Bio Final

7) Which of the following most likely describes how the interaction between bears and salmon influences nitrogen dynamics in the environment?

A) when bears consume salmon, they leave part of the carcasses on the ground, which decompose, releasing nitrogen into the environment

25) Average brood size per mated individual upon re-introduction of food following 30 days of ARD is closest to which of the following?

B) 50

125) Using a straight line on the graph above, calculate the water potential in bars of the zucchini squash at 21°C. Give your answer to one decimal place.

-8.6

122) In fruit flies, the allele for vestigial wings is recessive to the allele for a wild type wings, and the allele for white eyes is recessive to the allele for red eyes. The gene controlling wing type is carried on an autosome, where as a gene controlling eye color is carried on the X chromosome. A true breeding female with wild type wings and white eyes is crossed with a male with vestigial wings and red eyes. What proportion of the offspring are expected to be males with wild type wings and white eyes? Give your answer as a fraction or decimal value from 0 to 1.

0.5

124) Calculate the Simpson's index of diversity for the community of trees. Enter your answer as a value between zero and one to the nearest hundredth.

0.65

123) ABO blood type in humans is determined by three alleles of a single gene IA, IB, and i. The IA and IB alleles are codominant, and both alleles are completely dominant to the i allele. Shown in the table are the approximate genotype frequencies of ABO blood types for a large human population. Assuming that the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium with respect to blood type, what is the frequency of the i allele? Give your answer to two decimal places.

0.67

33) Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table? (Look in packet)

B) (look at question)

121) The cladogram above shows proposed phylogenetic relationships for several vertebrates. Selected derived characters are indicated on the cladogram by numbered labels. Based on the information presented, which of the following derived characters is shared by alligators and manatees but not by salamanders? Give your answer as a number label of a character indicated on the cladogram.

3

41) Transmission of an action potential across the synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron. The arrival of the action potential triggers a rise in the calcium concentration in the synaptic terminal, and the change in concentration triggers a release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which of the following representations of the movement of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions best shows how an action potential is transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron?

A) (look at question)

3) Sickle cell anemia is associated with a mutation in the gene encoding the beta subunit of the hemoglobin that results in a change from glutamic acid to valine at position 6. All other amino acids are identical to a normal hemoglobin molecule. Based on the information above, which of the following mutations is the most likely cause of sickle cell anemia?

A) A single base pair substitution in the gene encoding the beta subunit.

18) Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine simulates play surgeon breakdown?

A) Epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, the activated receptor stimulates production on the second messenger, cAMP.

35) To investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate? (Mean pH model)

A) I and II (look at problem)

27) Based on experimental results, which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of ARD in C. elegans?

A) The ability to enter ARD provides a strong selective advantage because reproduction can occur despite periods of food scarcity

17) A scientist is evaluating a proposal for raising large numbers of fish in ocean pens for human consumption. As part of the evaluation, the scientist is designing a plan for investigating how the fish in the ocean pens might affect nearby ecosystems. Which of the following is the most appropriate factor to use as a dependent variable in the experimental investigation?

A) The amount of metabolic wastes in the water where the fish are being raised

8) Which of the following pieces of additional data would help further investigate the relationship between bears salmon and influx of nitrogen into the local environment?

A) The experimenters should remove the remains of salmon carcasses immediately after the seminar in by the Bears and determine the nitrogen content of the carcasses

44) Which of the following best explains why GFP might exhibit a bright green fluorescence in alkaline conditions but not in acidic conditions?

A) addition of an H+ to GFP at acidic pH changes the shape of the protein, preventing fluorescence

23) The cladogram shown below depicts an accepted model of the evolutionary relationships among selected species. Amino acid at position 104 in the beta hemoglobin protein for each of these four organisms is listed below. The validity of the cladogram is best supported by molecular evidence for which of the following changes in amino acid composition of the beta hemoglobin protein during the evolution of these species?

A) arginine to leucine at position X on the cladogram

21) Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at different temperatures. Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29°C well others find most effectively at 40°C. Still others can be equally acted at both temperatures. Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?

A) butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature

53) The table shows the changes in allele frequency as of a specific gene in two populations of randomly mating small mammals after 30 years. The populations inhabit adjacent equatorial islands that have similar type biography and climate. Which of the following is the most reliable conclusion that can be drawn from analysis of the data above?

A) genetic drift has occurred in population one

13) Based on the model of speciation presented which of the following describes the most likely consequence to the populations over time? (Circle and square model)

A) hybrid individuals are less likely to pass their genetic information onto subsequent generations

24) Which of the following best describes the reproductive ability of C. elegans following the ARD induced in the first experiment?

