Bio Exam 3

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?

6

The complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (c6h12o6) in cellular respiration produces about how many molecules of ATP

60-64

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to

RuBP

DNA replicates

S

When a pigment molecule in a light-harvesting complex absorbs a photon of light, what happens to its excited-state electron?

The electron falls back to its ground state, while passing its excited-state energy to an electron in a nearby pigment molecule.

during ___ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided

The mitotic phase

During ____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes

interphase

In dividing cells, most of the cell's growth occurs during

interphase

Nucleoli are present during interphase prophase anaphase metaphase prometaphase

interphase

During mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the ____

kinetochore

Some photosynthetic bacteria (e.g., purple sulfur bacteria) have only photosystem I, whereas others (e.g., cyanobacteria) have both photosystem I and photosystem II. Which of the following might this observation imply?

photosynthesis with only photosystem I is more ancestral

The DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules, called ____, which separate during mitosis

sister chromatids

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies

telophase

Imagine that a researcher developed a way to isolate thylakoids from chloroplasts and to make the pH of the thylakoid space acidic. If these isolated thylakoids are transferred to a pH8 solution in the dark, what might the researcher expect to be observe?

that the isolated thylakoids produce ATP

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

they do not use rubisco to co2

how would you predict that doubling the atmospheric co2 concentration would affect c3 plant

they will experience increased rates of photosynthesis and growth

How many electrons at a time are passed between the pigment molecules in the light-harvesting complexes?

0

For every molecule of O2 that is released by photosystem II, ___ H2O molecules are needed, which together pass ___ electrons to the PS II reaction-center complex.

2,4

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules

3

Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5‎ . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8‎ . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions?

ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the ____ of mesophyll cells

Cytoplasm

Why is it correct to say that the linear electron flow of the light reactions directly captures energy in NADPH but only indirectly captures energy in ATP?

Electrons are directly transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH, but electron flow is used to generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Electrons are not directly transferred to ATP.

T/F The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.

False

T/F The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.

False

_______ is a carcinogen that promotes colon cancer fat UV light estrogen a virus testosterone

Fat

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis?

Proton Gradient

non-dividing cells exit cell cycle

G1

Cell commits to go through the cycle

G1 checkpoint

Two centrosomes have formed

G2

Which of the following is the correct order of electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

H2O → P680 chlorophyll a pair → PS II primary electron acceptor → Pq → cytochrome complex → Pc → P700 chlorophyll a pair → PS I primary electron acceptor → Fd → NADPH

A young dog has never had much energy. A veterinarian discovers that the dog's mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for cellular respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of the dog's conditions?

His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane

Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?

Protons

cell divides, forming two daughter cells

M

mitotic spindle begins to form

M

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.

NADPH

If the Calvin cycle slows down, what will happen to the rate of O2 production in PS II, and why?

O2 production will slow down because less NADP+ will be regenerated in the Calvin cycle.

Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?

Photophosphorylation

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes?

Photorespiration

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants

Transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs

what is a cleavage furrow

a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle a. acetyl CoA b. ATP c. FADH2 d. CO2 e. NADH + H+

a. acetyl CoA

The proximate source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is a. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient b. ATP synthase c. NADH and FADH2 e. Substrate-level phosphorylation

a. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

What molecule is indicated by D? (arrow pointing to box c) a. oxygen b. ATP c. water d. glucose e. pyruvate

a. oxygen

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by a. substrate-level phosphorylation b. photophosphorylation c. cellular respiration d. photosynthesis e. oxidative phosphorylation

a. substrate-level phosphorylation

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Which is NOT a carcinogen? Testosterone UV Light Cigarette smoke fat all of the above are carcinogens

all of the above are carcinogens

centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during

anaphase

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? a. 3 b. 2 c. 4 d. 5 e. 1

b. 2

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, ____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle a. 2 b. 6 c. 3 d. 3 to 6 e. 0

b. 6

How will a healthy individual's ATP production change during an eight-hour fast? a. The individual's ATP production will increase significantly. b. The individual's ATP production will not change significantly. c. The individual's ATP production will decrease significantly.

b. The individual's ATP production will not change significantly.

What process occurs in box A? (Glucose >>> Pyruvate) a. oxidative phosphorylation b. glycolysis c. electron transport and oxidation phosphorylation d. electron transport e. the citric acid cycle

b. glycolysis

In muscle cells, fermentation produces ____ a. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP b. lactate and NAD+ c. carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+ d. lactate, NADH, and ATP e. pyruvate

b. lactate and NAD+

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is a. NADH b. oxygen c. CO2 d. FADH2 e. water

b. oxygen

Select the correct statement about cellular respiration a. Animals carry out cellular respiration whereas plants carry out photosynthesis b. Plants carry out cellular respiration only in organs such as roots that cannot carry out photosynthesis c. Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level

c. Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level

Which is not a product of glycolysis? a. NADH b. pyruvate c. FADH2 d. ATP

c. FADH2

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. a. NADH, mitochondrial matrix b. acetyl CoA, intermembrane space c. NADH and FADH2, intermembrane space d. NADH and FADH2, mitochondrial matrix e. NADH, intermembrane space

c. NADH and FADH2, intermembrane space

The ___ are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis

centrosomes

Identify all the correct statements about the basic function of fermentation a. The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis. b. The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. c. The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis.

c. The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle a. G3P b. glucose c. acetyl CoA d. pyruvate e. NADH + H+

c. acetyl CoA

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by a. substrate-level phosphorylation b. photosynthesis c. oxidative phosphorylation d. photophosphorylation e. cellular respiration

c. oxidative phosphorylation

What occurs in box B? (circle of arrows) a. glycolysis b. oxidative phosphorylation c. the citric acid cycle d. photophosphorylation e. electron transport

c. the citric acid cycle

Cells from advanced malignant tumors frequently have very abnormal chromosomes as well as an abnormal number of chromosomes. What might explain the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities?

cell cycle checkpoints are not in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities

After chromosomes condense, the ____ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other

centromere

During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called

chromatin

In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by ____, when the rest of the cell divides

cytokinesis

Structure A is: Looks like a circle with a rectangle on top of it a. phospholipid b. sensory protein c. an electron acceptor d. ATP synthase e. an electron donor

d. ATP synthase

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _______ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle a. 5 b. 4 c. 0 d. 1 e. 2

e. 2

In glycolysis there is a new gain of ____ ATP a. 3 b. 1 c. 5 d. 4 e. 2

e. 2

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation a. hexokinase b. FADH2 c. ADP d. NADPH e. ATP

e. ATP

In fermentation ____ is reduced and ____ is oxidized a. NAD+, pyruvate b. lactate, ethanol c. NADH, lactate d. lactate, NADH e. pyruvate, NADH

e. pyruvate, NADH

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by a. photosynthesis b. oxidative phosphorylation c. cellular respiration d. photophosphorylation e. substrate-level phosphorylation

e. substrate-level phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts involves which of the following processes

establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane reduction of water to produce oxygen

The ___ is a cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in a cell divison

mitotic spindles

spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during

prometaphase

Chromosomes become visible during metaphase prophase anaphase interphase prometaphase

prophase

During alcohol fermentation in yeast NAD+ is regenerated from from NAHD by which of the following processes

reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol