BIO FINAL (everything that has helped on anything BIO)

Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

Racial categories are based on subjective assessments and not biological traits.

The effect of decreasing pH on hemoglobin causes it to....

Release oxygen

positive feedback loop in mammilian

Rora stimulates production of BMAL1 BMAL stimulated production of Rora

Which of the following is an example of predation? Losing weight quickly and without much energy, Hank went to see his doctor. After a series of tests, she diagnosed the problem. Hank had a tapeworm. Sea anemones coating the shallow-water coral reefs in Australia feed on fish and shrimp that wander too close to their tentacles. During long migrations in the fall, huge flocks of geese seek out and settle in recently harvested cornfields, feeding on grain left scattered after the harvest. Feeding primarily on the same types of algae in small ponds, the tadpoles of wood frogs and leopard frogs compete with each other for meals.

Sea anemones coating the shallow-water coral reefs in Australia feed on fish and shrimp that wander too close to their tentacles.

What generalized conclusions are revealed in Figure 5.9 about the adaptive immune response?

Secondary response is faster and more robust than the primary response.

What is the difference between secondary and tertiary protein structure?

Secondary structures come in only two shapes whereas tertiary structures results in many diverse shapes.

Typically the ________ immune response produces much higher concentrations of antibodies (and faster) than the _______ response.

Secondary, primary

What is the neurotransmitter identified in the Aplysia experiments?

Serotonin

Which condition would disturb the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and cause the gene pool to change? No mutations occur. Mating occurs at random. Several homozygous recessive individuals leave the population. All genotypes on average produce an equal number of fertile adult offspring.

Several homozygous recessive individuals leave the population.

Which of the following can you conclude from this phylogeny of vertebrates?

Sharks are more ancient than ray-finned fish

Kandel and Schwartz

Showed that when learning occurs, more serotonin is released at certain synapses. they used classical conditioning and memory. Pinpointed changes in sea slugs neural connection With learning, more serotonin is released and cell efficiency increased—the number of synapses increase

The more primer present, the more DNA is polymerized. The best primer is dA in the presence of OH.

Since the only difference in the three experiments in A was the amount of primer, what can you conclude about the role of primer for DNA polymerase? What did you learn in B about the characteristics of primer used by E.Coli DNA polymerase?

A news article discussing the evolution of domestic dogs from wolves included this statement: "On its way from pack-hunting carnivore to fireside companion, dogs learned to love-or at least live on-wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes." What is a more scientifically accurate way to state what happened with dogs? Being around humans represented an advantage, so wolves were able to take advantage of that by changing their digestion to be able to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes. Dogs were created at the same time as wolves. Some wolves may have had variants in their digestion that allowed them to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes and so were able to survive with humans. Dogs mutated to be able to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes.

Some wolves may have had variants in their digestion that allowed them to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes and so were able to survive with humans.

cyclic pathway of electron flow in photosystems

Sometimes PSI is not near PSII, and the excited state electron travels to a subset of the same proteins but jumps over to a cytochrome and then right back to PSI again

Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product in which of these stages?

Stage II and III

Figure 2.19 Tracing progesterone location over time. Hens were injected with radioactive progesterone for the indicated time when cells were disrupted. Cytoplasmic and nuclear progesterone-receptor complexes were quantified (µg/mL) at each time point. These experimental results in Figure 2.19 led to which of the following conclusion(s)?

Steroid receptors bind their ligands in the cytoplasm and then move to the nucleus

Week 5 videos

#18 = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDK9rBgU0hQ&feature=youtu.be #19 = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDK9rBgU0hQ&feature=youtu.be

Based on the data in Figure 6.24, which individual has the largest number of DNA base changes compared to #6 Kikuyu?

#2 San

At 50% of maximum life span, how does survivorship for a Type I curve compare to survivorship for a Type III curve? Survivorship for a Type I curve is twice as great as survivorship for a Type III curve. Survivorship for a Type I curve is 100 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve. Survivorship is equal for the two curves. Survivorship for a Type I curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve.

Survivorship for a Type I curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve.

hyperplasia vs hypertrophy

- Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in the number of cells. cancer. Skeletal muscles do not go through mitosis and cytokinesis the way most of your cells do. Hyperplasia in skeletal muscles happens when new cells fuse to make new muscle cells or increase the size of existing muscle cells -Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in cell size. The muscles increased their protein (hypertrophy) and DNA (hyperplasia), so getting bigger muscles in response to exercise involves two processes simultaneously.

Why is mRNA so difficult to see on a gel? Select all that apply.

- It is the least abundant RNA - It varies the most in size - it changes the fastest in cells

What are the components of phylogenetic trees?

- The common ancestor of all the organisms on the tree is the root- Individual lines represent lineages- Splitting events in lineages are represented as nodes (point of divergence)

Which of the following methods is used to separate RNA molecules by size? (select all that apply)

- agarose gel electrophoresis -density gradient centrifughinon

emergent properties

- hemoglobin: allosteric shape change from heme group -CI: coopertivity

Promotor rm

- initiates transcription by RNA polymerase to the left -cI mRNA -blocks cro -operator 1 and 2 (less of 2) --35 and -10 sites upstream of first base -lysogenic, replicates genome through positive feedback of CI ->lots of protein for bacteria to eat -> lytic -protease cuts CI

The amino acid that is phosphorylated by PKA is Serine. Which of the following -R groups will allow for this reaction?

