Bio Exam 3 Chapters 29 & 30
Sporopollenin
A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out.
Phragmoplast
In dividing plant cells, a structure formed by overlapping microtubules that guide vesicles containing cell wall components to the middle of the cell.
Alternation of generations
Plants alternate between two multicellular stages, a reproductive cycle
Spores
Produced by meiosis. Grow into haploid organisms by mitosis.
Sporophyte
The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores.
The relationship between a gametophyte and a sporophyte in a liverwort is like the relationship between...
a parent and a child
Cuticle
a waxy covering of the epidermis
Seed
an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
Rhizoids
anchor gametophytes to substrate
Which would most surprise you if you found it as a fossil embedded in Carboniferous coal?
angiosperm
When of the following could occur only plants moved from the oceans to land?
animals could also move onto land because they were opportunities for new food sources
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses?
antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes
Bryophytes (non-vascular plants)...
are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants
The coal and oil that we currently use as fuel sources...
are remnants of sphagnum moss bogs
The flowers of wind-pollinated plants...
are usually green and inconspicuous
If you wanted to grow a garden filled with the earliest living flowering plants, you would need to plant...
basal angiosperms
If you walk through an area with mosses and ferns, you are seeing...
both sporophyte and gametophyte generations
Which feature does not fit with the others?
branched veins
Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees.
breezes
Your lab partner asks you to hand over a flower part that will eventually enclose something with endosperm, so you giver her a...
carpel
Which are the closest algal relatives of land plants?
charophytes
Lychophytes
club mosses and their relatives
Seta (stalk)
conducts these materials to the sporangium
The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include...
containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
Adaptations critical to plant success in terrestrial environments include seeds, vascular tissue, cuticle, and flowers. Which lists these adaptations in the order in which they appeared?
cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers
Sporocytes
diploid cells undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
Archegonia
female gametangia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant most closely related to...
ferns
Four adaptations-cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers-are key characters defining four major modern plants groups. Which group first evolved vascular tissue?
ferns
Which are the most closely related?
ferns and horsetails
Pterophytes
ferns and their relatives
Angiosperms
flowering plants
An ancient date palm seed germinated and grew into a healthy plant. What was the source of nutrients for the young sporophyte during germination?
food stored within the seed
Gametangia
gametes produced within organs
As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____.
gametophyte of a moss
One conclusion you can draw from this figure is that...
gametophytes have fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do
If you discovered a new plant with fan-shaped leaves and seeds without fruits, you would have found a new kind of
ginkgophyta
The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are...
gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably....
green algae
Plants that have vascular tissue are more versatile than nonvascular plants. For example, vascular tissue enabled plants to...
grow taller
Four adaptations-cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers-are key characters defining four major modern plant groups. Which group first evolved seeds?
gymnosperms
About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____.
had non-vascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rocks
Gametophyte
haploid and produces gametes by mitosis
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?
haploid spores
How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?
in both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia
According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____.
in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the following to occur?
increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances
Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____.
inhibit herbivory
Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?
it lacks gametangia
The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of the following functions in nature?
it provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling
What is an accurate statement about the genus spagnum?
it represents a large repository of CO2 that is likely to be released with global warming
Seedles vascular plants
lacking seeds but tissues in plants that carry water and nutrients
Embryophytes
land plants
Stomata are found in every group of land plants except the liverworts. If stomata evolved only once among the bryophytes, this is evidence that...
liverworts resemble the earliest-evolving plants
Apical meristems
localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
Which is a vascular plant?
lycophytes
How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous?
male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants
Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?
male gametophyte
Protonema
mass of tangled green filaments in mosses that forms during germination
Archegonia...
may contain sporophyte embryos
Which term is INCORRECTLY defined?
megaspores: spores that develop into male gametophytes
Which leads to the most functional gametes?
microspore
What is the effect of moss on the chemical weathering of rock?
moss increases the chemical weathering of rock
If you could travel in a time machine to the period of Earth's history when plants began to appear, you would see which plant evolve after the liverworts?
mosses
Which plants have a sporophyte that is nutritionally dependent on the photosynthetic gametophyte?
mosses
Placental transfer cells
nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo
Apical meristems...
occur in both roots and shoots of plants
Why do two sperm nuclei travel down the pollen tube?
one fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei
Which plant-derived material(s) is/are used for fuel to produce heat?
peat, coal, and fern spores
Hornworts
phylum anthocerophyta
Mosses
phylum bryophyta
Liverworts
phylum hepatophyta
Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?
plantae
Which is NOT an example of how seedless vascular plants affected Earth and its other life?
plants reduced the rate at which chemicals such as calcium and magnesium were released from rocks into soil
Vascular plants
plants with true vascular tissue
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?
pollen
Which of the following problems will likely increase if the human population continues to increase?
reduction in plant and animal diversity
Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?
rise and diversification of angiosperms
Why is seed dormancy adaptive for many plant species?
seed dormancy allows seeds to germinate when conditions are favorable for seedling growth
Grade
seedless vascular plants are paraphyletic and are of the same level of biological organization
Vascular tissue
specialized tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients
At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make _____.
sporangia
Which must you have to have spores?
sporangia
Sporangia
spores in organs produced by sporophyte
In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?
sporopollenin
Which of the following statements about stomata is accurate?
stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant
If you discovered another planet on which plants had evolved in a manner similar to those on Earth except they had never left the water, what trait might these plants retain longer than plants on Earth?
swimming sperm
Gymnosperms
the "naked seed" plants, including conifers
The fact that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b demonstrates which of the following?
the common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b
One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"?
the dust is pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated
Gametophore
the mature gamete-producing structure of a moss gametophyte.
Which statement regarding double fertilization in angiosperms would lose points on an exam?
the megasporangium gives rise to four haploid eggs through meiosis
Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Select the exception
the presence of chloroplasts
Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate?
the transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions
Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution?
the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as bryophytes. Beside not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?
they require water for reproduction
The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to...
transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller
You walk out of a bog into a forest. The change you see is due to...
vascular tissue
What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicated the movement of plants from water to land?
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
Which product(s) is/are derived from angiosperms?
wood, medicine, human food, and animal feed