A) mating with a well-fed male consistently produce more offspring than did reproduction via self fertilization

16) Using the model of speciation and applying it to a different population, which of the following outcomes is most consistent for a different species in which the males are homogametic and the females are heterogametic?

A) sterility would appear in females before appearing in males

4) In the year 2000 specimens of the Caulerpa taxfolia, a green alga use and tropical aquariums, were found off the coast of California. Native to the Indian Ocean, C. Taxfolia is known for aggressive growth and an ability to compete with sea grasses. It is currently on an international list of invasive species. Which of the following best predicts the consequences of introduction of the text to Leah to the California coast?

A) without natural herbivores or competitors, C. Taxfolia will grow rapidly and crowd out native species and producers

2) Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

B) An ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.

39) In drosophila melanogaster the allele for wild type tan body color (B) is dominant to the recessive allele for a black body color (b). Similarly, the allele for wild type wing shape (V) is dominant to the recessive allele for vest do you do when phenotype (v). In the cross diagrammed above, the expected and observe the results are shown. Which of the following best explains the observed the results of the cross?

B) The genes for body color and wing shape are located close to each other on the same chromosome

42) The table below provides a comparison of nitrogenous waste production and selected organisms. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table?

B) The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid

22) Two groups of students attempted to re-create the primitive atmospheric conditions of early earth using the apparatus represented below. Each group ran the experiment with different gas mixtures in the apparatus. Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?

B) The nitrogen gas and ammonia gas in experimental one could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids

48) Based on the model, which of the following best explains how regulation of neurotransmitter release might increase the range of responses to a stimulus in the nervous system?

B) different neurons in the same neural network can release different amounts of neurotransmitter

15) In a separate investigation, individual mice from two populations that in nature are geographically isolated from each other are made in the laboratory. The hybrid offspring were then mated with individuals from either of the original populations. Only the female hybrid offspring are fertile. The experimental results are most consistent with which of the stages that are depicted in the model?

B) intermediate stage (Figure 2)

9) If a damn is built downstream and prevents salmon migration to the test sites, which of the following most accurately predicts the impact on nitrogen influx?

B) nitrogen influx will decrease because there will be less bear-salmon interaction

49) In a species of cactus, the number of spines on a plant is genetically determined. The graph above shows frequency distributions for populations of the cactus species growing in the presence or absence of two herbivores peccaries (a New World pig) and wasp larvae. What of the following best accounts for the different frequency distributions in the graph?

B) peccaries eat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae eat cacti with a greater number of spines

32) The P 53 protein regulates a cellular response to DNA damage. Based on the diagram above, which of the following best describes the role of P 53 in the response to DNA damage?

B) phosphorylated P 53 stimulates transcription of P 21, and the resulting P 21 protein suppresses cell division until the DNA damage is repaired

50) If the two finch populations are each in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and are isolated from each other, then which of the following grass correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies?

C) (look at question)

51) Based on the universal genetic code, which of the following represents the correct polypeptide that will result from translation of the mRNA molecule shown, beginning with the first available start codon?

C) (look at question)

46) Based on the model, which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which CDK5 regulates neurotransmitter release?

C) CDK5 alters the activity of other proteins involved in the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane

43) Based on the model, which of the following best explains why a bright green florescence was observed the following stimulation of a presynaptic neuron?

C) GFP contained in synaptic vesicles moved into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis

20) A group of students designed an experiment to determine the effect of compost on the germination and growth of plants. The student set up experimental plots by mixing different ratios of soil and compost. They planted 20 pea and 20 melon seeds in each plot and watered each plot regularly. The student recorded the number of seeds said germinated, and as a plant grew, they recorded plant length, number and size of leaves, and general health observations. The following observations were recorded. In all treatments, more pea seeds germinated than melon seeds. There was a week of rainy weather at three weeks. Melon plants developed a fungal growth at four weeks. Melon plants grew longer than pea plants, but many melon leaves showed signs of yellowing as the weeks passed. The students concluded that pea plants grew better in compost then did melon plants. Which of the following best addresses the validity of the conclusion made by the students?

C) The conclusion is invalid because other variables in the experiment, both biotic and abiotic, affected the results

34) Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that photosynthesis occurred in treatment group 1? (Mean pH model)

C) The mean pH of the samples increased after one hour

26) Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the data shown in figure 2? (ARD model)

C) The number of days and animal spends in ARD does not significantly affect its time of survival after reintroduction of food

1) Two populations of a species of squirrel are geographically isolated from each other... a new bacterial disease, which is easily spread and extremely virulent, affects both populations at the same time. Which of the following is the best prediction of how the new disease will affect the two populations?

C) The smaller population will be more affected than the karger population, because the smaller popualtion has less genetic variation than the larger population has.