--OH hydroxyl

Figure 12.9 are experimental results that reveal what chemical signals guard cells use to regulate stomata opening. Which statements are consistent with the data? (select all that apply)

-ABA plus NO scavenger is significantly more open than ABA alone. -NO scavenger causes the stomata to open. -NO alone can cause stomata to close..

Which of the following factors affect the accuracy of DNA polymerase? (Select all that apply.)

-Age of Cell -metal ion cofactor

Which of the following statements are consistent with the data to explain the origins of humans from all parts of the earth?

-All humans share common African ancestors. -Humans evolved once in Africa and then migrated to different parts of the world.

What is wrong with this statement: "DNA wants to produce proteins so it is converted into mRNA"? Select all that apply.

-DNA is not converted into RNA because information is not consumed when used. -DNA is transcribed into mRNA, it is not converted into mRNA -DNA does not want to do anything since it is incapable of such desires -DNA is not used directly to produce proteins

Figure 6.9 provides evidence for which statements related to compacting genomes to fit inside nuclei? (select all that apply)

-DNA is wrapped around "beads" of proteins. -Each bead has about 200 bp wrapped around it. -The more beads there are, the more compact the DNA becomes.

What similarities do we share with bobtail squid? (select all that apply)

-Different people can host different microbes that alter our physiology. -We benefit from the microbes that live in and on us.

Figure 6.9 (separation of DNA fragments from chromatin) provides evidence for which statements related to compacting genomes to fit inside nuclei?

-Each bead has about 200 bp wrapped around it. -DNA is wrapped around "beads" of proteins. -The more beads there are, the more compact the DNA becomes.

Which of the following are involved in regulating stomata opening or closing? (Select all that apply)

-Growth hormones like ABA -Blue wavelengths of light

When the methylase inhibitor was given to the monkeys, what happened as shown in Figure 1.21? Select all that apply:

-Higher doses of the drug produced a more protracted production of hemoglobin. -The fetal hemoglobin gene was activated.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the data to explain the origins of humans from all parts of the earth? Select all that apply.

-Humans evolved once in Africa and then migrated to different parts of the world. -All humans share common African ancestors.

Figure 11.5 measures the pH in various compartments inside the chloroplasts. Which of the statements below are supported by the experimental data? (select all that apply)

-Light causes H+ ions to move from the stroma to the thylakoid space. -The pH gradient generated by light takes about as long to generate as it does to dissipate. -Light generates a H+ ion gradient that is more than 100 fold different across the thylakoid membrane.

Were all biologists convinced by Avery's research that DNA was the heritable material? Select all that apply

-No, protein's mathematical argument was too compelling -No, skeptics hypothesized the DNA was contaminated by trace proteins

Cyclic and non-cyclic (linear) electron flow during photosynthesis differ in what ways? (select all that apply)

-Non-cyclic requires the splitting of water to continue whereas cyclic does not. -Non-cyclic produces NADPH whereas cyclic does not produce NADPH.

Which statements related to the origins of life are true? Select all that apply.

-Not all enzymes are protein -Some abiotic molecules can self-assemble into cell-like shapes -Complex biological molecules are made abiotically in outer space -Rna molecules can polymerize other RNA molecules.

PSII

-P680 -includes antenna complex

cyclic pathway

-PSI -excited electron leaves then returns -electrons shuttle through thylakoid membrane w/ assistance of cytochromes (pump H+ ions across again) -only ATP is formed

CHAPTER 5 - What insights were gained into how DNA polymerase (DNAP) works based on the experimental results in Figure 5.1? (select all that apply)

-Primers must contain 3'OH. -DNAP incorporates primers into the growing DNA chains.

Which of the following are correct interpretations of the data in Figure 6.26B?

Systemic racism in the US is the best explanation for the data trend for Black mothers from Africa or the Caribbean.

Which is of the following is most important in recognizing self from non self tissue

T cells

Figure 11.15 shows the results of experiments testing how rubisco functions under different physiological conditions. How do these data relate to the homeostasis of carbon fixation? (select all that apply)

-Rubisco works best when the chloroplast is actively producing the pH gradient. -The light reaction generates a rise in stromal Mg2+ to counter balance the loss of H+ ions.

Skin allografts are rejected more quickly the second time they occur. This is evidence that:

T cells are produced after the first allograft that recognize the donor's MHC I proteins

Which of the following statements reflect the evidence-based understanding of human origins and diversity on earth?

-There are more genetic differences within a single race than differences between any two races. -The human species originated in Africa only once. -The diversity of humans around the world stems from genetic diversity still found in Africa today. -Human races cannot be defined objectively by DNA or biological features.

Which of the following statements reflect the evidence-based understanding of human origins and diversity on earth? Select all that apply.

-There are more genetic differences within a single race than differences between any two races. -The human species originated in Africa only once. -The diversity of humans around the world stems from genetic diversity still found in Africa today. -Human races cannot be defined objectively by DNA or biological features.

Which shared features of chloroplasts and mitochondria support the current explanation of how they evolved?

-They both contain their own ribosomes. -They both transcribe their own genes. -They both have their own genomes. -They both have double outer membranes.

Which shared features of chloroplasts and mitochondria support the current explanation of how they evolved? (Select all that apply)

-They both have their own genomes. -The both have double outer membranes.

What do we know about autoinducer molecules based on the information in Figure 14.4?

-They have slight variations in their structures. -They can easily cross phospholipid bilayers. -Some species produce more than one type.

Skin allografts are rejecyed more quickly the second time they occur. This is evidence that:

T cells are produced after the first allograft that recognize the donors MHC I proteins

Which of the following are common to the metabolic degradation of fatty acids, proteins, and sugars? (select all that apply)

-a 2 carbon molecule is produced that can be fed to the Citric Acid cycle -NADH is produced that can be fed to the electron transport chain.

What happens during a redox reaction? Select all that apply.

-a chemical is reduced -a chemical is oxidized -new covalent bonds are formed -electrons are transferred from one chemical to another

The molecule shown above is __________. (Select all that correctly complete the sentence.)

-a coenzyme -important for transferring 2 carbon molecules to the mitochondria -required for the oxidation of fatty acids

The lac operon consists of ____________. (Select all that apply)

-a promotor -an operator -structural genes

switch from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle

-abudant food from protease cut from UV - switch to production of cro dimers to form cro genes -lawn: used up all the space (can't divide anymore) -UV damage

Figure 7.5 shows the major steps in the response to epinephrine. Which of the following steps shows amplification of the signal? Select all that apply.

-activated receptor activating the G protein -adenylyl cyclase production of cAMP -covalent modulation of phosphorylase kinase -protein kinase A activation

When you respond to fear, the cellular response in your liver cells includes (select all that apply)

-allosteric modulation -signal amplification -covalent modulation -enzyme activation -enzyme inhibition -feedback regulation

What type of molecule is LuxR as illustrated in Figure 14.4? (select all that apply)

-an activator -a ligand receptor

Which of the following properties makes hemoglobin an ideal molecule for distributing oxygen throughout the body? (select all that apply)

-changing its affinity for oxygen in response to pH -being composed of four molecules instead of just one -having a slope of nearly three on a Hill plot

Use the Figure of the mitochondrial membrane to determine which of the following statements are correct

-complex IV is oxidized when it donates electrons to oxygen. -Oxygen is required for H+ movement. -Complex I is reduced when it accepts electrons from NADH.

What new insight is provided from the data in Table 14.1? (select all that apply)

-each strain of bacteria can make a different autoinducer -autoinducer 1 is structurally different from autoinducer 2

The process of Cyclic electron flow utilizes (Select all that apply).

-electron transport chain molecules -Photosystem I -light

MHC-I proteins are our normal antigenic markers that once changed by disease can signal our T cells to be destroyed by cytotoxic cells

-found on the surface all body cell types except erythrocytes -class I -These are continously synthesized by the cell -peptide fragments to tell T cells is self (not reject)

How many proteins form the histone complex? Do you think the histones bind to specific DNA sequences, or can histone bind to all DNA sequences? How many of the histone proteins protrude from the central nucleosome?

-four different histone proteins, each occurring twice for a total of eight proteins in a nucleosome -unlikely they bind to particular sequences (since histones form a nucleosome every 238 bp) -all histone proteins protrude from the core of the nucleosomes

Which of the following is/are an example of biological emergent properties? (select all that apply)

-homeostatic regulation of cellular respiration by negative feedback loops -a very large amplification of signal transduction information within cells -proteins taking a three dimensional shape based on their primary amino acid sequence

PSI

-includes antenna complex -chlorophyll a - P700 -electron transport chain

Promotor Pr

-initiates transcription by RNA polymerase to the right -cro mRNA -blocks CI -high affinity for operator 3 and 2 (more of 2) --35 and -10 sites upstream of first base -random stochastic reaction

mice test

-most of the mass is protein -the most abundant proteins in muscles are actin and myosin: indicates the muscles grew mostly by hypertrophy - new cells did fuse to the existing cells (increases in DNA) which is hyperplasia in skeletal muscles. - the number of muscle cells did not change but the size of each cell was larger. -What did increase is the number of nuclei in each muscle cell.

long-term struggles

-people with dominant phosphatase alleles -problems producing CREB-1 homodimers, and/or the protease but not the exocytosis proteins

Non-cyclic electron flow requires (Select all that apply)

-photosystem II -photosystem I -Light -NADP+ -water

What problem arises when using a single gene for a Phylogenetic tree?

