BIO Exam FOUR
The summed variation of life on earth
A: Biodiversity
The idea that two species cannot occupy the exact same niche at the same time is called:
A: Competitive exclusion
antagonisms:
A: Interactions in which at least one participant loses more than it gains
The tendency of species to retain aspects of their ancestral niches, and therefore for closely related species to resemble each other in niches, is called:
A: Phylogenetic niche conservatism
Close interactions that have evolved over time between species are called:
A: Symbioses
Nearly 150 years ago, man-made CO2 was introduced into the atmosphere primarily through _____. Currently, _____ is the main contributing factor to increased levels of human-produced CO2 in the atmosphere.
A: deforestation; the burning of fossil fuels
Overlap of niches can be minimized through:
A: resource partitioning
The movement of Earth's crust, plate tectonics, contributes to the long-term carbon cycle through all of the answer choices except:
Photosynthesis
Secondary Consumer Example:
Predators(exp. Snakes)
What is the difference between global warming and the greenhouse effect?
A: -Global warming is the measured increase in the Earth's surface temperature over the past 50 years. -The greenhouse effect describes the process by which global warming can occur. The greenhouse effect is the result of the capacity of some molecules (CO2, methan, water vapor) to absorb heat energy and emit it in all directions.
Which of the statements is true regarding atmospheric CO2 levels during the last 400,000 years?
A: Atmospheric CO2 levels fluctuate periodically, with the highest levels occurring during interglacial periods.
What defines the niche of a species?
A: A niche is determined by abiotic factors , such as climate and soil chemistry, and by biotic factors, including interactions among species
Which of the statements is true regarding CO2?
A: ALL OF THE CHOICES CORRECT -CO2 plays a vital role in maintaining Earth's temperature. -CO2 can be produced by natural and man-made processes. -CO2 is released as a product of respiration. -CO2 is a greenhouse gas.
Figure 48.14 Trends in atmospheric CO2 levels (red), seawater CO2 levels (blue), and seawater pH (purple) in the central Pacific Ocean. Based on the graph in Figure. 48.14, what can you conclude about the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and seawater pH?
A: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is correlated with a decrease in seawater pH.
There is a giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum named Washington (after George Washington) that was believed to be the second largest tree in the world (at 253.7 ft. in height!) until it was struck by lightning in 2003. The lightning strike caused a fire at the top of the tree that reduced Washington's height to about 229 feet. The fire released carbon that had been sequestered in wood into the environment in the form of:
A: CO2
When one species creates an environment that helps another , the interaction is called:
A: Facilitation: benefits one species with the other, at least is not harmed and sometimes benefited
The rate of exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the oceans represents a carbon:
A: Flux
What is the difference between competitive exclusion and resource partitioning?
A: In competitive exclusion, there is ongoing competition between species for a particular resource, leading one species to change its niche in the presence of the other species. In resource partitioning, species evolve to use different resources , so there is no longer competition for that particular resource. Over time, competitive exclusion CAN lead to resource partitioning
How long did it take the human population to double from 1 bill to 2 billion? How about from 2 billion to 4 billion? What does this pattern say about the rate of population growth?
A: In the 130 years from 1800 to 1930, the size of the human population doubled from 1 to 2 billion and it doubled again in just 45 years from 1930 to 1975. This pattern indicates that the RATE of human population growth increased.
Which of the statements is true regarding chemical weathering?
A: It contributes to the accumulation of CaCO3 in oceans.
When the benefits for each participant outweighs their cost, the interaction is called a:
A: Mutualism
When one or both sides of a mutualism cannot live without the other, the association is said to be:
A: Obligate
Imagine that scientists have discovered a new planet that is apparently devoid of life but has ice caps located at the poles. These ice caps reveal that the planet's atmospheric O2 levels sharply increased about 1,000,000 years ago but then quickly dropped 50,000 years ago. What could account for these changes in atmospheric O2 levels?
A: Photosynthetic organisms evolved on the planet 100,000 years ago but went extinct 50,000 years ago.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed from one state to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Taking this into consideration, what can be said about the energy transferred between levels in a trophic pyramid?
A: Some of the energy in a trophic level is converted to heat and is unavailable to the next level of the trophic pyramid. -Energy conversion pathways are inefficient. Moving from primary producer to primary consumer, some energy is lost as heat, to work, and to metabolism. After all losses have been incurred, there is roughly 10% of the energy from primary producers available in primary consumers to be exploited by the trophic level above that.
The process of species replacing each other in time in a predictable sequence is called:
A: Succession
Close interactions between species, either antagonisms or mutualisms, that have evolved over long periods of time, are called:
A: Symbioses
Ecological Footprint:
A: The amount of land required to support an individual at an average standard of living for a community, country, or the world as a whole
How does the Red Queen hypothesis apply to interactions of pathogens and antibiotics?
A: The hypothesis suggest that organisms need to keep evolving (running) just to stay in the same ecological niche (place). As new antibiotics are developed, pathogens such as protists that cause malaria frequently evolve resistance, so researchers must continually strive to develop new medicines as natural selection erodes the effectiveness of the old options.
If all terrestrial autotrophs were removed from the planet, how would this alter the rate of carbon cycling on Earth?
A: The rate of carbon cycling would decrease because the link between primary consumers and primary producers would be eliminated. -Carbon fixed by terrestrial autotrophs is fixed into body tissues that are consumed by primary consumers. If carbon fixation stopped on land, then there would be less carbon available to primary consumer who would use the energy stored in primary producers to fuel cellular metabolism. Reduced rates of cellular metabolism would reduce rates of carbon dioxide production and its release back into the atmosphere.
If steelhead were removed from the web, what would you predict would happen to the numbers of tuft-weaving chironomids?
A: They would decrease. -If steelhead were removed, then the number of stickleback would increase. The increase in stickleback would result in an increase in chironomid predators, and chironomid numbers would decrease.
Interactions in which one partner benefits and there is no apparent affect on the other, is called:
A: commensalisms
Carbon is returned to the atmosphere through:
A: decomposition of detritus by fungi.
Which of the answer choices are not geological processes that drive the long-term carbon cycle?
A: photosynthesis and respiration
Recall that sedimentary rocks, living organisms, oceans, and soil are all carbon reservoirs. If the carbon in each of these reservoirs was instantly transformed into atmospheric CO2, which reservoir would contribute the most CO2 to the atmosphere?
A: sedimentary rocks -It is important to evaluate the amount of carbon compounds held in each reservoir. Sedimentary rocks have the largest amount of mass composed of carbon compounds.
An individual's ecological footprint is equivalent to:
A: the amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual.
Examine the figure, which shows the parallel history of atmospheric CO2 levels and surface temperature over the last 400,000 years, based on measurements of air bubbles trapped in glacial ice sheets in Antarctica. Glacial expansion correlates with _____ amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere and temperatures _____ than those measured in 1950.
A:decreasing; lower -Analyzing the data from the graph shows that when there is an increase in glaciation, there is a reduction in CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Although causation cannot be stated, there is a correlation between the two patterns.
The movement of Earth's crust, plate tectonics, contributes to the long-term carbon cycle through all of the answer choices except:
A:photosynthesis
Which of the statements correctly describes antibiotic resistance?
Some diseases, such as tuberculosis, have strains that are so antibiotic resistant that they are essentially untreatable.
facultative mutualism
mutualism in which both species can survive alone
Biodiversity is often take to mean the number of species
-Can also include the variety of different GENETIC SEQUENCES, cell types, life histories, communities, and ecosystems
ΔN=N2-N1=(B-D)+(I-E)
-N1= time 1 -N2= time 2 -B=births -D=deaths -I=immigration -E=emigration
N=(C/R)xM
-Population Size (N) -Butterflies caught on the 1st day (M) -Marked and Unmarked on 2nd Day (C) -Recaptures (R)
Three examples of a habitat island
-lake is habitat island for trout -actual islands in the ocean -valley surrounded by mountains
About 10% of the biomass of each trophic level is passed onto the next higher level. Exp:
1000kg grasses feeds 100kg mice which feeds 10kg of hawks which feeds 1kg Hawks
Invasive species spread to new areas through:
A) All of the below -shipping of produce. -purposeful importing. -migratory birds. -ballast water in ships.
Which of the following could be used to define the ecological niche of a plant species? Select all that apply .
A: -The pH of its soil -the insects that eat it -the depth to which the soil freezes in the winter
What four processes affect population size?
A: -birth rates -immigration -death -emigration rates
The "realized niche" of Canada geese depends on which of the following?
A: -interspecific competition between Canada geese and other birds -competitive exclusion of Canada geese by other organisms -the distribution of Canada geese parasites -the climate of a given environment
Name two density dependent and two density-independent factors that can limit the size of a population
A: density dependent-interspecific and intraspecific competition for resources and space density independent- natural disasters and unexpected changes in temperature
In 1987, 18 black-footed ferrets, the last known individuals of this species, were captured and brought into a captive breeding program in Wyoming. In 1989, the total ferret population, still in captivity, was 120 animals. Given r = (ΔN/Δt)/N1, and based on the numbers provided, the per capita growth rate (ferrets/year) from 1987 to 1989 was:
A: 2. 83 -The per capita growth rate will be the change in population size (102) divided by the change in time (2) divided by the number of individuals at the start of the sample (18). Thus, the change in per capita growth rate is (102/2)/18
Which of the choices are problems that future scientists, engineers, and doctors will have to address?
A: All of the below: -species extinction -climate change -invasive species -drug-resistant pathogens
If a scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted, which group of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants?
A: Amphibians
There is a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) named Washington (after George Washington) that was believed to be the second largest tree in the world (at 253.7 ft. in height!) until it was struck by lightning in 2003. The lightning strike caused a fire at the top of the tree that reduced Washington's height to about 229 feet. The fire released carbon that had been sequestered in wood into the environment in the form of:
A: CO2
Situations occur when one species influences the transfer of a large proportion of biomass and energy from one trophic level to another
A: Called Keystone Species
When both participants in a species' interaction develop adaptations in direct response to one another, this could progress into all of the following except:
A: Coevolution
While some may consider that the goal of conservation biology is to preserve all species on the planet, which of the following is a more accurate statement of conservation biology's goals?
A: Conservation biology concentrates on preserving levels of species diversity in communities to maintain ecosystem services provided by the species in that community.
Why are corridors important to the health of local populations?
A: Corridors connect one population to the next, allowing organisms to move between populations and to recolonize populations that have gone locally extinct
An increased rate of photosynthesis is the most likely explanation as to why atmospheric CO2 levels appear lowest during glacial periods of Earth's history.
A: FALSE
Decline of a predator population in an area affects only the prey population on which it feeds.
A: FALSE
Many facultative mutualisms probably began as obligate relationships.
A: FALSE
Symbiotic relationships between species do not change over time.
A: FALSE
Treating crops with fertilizer is an efficient use of nitrogen, as approximately 40% of nitrogen is incorporated into crops.
A: FALSE
When the ecological footprints of every human on Earth are summed, this number corresponds exactly to the land area of Earth.
A: FALSE
Which of the statements about patterns of energy use among countries is false?
A: Individuals in larger countries use more energy than individuals in smaller countries.
Which of the following best describes the kind of resource for which individuals may compete?
A: It can be any resource that is limited in the environment
metapopulation
A: Large population made up of smaller populations linked by occasional movements of individuals among them)
Most populations demonstrate _____ growth, in which the population size increases exponentially until it levels off near the carrying capacity (K value) of the habitat for that species.
A: Logistic
The presence of bacteria that produce essential amino acids in the bodies of aphids is an example of:
A: Obligate Mutualism
What is a trade-off in physiological functions?
A: Occurs when an organism contributes more resources and/or energy to one particular function over another(i.e in plants producing more seeds while failing to grow defensive structures such as thorns)
If you were a doctor at a local hospital in the United States, how would humans' impact on the evolution of organisms impact your work?
A: Patient mortality may increase as drug-resistant pathogens become more prevalent.
The equation 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 represents the process of:
A: Photo synthesis
Recall that during the Paleozoic Era, atmospheric CO2 levels decreased. Why?
A: Photosynthetic, woody plants first appeared during this period.
As amphibians have been called the environment's "canary in a coal mine," a researcher has decided to go around to different ponds in his town and evaluate the effects of a specific pesticide on frog survival. This scientist would most likely refer to himself as a(n):
A: Physiologist
Niches are dynamic and are affected by interactions among species.
A: TRUE
Various species of Anolis lizards are able to coexist in Hispaniola because they function in different niches (for example, feed on different organisms or hunt in different areas).
A: TRUE
A gardener treats his plants with pesticides, killing all the aphids that are on the plants. Once the aphids die, what likely happens to the mutualistic bacteria inhabiting their digestive tracts?
A: The bacteria would likely die without their mutualistic aphids, as this is an example of an obligate relationship.
Usually, some aspect of the niches of closely related species is similar, and so are evolutionary conserved
A: This observation is called phylogenetic niche conservatism
In general, when two species have overlapping niches, one will either become extinct in that place or change its niche
A: This result is called COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION(Even if two species overlap substantially in resource use, competitive exclusion may not take place unless the population sizes of both species are large enough to encounter each other or reduce the resources available)
When sea otters are present in a kelp forest community, there are more than 12 species in the community. If sea otters are removed, there are 5-7 species that remain in the community. These data suggest that sea otters are ____________ .
A: a keystone species.
When two species compete for similar resources, resource partitioning can alter the niche of the species that compete. The figure below shows an example of this.
A: a move from the fundamental niche to the realized niche for both species.
What is the difference between a population and a metapopulation?
A: a population is a group of organisms of the same species that exists in a particular place at a given time. A metapopulation is two or more populations linked by occasional movements of individuals among them
Which factors contribute most to intraspecific competition?
A: a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment
When two species compete for resources the fitness of:
A: both species will decline.
Which type of interaction is NOT antagonistic?
A: commensalism
Spanish moss is not a moss, but a flowering plant (Tillandsia usneoides) often seen draped from the branches of live oaks, cypress, and other large trees in the southeastern United States. The trees on which it grows provide support but no nutrients or moisture—the plant provides those things for itself, without apparently harming its support tree. This, then, is an example of a:
A: commensalism.
In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone, comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process most likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was:
A: competitive exclusion. -Within the experimental plot, the removal of the top predator allowed more individuals of the remaining species to survive. As the better competitors of those remaining species gained more resources, their population sizes grew and fewer resources were available for the less competitive species. The species that were not as efficient at competing for resources in the plot went locally extinct, or left the area, because they could not acquire the resources necessary to survive there.
As a population approaches its carrying capacity, its growth rate:
A: decreases
Factors such as resources and predation are called:
A: density-dependent factors
A researcher that goes into the environment and collects information on species diversity would be referred to as a(n):
A: field biologist.
A species' fundamental niche:
A: has the necessary resources and conditions for survival.
Remember that, as a rule, temperatures decrease with an increase in altitude. If you were studying the effects of climate change on the geographic ranges of species living in the mountains and your climate records showed that mean temperatures were increasing, you would predict that species ranges would show a shift toward:
A: higher elevations.
Captive breeding programs in zoos could be important for biodiversity in the wild because:
A: individuals raised in zoos could be released into the wild in order to reestablish natural populations.
All of the factors influence patterns of biodiversity EXCEPT:
A: intraspecific competition.
Which of these relationships best depicts the amount of carbon stored in the atmosphere, sedimentary rocks, living organisms, and soil?
A: living organisms < the atmosphere < soil < sedimentary rocks
Tropical leafcutter ants collect leaf cuttings which they transport to special underground chambers. There, the ants chew the leaves to create nursery beds on which the ants grow a species of fungus they use for food. When ant queens disperse to establish new colonies, they carry the fungus with them, dispersing it as well (this benefits the fungus). In the ants' new nests, the fungus is at risk of being destroyed by another fungal species that is able to grow in the habitat, using the same limited resources. On their bodies, the ants carry and provide a home for bacteria that produces antibiotics the ants use to kill the newly encountered fungus and thereby protect their food supply. In this system, the relationship between the leafcutter ants and their fungal food species is:
A: mutualism.
When one or both sides of a mutualism cannot survive without the other, the association is said to be
A: obligate
The presence of bacteria that produce essential amino acids in the bodies of aphids is an example of:
A: obligate mutualism.
We think of termites as insects that eat wood. However, termites cannot digest the wood and rely on a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic gut microbes to digest cellulose. Without the microbes, the termites will still ingest wood but will starve. This, then, is an example of a(n);
A: obligate mutualism.
If an ecologist does a field count of the number of mice in a space that is six hectares, the ecologist is calculating the:
A: population density.
Which of the answer choices is expected to reduce competition among individuals of different species?
A: resource partitioning
Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, COMPETITION among individuals:
A: results in a LOSS for both individuals.
Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, predation:
A: results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other.
On which part of the carbon cycle have humans had the greatest impact?
A: return of CO2 to the atmosphere by oxidation of ancient organic matter
Which of these might be expected to increase as a result of predation?
A: the availability of resources
Habitat corridors can be useful additions to separated reserves because:
A: they provide a means to increase the functional size of a reserve.
Ecosystem Engineer:
An organism that influences community structure by causing physical changes in the environment. (exp. Beavers)
Imagine that a researcher has discovered a leaf fossil from the Cambrian Period that is 500 million years old. He notices that the leaf had very few stomata compared to present-day leaves. What does this tell the researcher about atmospheric CO2 levels during the Cambrian Period?
Atmospheric CO2 levels were higher during the Cambrian Period than today.
A researcher is measuring Earth's atmospheric CO2 levels, gathering data on CO2 levels in northern and then southern hemispheres. What do you expect that she will find?
Because atmospheric CO2 measurements represent global amounts, measurements in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere will be approximately the same.
survivor ship curves(type 1 and type 2)
Blue line = high rates of predation early in life Red line = high mortality late in life
The majority of carbon stored in abiotic reservoirs is in the form of:
CaCO3
A researcher is measuring atmospheric CO2 levels on cloudy and sunny days. He notices that on cloudy days, CO2 levels appear slightly higher than on sunny days. This is an example of:
Correlation
Which group in a food web is responsible for returning inorganic compounds back to the environment?
Decomposers
If all of the tertiary consumers were removed from an environment, the associated food web, and thus the carbon cycle, would collapse.
FALSE
Primary Producer Exp:
Grasses(taking CO2)
Primary Consumer Example:
Herbivores
r=(ΔN/Δt)/N1
In our example above,(r) equals 20 individuals per year divided by 80 individuals, for a per capita growth rate of 0.25 per year.
Tertiary Consumer Example:
Predator(exp. Hawks that eats secondary consumer snake)
The long-term and short-term carbon cycles are connected by the fact that some of the carbon contained in C6H12O6 (or other organic molecules) in plants is incorporated into sedimentary rocks or oil; carbon in sedimentary rock and oil is not immediately cycled back to the atmosphere.
TRUE
realized niche:
The niche a species ACTUALLY lives in
fundamental niche:
The niche a species COULD potentially occupy.
If a population starts with 80 individuals and grows to 120 after 2 years, what is the population increase per year?
The population has gained 40 individuals in 2 years (40/2) or 20 individuals/year.
When two species compete for similar resources, resource partitioning can alter the niche of the species that compete. The graphs shown provide an example of this.
a move from the fundamental niche to the realized niche for both species.
A scientist studying a material has determined that 12C, 13C, and 14C occur in the material in a ratio of 1000:10:1. How did he most likely differentiate between these forms of carbon?
by the number of neutrons in 12C, 13C, and 14C
interspecific competition
competition between members of different species(can cause fluctuations in population size)
intraspecific competition
competition between members of the same species(results in natural selection)
Which of the choices would be considered density-independent factors that could affect the growth of a population?
droughts
Examining the relationship between primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers is one way to track the flow of _____ through a system.
energy contained in organic compounds
Disturbances
have effects on populations of interacting species that are INDEPENDENT of their densities
An Invasive species:
is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem.
Age structure of a population:
is the number of individuals within each age group of the population studied(or distribution of individuals in different age-groups)
To which group do herbivores belong in a food web?
primary consumers
On which part of the carbon cycle have humans had the greatest impact?
return of CO2 to the atmosphere by oxidation of ancient organic matter
Photosynthesis and respiration affect atmospheric CO2 levels on a _____ timescale, whereas volcanic eruptions affect atmospheric CO2 levels on a _____ timescale.
yearly; century