12) Some strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes secrete poisonous substances called exotoxins. The genes called exotoxins are thought to have originated in bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which the S. pyogenes acquired the ability to produce exotoxins?

C) bacteriophage DNA became integrated in the bacterial chromosome

38) Many human cells can be stimulated to divide by hormone like growth factors that bind a receptor to proteins on the plasma membrane and trigger an internal signal transduction cascade. In many cases, however, the process of contact inhibition prevents mitosis when cells are in direct contact with one another. Contact inhibition occurs when proteins called cell adhesion molecules interact, causing them to change shape so that the growth factor signaling proteins that normally associate with CAMs are replaced by another protein, called M. Both pathways are depicted in the figures below. Which of the following statements accurately uses information presented to support the hypothesis that interruption of M function in a single party so can result in cancer?

C) growth factor signaling can trigger mitosis in cells that are in direct contact with other cells

30) High blood cholesterol can lead to cardiovascular problems such as a heart attack. Exercise and monitoring of diet can often control cholesterol levels, however, in certain cases HC is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutation in a single gene. A man with high cholesterol levels is about to marry woman who is total cholesterol levels are also higher than average. It decision has suggested they get tested for the HC allele. Which of the following is a valid ethical question concerning the test?

C) if both have the allele for HC, should an insurance company raise their rate because of the results of the test?

40) Some cells release active signaling proteins when membrane-bound precursor proteins are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The signaling proteins can then bind to receptors on the surface of a target sell, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathway and eliciting a response from the target cell. This mechanism of activating receptor binding signaling proteins has been observed in a variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. Many of the enzyme responsible for proteolysis of membrane-bound precursor proteins have been isolated and characterized. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzyme's are evolutionarily conserved among species?

C) if proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur?

37) Which of the following modifications to the experimental design will best help reduce the standard errors of the means? (Mean pH model)

C) increasing the sample size of each treatment group

29) The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a dominant alleles of a gene in a family over several generations. Circles represent females and squares represent meals. Shaded symbols indicate individuals carrying the allele. The pedigree suggests that the gene is on a nuclear chromosome, and not on mitochondrial DNA because...

C) maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of the mothers offspring

47) Previous experiments indicate that CDK5 is active only when attached to a protein called P 35. Which of the following best predicts how P 35 might play a role in regulating neuron function?

C) re-absorption of P 35 from the synaptic cleft result in increased synaptic activity

14) Which of the following best describes the reason for excluding hybrid males when calculating allele frequency's of two interbreeding populations at the intermediate stage of speciation? (Figure 2)

C) sterile individuals make no genetic contribution to the next generation

19) Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above? (Extracellular and Cytosol model)

C) which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?

10) As depicted in the diagram honey bees communicate the location of flower patches to members of their hives. With waggle dances they give information about the direction and distance to the flowers. Which of the following statements about how honeybees communicate the position of flower patches is most consistent with the model?

D) The further the target flowers from the hive, the longer the waggle phase

6) Which of the following statements is best supported by the data? (Black bears and pacific salmon)

D) The presence of black bears and salmon correlates with a significant increase in nitrogen influx

52) The data above represents the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?

D) The reduced frequency of alleles in a population q will eventually lead to the extinction of population 1

5) The graph above represents the number of individuals in a population of wolves and in a population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40 year period, from 1955 to 1995. Which of the following statements about the two populations is best supported by the information presented in the graph?

D) The wolves were predators of the Moose, which were otherwise reproductively successful

36) The results of the treatment groups five and six could suggest which of the following questions about the design of the experiment? (Mean pH model)

D) does the aquarium water contain living microorganisms?

31) A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs is for those proteins on membrane bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

D) golgi complex

45) Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?

D) inhibition of CDK5 activity in neurons increases the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to a specific stimulus

28) Steroid hormones, such as testosterone, pass through the plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular protein, as shown in the diagram below. The hormone receptor complex then enters the nucleus, where it interacts with DNA to promote transcription of a specific gene. Based on information presented, which of the following will also occur in response to steroid signaling?

D) production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of the binding of the hormone receptor complex to the DNA

11) I pigment in a particular strain of fly is determined by two genes. An autosomal gene that controls the color of the pigment in the eye has two alleles: a dominant allele (R) that results in red eyes and recessive allele (r) that results in sepia eyes. A sex linked genes that controls expression of the control color pigments also has two alleles: a dominant allele (T) that allows for expression of the color pigment and a recessive allele (t) that does not allow for expression of the colored pigments. Individuals without a T allele have white eyes regardless of the alleles of other eye color genes. Which of the following represents a cross between a white eyed female and a red eyed female?

D)RrXtXt*RrXTY