-prone to wrong interpretations -when looking at actual distance between species, you can see how short the branches are which indicates few differences

The RNA world hypothesis proposes how primitive life began abiotically on earth. What is the RNA world hypothesis? (select all that apply)

-the first enzymes were ribozymes -RNA enzymes can be RNA polymerizes

When lactose is present

-the repressor binds lactose -the promoter is on the "on" position

Figure 11.2 illustrates one of the very first experiments to understand what we now call photosynthesis. What controls are missing from this figure? (select all that apply)

-the same setup but no plant sprig -the same setup but kept in the dark

Suppose that, with regard to a particular gene with two alleles, A and a, we know that 60% of the alleles in the gene pool of a particular large population are A. We observe this population for five generations, during which we know that no mutation, selection, or migration has occurred. After this period, the frequency of the a allele is expected to be _____. 0.25 0.6 0.16 0.4

.4

What is the probability of a couple having a child with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis given one parent is a carrier but the other one is homozygous for the normal allele?

0

ancestors shared based on ribosomal genes

1) Archaea and Eukarya 2) Eubacteria and ancestor of 1

Themes of cells

1. All cells come from preexisting cells (muscles hyperplasia). 2. Cells maintain internal environments that differ from their external environments (neurons and muscles use ion gradients). 3. Cell structure defines cell function (actin and myosin as well as secretion of neurotransmitters). 4. Neurons communicate with other neurons and muscle cells, which allows organisms to move in a coordinated fashion.

c. autoinducer 1 is structurally different from autoinducer 2

Table 14.1 Experiment results testing for the presence of chemical quorum sensing signal from two strains of V. fischeri. nt, not tested. What new insight is provided from the data in Table 14.1? a. strain 1 autoinducer works better than strain 2 autoinducer b. strain 1 and strain 2 are really different species, not different strains c. autoinducer 1 is structurally different from autoinducer 2

Mutant mice store more fat regardless of the amount of food they eat.

Table 15.3 Body weight and percent body fat in free-feeding and pair-fed mutant and wild-type mice. What can we conclude about the role of genetics and exercise based on experiments with mutant ob and db rodents as summarized in Table 15.3?

Three components of photosynthesis

1. Split Water -an enzymatic reaction during photosynthesis that pulls the hydrogen atoms from water to produce O2 and H+ plus an electron. 2. Produce ATP 3. Carbon Fixation - the enzymatic process during photosynthesis of covalently linking CO2 with H+ and electrons to form 3-carbon sugars.

Tree Do's and Don'ts of phylogenic tree

1. Tree has root 2. Don't do add-on branch 3. All branch lengths even, unless it is shorter = died out/extinct 4. Have basic knowledge of vertebrate evolution (mammals are younger than fish)

figure 11.4 Inhibitor effect in photosynthetic process

1. water splitting not affect 2. atp production moderately affected 3. Carbon fixation inhibited the most They are all produced by distinct mechanisms, enzymatic separate processes

Two different genes (loci) each act on a biochemical pathway to produce more or less of the same protein. Both genes are simple Mendelian traits with the dominant phenotype type producing two times the protein compared to the recessive phenotype. What is the probability that an offspring produced by two heterozygous parents will produce the minimum amount of that protein? 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32

1/16

Two different genes (loci) each act on a biochemical pathway to produce more or less of the same protein. Both genes are simple Mendelian traits with the dominant phenotype type producing two times the protein compared to the recessive phenotype. What is the probability that an offspring produced by two heterozygous parents will produce the minimum amount of that protein? 1/4 1/8 1/32 1/16

1/16

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

1/2

In a cross of 2 pea plants with the genotypes YySs X YySs, what proportion of the offspring will be YySs? 1/4 1/2 1/16 1/64

1/4

In a cross of 2 pea plants with the genotypes YySs X YySs, what proportion of the offspring will be YySs? 1/64 1/16 1/2 1/4

1/4 (TEST)

In a cross of 2 pea plants with the genotypes YySs X YySs, what proportion of the offspring will be YySS? 1/4 1/64 1/16 1/8

1/8 (TEST)

In a cross of 2 pea plants with the genotypes YySs X YySs, what proportion of the offspring will be YySS? 1/8 1/4 1/16 1/64

1/8 (TEST)

For a species with a Type II curve, less than ____% of individuals survive for 50% of the maximum life span. 0.1 0.5 1 10

10

Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare? 4 MendAliens per hectare 200 MendAliens per hectare 4,000 MendAliens per hectare 10 MendAliens per hectare 0.1 MendAliens per hectare

10 MendAliens per hectare

You have an original piece of DNA, and both strands of the DNA are made of radioactive nucleotides. It has 1000 units of radioactivity per 1 gram of DNA. Now that DNA undergoes replication to make 2 strands of DNA (1 double-stranded piece becomes 2 double stranded pieces). All the nucleotides that you use to make the new DNA are not radioactive. When you weigh the 2 grams of DNA after replication, how much radioactivity do you get? 2000 units/g 500 units/g 0 units/g 1000 units/g

1000 units/g

A population of fungi in a yard produces 10 mushrooms in year 1, 20 in year 2, and 40 in year 3. If this trend continues, by year 5 there will be ________ mushrooms. 320 160 40 80

160

Consider a stable frog population living at carrying capacity in a pond. If an average female produces 6,000 eggs during her lifetime and an average of 300 tadpoles hatch from these eggs, how many of these tadpoles will, on average, survive to reproduce? 0 2 10 to 20 more than 100

2

Each electron that moves through the cytochromes causes the passage of what?

2 H+ ions to move from the stroma to the thylakoid space

Mitochondria have _____ membranes and chloroplasts have _____ membranes.

2,3

In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n = 10), how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?

20

Week 6 Video's

20 = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5rMiP4JStw&feature=youtu.be 22 = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4gPYtCT3V8&feature=youtu.be 23 = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VyHSALIPQk&feature=youtu.be 24 = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DtW7d-XVfI&feature=youtu.be 25 = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUo4fwE_f70&feature=youtu.be

Approximately how much distance would there be between two molecules if there were 100 inside E. coli?

200 nm

Given there are 20 different amino acids, how many different proteins are possible if the proteins contained exactly 30 amino acids?

2030 = ~1 x 1039 different proteins

The human population on Earth is expected to reach 9.5 billion people by 2050. 2093. 3150. 2015.

2050

Which of the following terms represents the frequency of heterozygotes in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 2pq q2 q p

2pq

The amino acid is "carried" by the tRNA on the

3' Hydroxyl

Most chloroplasts have ___ membranes and ________ DNA.

3, circular

Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers, and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of producing plants with white axial flowers?

3/16

If 20% of the nucleotides in an organism's genome are adenine, then how many are cytosine? 40% 30% 20%

30%

A protein that is 300 amino acids long is coded for by an mRNA that has ____ codons. 900 0 100 300

300

Darwin's Original Tree of life had one cell and _________ original species. B, C, and D go extinct. A thrives and diversifies.

4

If a parent has the genotype YySs, how many types of genetically different gametes can that parent make (assuming no mutation or crossing over)? 4 16 8 2

4

For a cell that started meiosis with 1 cell and 4 chromosomes, after it completes meiosis it has...?

4 cells and 2 chromosomes per cell

Arrange the following in order from most general to most specific. 1 natural selection 2. microevolution 3. intrasexual selection 4. evolution 5. sexual selection 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 4, 2, 1, 5, 3

4, 2, 1, 5, 3

One cell undergoing MEIOSIS starts off as diploid and produces ___ cells that are ______. 4, haploid 2, haploid 4, diploid 2, diploid

4, haploid

Given there are 4 different DNA nucleotides, how many different nucleotide segments are possible if the single stranded DNA polymer was 30 nucleotides long?

430 = ~1 x 1018 different DNA polymers

Suppose 64% of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait? 16% 40% 48% 32%

48%

For a single, simple dominance true breeding trait, if there are 1000 progeny from a mating of 1 heterozygous and 1 homozygous recessive parents, how many of the kids are heterozygous?

500

For a single, simple dominance true breeding trait, if there are 1000 progeny from a mating of 1 heterozygous and 1 homozygous recessive parents, how many of the kids are heterozygous? 500 1000 750 250

500

You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 aremarked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard? 14 234,000 585 29 130

585

Where are the Galapagos Islands located? near the tip of South Africa in the Mediterranean Sea, as part of the Greek Islands northeast of Australia along the Great Barrier Reef 600 miles west of Ecuador, near the equator

600 miles west of Ecuador, near the equator

In Figure 1.16, approximately how many generations passed in 5 hours in experiment #1?

7

When 2 individual plants are crossed that are heterozygous at the trait for smooth/wrinkled seed coats, the probability that the offspring will have the dominant phenotype (smooth) is

75%

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?

8

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive sscacti have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cacti have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cacti have no spines at all. If cacti heterozygous for both traits, SsNn, were allowed to self-pollinate, the offspring would segregate into which of the following phenotype ratios?

9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless

Based on data similar to Figure 3.9, Mendel discovered which famous ratios?

9:3:3:1 phenotype ratios

How does Figure 4.8 support the hypothesis that life began from abiotic processes?

A Ribozyme was able to add bases onto pC5 to form longer polymers

If species A and species B are in the same family, and species C is in a different family, and if the classification accurately reflects phylogeny, then you can infer that __________. A and B have a more recent common ancestor than do A and C A is more closely related to C than B is to A A and C have a more recent common ancestor than do A and B C is more closely related to A than A is to B

A and B have a more recent common ancestor than do A and C

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. Photosynthetic membranes

d. it could not be predicted by studying the soda or the candy individually

A geyser erupts from a bottle of Coca-Cola when you drop a Mentos candy into it. This geyser is an emergent property because a. it requires two very different components b. the geyser emerges rapidly from the soda bottle c. the geyser is not an emergent property d. it could not be predicted by studying the soda or the candy individually

*** Figure 13.1 Solubility of gaseous O2 in water and hemoglobin solutions. The units of oxygen concentration in the air over the liquids are kilopascals (kPa), and 20 kPa equals about 150 mm of mercury (a different pressure scale). Explain how the data in 13.1 illustrate the emergent property of hemoglobin. A hemoglobin solution dissolves a different amount of oxygen compared to water. A hemoglobin solution dissolves much more oxygen than water does when oxygen concentration is below 10 kPa. This is not an emergent property because hemoglobin's role in carrying oxygen is well-described in the scientific literature. A hemoglobin solution dissolves the same amount of oxygen as water does when oxygen concentration is about 20 kPa.

A hemoglobin solution dissolves much more oxygen than water does when oxygen concentration is below 10 kPa.

Explain how the data in 13.1 illustrate the emergent property of hemoglobin.

A hemoglobin solution dissolves much more oxygen than water does when oxygen concentration is below 10 kPa.

Figure 13.1 Solubility of gaseous O2 in water and hemoglobin solutions. The units of oxygen concentration in the air over the liquids are kilopascals (kPa), and 20 kPa equals about 150 mm of mercury (a different pressure scale). Explain how the data in 13.1 illustrate the emergent property of hemoglobin.

A hemoglobin solution dissolves much more oxygen than water does when oxygen concentration is below 10 kPa.

The cl protein helps to keep lambda phases inclusive if cycle. The switch to lyric cycle can be triggered when

A host cell is in a nutrient rich environment, host cells are damaged by uv, host cell processes digest cl proteins

Which of the following best illustrates a feature of K-selection? Fireweed spreads quickly into a portion of a forest that has recently been burned. A mother elephant spends several years protecting her baby. A female frog produces more than a thousand eggs each year. Young members of a population experience high predation.

A mother elephant spends several years protecting her baby.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood. -produced by vert and invert, fungi, and plants -functions as signaling molecule in organisms that don't have neurons

*** figure 9.11. Electron micrograph of a node of Ranvier shown in long section within the myelin. Figure 9.11 shows a magnified portion of a myelinated axon. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A node of Ranvier is where the myelin has been damage to produce a small gap.

Of the scenarios below, which represents the occurrence of evolution at its smallest scale? Over many thousands of years, the beak shape of a bird species changes to exploit a new food source. An individual organism begins as a single cell and develops into an adult, changing dramatically through a series of life stages. A pesticide spray is heavily used on a particular farm. Initially it kills 98% of the grasshoppers on contact. Over several generations, the local grasshopper population becomes resistant to the pesticide through inheritance of resistance alleles. Other nearby grasshopper populations do not change in any noticeable way. An adult human moves from near sea level to a city high in the Andes Mountains. Her physiology changes to improve her performance in the thin atmosphere.

A pesticide spray is heavily used on a particular farm. Initially it kills 98% of the grasshoppers on contact. Over several generations, the local grasshopper population becomes resistant to the pesticide through inheritance of resistance alleles. Other nearby grasshopper populations do not change in any noticeable way.

lysogenic cycle

A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host. CI: high cro: low

Which of the following statements about adaptation is true? Adaptation is possible when all the alleles in a gene pool are the same. An individual that has learned how to survive cold winters has become adapted to the cold. A population that has an increase in frequency of alleles for thicker fur has become adapted to the cold. Adaptation results when cold temperatures cause mutations for longer fur.

A population that has an increase in frequency of alleles for thicker fur has become adapted to the cold.

Biofilm

A protective surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. produced after quorum sensing to recognize sufficient cell density to produce extracellular matrix of sugars and proteins Biofilms can be produced by species in all three domains of life, including archaea and eukaryotic fungi and mold example: tooth plaque pros: protection from harmful chemicals and abrasive physical stress

CREB-2

A protein that normally inhibits the transcription of genes associated with structural changes in long-term memory -threshold detector -w/o: CREB-1 is prevented from escalating the memory into long-term storage.

Which of these research topics would be considered an example of community ecology? A researcher found that the reproductive success of bumblebees decreased when the population density of honeybees increased. The decline in the number of bumblebees appeared to be a result of competition for nectar. Scientists studying the American bullfrog have reported that the longer a bullfrog remains in the tadpole stage, the greater the chance of its survival once it undergoes metamorphosis. An agricultural ecologist investigated the effect of fertilizers on corn crop yields. A graduate student collected information about the age structure of the black bear population in Wisconsin.

A researcher found that the reproductive success of bumblebees decreased when the population density of honeybees increased. The decline in the number of bumblebees appeared to be a result of competition for nectar.

What is cellular automata?

A set of quantitative rules that determine the state of a dynamic system.

True

A skin graft is more likely to be rejected when a rabbit's mother and father had very different MHC I genes compared to parents with nearly identical MHC I genes. True False

lytic cycle

A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell. CI: low cro: high no in between lytic or lyso; rapid switch

natural killer cells

A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity. destroy cells that lack MHC I on their surfaces -cells must display MHC I plus peptide

Which of the amino acids in the figure above have hydrophilic R groups? Select all that apply.

A, D, B

Figure 13.1 Solubility of gaseous O2 in water and hemoglobin solutions. The units of oxygen concentration in the air over the liquids are kilopascals (kPa), and 20 kPa equals about 150 mm of mercury (a different pressure scale). Explain how the data in 13.1 illustrate the emergent property of hemoglobin. A. Both of these answers combined show an unexpected behavior of hemoglobin B. A hemoglobin solution dissolves much more oxygen than water does when oxygen concentration is below 10 kPa. C. A hemoglobin solution dissolves the same amount of oxygen as water does when oxygen concentration is about 20 kPa.

A. Both of these answers combined show an unexpected behavior of hemoglobin (TEST)

Figure 8.9 The smallest genome of all belongs to the prokaryote Carsonella ruddii (red dot). Comparison of 385 prokaryotic genomes including six species of mutualistic bacterial symbionts (black dots) and 36 archaea (teal dots). Orange dots are bacteria, the smallest of which live inside other species as pathogens or outside as parasites. The photo shows light blue C. ruddii compared to the host cell's genome (darker blue wavy lines). What challenge does C. ruddii present to our understanding of what constitutes a cell (see Figure 8.9)? A. It is not clear when a cell evolves into an organelle or a symbiont. B. Scientists did not think cells could have GC genome content below 20%. C. None of these answers are correct D. C. ruddii is too small to be the size of a cell.

A. It is not clear when a cell evolves into an organelle or a symbiont.

During the night A. Leptin protein increases, reducing appetite B. Leptin receptor proteins are less effective, decreasing appetite C. Leptin receptor proteins are less effective, increasing appetite D. Leptin protein decreases, reducing appetite

A. Leptin protein increases, reducing appetite (TEST)

Figure 15.4 Experimental manipulations of circadian clock. An increase in temperature in mammalian cells altered Per2 transcription. Humans are endothermic, meaning we regulate our metabolism to maintain a narrow range of body temperatures. Use the data from Figure 15.4 to reach a logical conclusion given that Per proteins normally accumulate at dusk. A. Our body temperature increases when we wake, which would lower Per2 period protein at dawn. B. None of these conclusions are consistent with our understanding of mammalian circadian rhythm. C. When body temperature returns to normal, Per2 protein returns to normal levels as soon as the temperature is normal again.

A. Our body temperature increases when we wake, which would lower Per2 period protein at dawn.

Skin allografts are rejected more quickly the second time they occur. This is evidence that: A. T cells are produced after the first allograft that recognize the donor's MHC I proteins B. the immune system grows stronger each time is exposed to non-self cells C. repeated stress reduces the ability of the immune system to function D. none of these are supported by the evidence

A. T cells are produced after the first allograft that recognize the donor's MHC I proteins

Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation in offspring because A. all of the above B. crossing over results in chromatids with unique combinations of alleles not found in the mother or father C. fertilization combines two haploid gametes with different alleles to make a potentially novel diploid genotype D. independent assortment results in gametes with chromosomes from the both the organism's mother and father

A. all of the above

The cI protein helps to keep lambda phages in a lysogenic cycle. The switch to a lytic cycle can be triggered in part when A. all of these are correct B. a host cell is in a nutrient-rich environment C. host cells are damaged by UV light D. host cell proteases digest cI proteins

A. all of these are correct

This diagram shows the signal transduction pathway that can alter lifespan in worms and other species. Use this diagram to determine which of these statements is true. A. daf-16 protein is functional when PI3 is not active. B. Activation of daf-2 leads to activation of daf-16. C. Neither of these statements is consistent with the model.

A. daf-16 protein is functional when PI3 is not active.

Figure 10.11 Protease activity for digesting proteins. A, Humans produce all three proteases tested, but each enzyme has a different pH sensitivity. B, Pepsin was incubated with three different protein substrates, and their degradation was monitored over 4 hours. Figure 10.11 provides data about the functionality of different proteases. What aspect of protein digestion is revealed by these data? A. different proteases work best in different parts of they body and on different substrates. B. None of these statements are correct. C. Ovalbumin is a very difficult protein to digest compared to hemoglobin. D. Pepsin is digested best at low pH but the other two get digested at a higher pH.

A. different proteases work best in different parts of they body and on different substrates.

In the laboratory, fruit flies (Drosophila) were artificially selected for the number of bristles on their bodies. One population (R) was selected for low numbers of bristles, a second population (S) for high numbers of bristles. After 35 generations (about 1 year's time), researchers found that the R population was smooth and the S population had more bristles. One implication of this experiment is that: A. dramatic genetic variation may be present within a population, but may not be observable unless strong selection occurs B. artificial selection cannot be used to study evolution because it changes populations too quickly C. mutations occur rapidly in populations under strong artificial selection D. flies can evolve more quickly than "higher" organisms like mice

A. dramatic genetic variation may be present within a population, but may not be observable unless strong selection occurs

A geyser erupts from a bottle of Coca-Cola when you drop a Mentos candy into it. This geyser is an emergent property because A. it could not be predicted by studying the soda or the candy individually B. it requires two very different components C. the geyser emerges rapidly from the soda bottle

A. it could not be predicted by studying the soda or the candy individually

Which of these requires protein synthesis? A. long-term memory B. memory recall C. short-term memory D. muscle contraction

A. long-term memory

You can conclude from these data that A. photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere each year but not as much as is produced by human society B. CO2 levels oscillate around a stable equilibrium C. atmospheric CO2 levels are increasing more slowly in the 21st century compared to the late 20th century

A. photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere each year but not as much as is produced by human society

In skeletal muscle... A. t tubules are part of the plasma membrane B. t tubules are part of the sarcomere C. t tubules pump calcium D. t tubules are part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A. t tubules are part of the plasma membrane

This graph for the rubisco enzyme shows that A. the enzyme is most active under physiological conditions identical to those created in the stroma by the light reactions of photosynthesis B. pH is more important than Mg for controlling rubisco function C. rubisco denatures at high magnesium and pH

A. the enzyme is most active under physiological conditions identical to those created in the stroma by the light reactions of photosynthesis

According to the data shown in these graphs, the enzyme GDH is allosterically activated by __________. Select all that apply.

