assuming that two undulatory flagella can produce more effective locomotion than can a single flagellum, which of these organisms should have the least effective locomotion? a. golden algae b. dinoflagellates c. Euglenids d. Chlamydomonas e. oomycetes

c. Euglenids

33) Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution with the hyphae of fungi? a. Fungi are closely related to the water molds. b. Body shape reflects ancestor-descendant relationships among organisms. c. Filamentous shape is an adaptation for a nutritional mode as a decomposer. d. Hyphae and filaments are necessary for locomotion in both groups. e. Filamentous body shape is evolutionarily primitive for all eukaryotes.

c. Filamentous shape is an adaptation for a nutritional mode as a decomposer.

______ is a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports the physical structure of terrestrial plants. a. RuBP b. Calcium carbonate c. Parenchyma d. Lignin e. Mesophyll

c. Parenchyma

31) Which of the following is not characteristic of ciliates? a. They use cilia as locomotory structures or as feeding structures. b. They are relatively complex cells. c. They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. d. Most live as solitary cells in fresh water. e. They have two or more nuclei.

c. They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis.

Which of the following statements is true of archegonia? a. They are asexual reproductive structures. b. They are the same as sporangia. c. They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos. d. They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads. e. They are the sites where male gametes are produced.

c. They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos.

The spore producing organ of bryophyte plants are the a. antheridia. b. rhizoids. c. sporangia. d. sporophylls. e. archegonia.

c. sporangia.

The following are all true about the life cycle of mosses except a. antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. b. the gametophyte generation is dominant. c. the growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte. d. flagellated sperm are produced. e. external water is required for fertilization.

c. the growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.

43) Concerning diatoms' potential use as drug-delivery systems, which anatomical feature would seem to be most important? a. their ability to withstand immense pressure b. the chemical composition of their cell walls c. the porous nature of their cell walls d. the chemical composition of their food-storage material e. the nuclear envelope

c. the porous nature of their cell walls

30.) Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind 2. lignified xylem 3. microscopic gametophytes 4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators 5. endosperm a.) 1 only b.) 1 and 3 c.) 1, 2, and 3 d.) 1, 3, and 5 e.) 2, 4, and 5

c.) 1, 2, and 3

55.) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below. A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 24 E. 32 How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus?

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