ADP

Week 6 Quiz 5: This phylogeny shows that hagfish are the ancestors of jawed vertebrates (fish, amphibians, birds, etc.)

ANSWER: False Why are hagfish NOT the ancestors of vertebrates? Because no taxon at the tip of a phylogeny can be the ancestor of anything. Instead, it is the nodes within the phylogeny that are ancestors of those tips. In other words, hagfish and all other vertebrates do share a common ancestor (the node at the bottom of the phylogeny) but that ancestor is not a hagfish. That ancestor is something else that doesn't exist today but that passed on the genetic basis for all the traits that are unique to vertebrates (including hagfish), such as a backbone. Once the two branches diverged from that ancestor, they both evolved unique traits (hagfish have a super cool slime defense and all other vertebrates have articulated jaws).

A major take away from this summary diagram is ______.

ATP is a major inhibitor of cell respiration.

The fact that the Venus fly trap closing is affected by the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere is due to...

ATP production in mitochondria, which require oxygen

The fact that the Venus fly trap closing is affected by the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere is due to

ATP production in the mitochondria which requires oxygen

The catalytic domains of Protein Kinase A use _________ to __________ other proteins.

ATP; phosphorylase

The experiment associated with this figure demonstrated which fundamental trait that resembles living cells?

Abiotic vesicles can grow in size when they consume more fatty acids.

All cells come from other cells (except, maybe the very first cell on earth).

According to scientific definition of the word theory- which of these is considered a theory?

at least partially influenced by the environment

According to this figure of the dry weight of genetically identical bacterial cells harvested at various times under different conditions, growth rate is

Na/K pump

Active transporter that moves three Na+ out of a cell and two K+ into the cell against their respective concentration gradients. requires energy from ATP -> converts to ADP -> phosphate covalently added to pump protein on aspartic acid -> changes protein shape and function. changes shape in response to covalent modulation: when phosphorylated or dephosphorylated Phosphorylated: low affinity for Na, high affinity for K steps: (1) is allosterically modulated when it binds three sodium ions (2)ATP binding and phosphorylation (3). Once phosphorylated, the covalently modulated pump has a shape change in the transmembrane domains and develops a low affinity for Na+. The pump opens toward the extracellular world and lets go of the three sodium ions toward the outside of the cell (4), which causes another shape change. Now the pump has a high affinity for two potassium ions (5), which bind from the extracellular environment to allosterically modulate the pump again. Upon binding two potassium ions, the pump breaks its covalent bond to the phosphate (6), which reverses the covalent modulation from step 3. The transmembrane domains move again, close the opening on the extracellular side, produce an opening on the cytoplasmic side, and the pump develops a low affinity for K+. The pump releases the two K+ ions into the cytoplasm, which allosterically modulates the pump again, and the cycle repeats (1).

b. are large with multiple nuclei

Adult human muscle cells... a. are small with a single nucleus b. are large with multiple nuclei c. are large with a single nucleus d. are small with multiple nuclei

What are advantages and disadvantages of multicellularity? What ecological factors may have promoted the evolution of multicellularity?

Advantages are faster growth rate but only in rich nutrient environments (Figures 6.22 and 6.23). In nutrient poor habitats, unicellular species grow faster as reported in the text. Therefore, colonies could only have evolved AFTER unicellular species had been living for long enough to supply ample nutrients to their habitats. Save and Continue Exit

What benefits do biofilms provide to the prokaryotes that make them?

All are correct: They alter the microhabitat to produce a more favorable environment. They facilitate dispersion when pieces are torn from the main body. They provide physical shelter from hard environmental factors.

When Mendel's F2 plants shown above were allowed to self pollinate, the wrinkled green seeds produced plants that had

All green and wrinkled seeds

CHAPTER 1 - 2 Which of the following does NOT describe biological information?

All of the above describe biological information

Podcast #22 had a question about which traits were evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living. (original mistakenly said NOT)

All of the traits were valid evidence so the correct answer was "all of the above". "all of the above are evidence"

Compared to starch, cellulose... Contains the exact same composition of atoms All of these answers are correct Cannot be digested by humans Links together glucose monomers using a different bond

All of these answers are correct

Which of the following statement(s) about cells is/are correct? The cytoplasm of cells is not runny like water but instead viscous (thick) like honey Cells are limited to small size because diffusion is slow across large distances All of these are correct Cells have relatively high surface to volume ratios

All of these are correct

Which of the following statement(s) about cells is/are correct? a. All of these are correct b. Cells have relatively high surface to volume ratios c. The cytoplasm of cells is not runny like water but instead viscous (thick) like honey d. Cells are limited to small size because diffusion is slow across large distances

All of these are correct

Which of the following are correct statements about mimivirus? a. All of these are correct statements b. It assembles a virus factory inside amoeba that maintains an internal environment distinct from its host. c. It can be infected by other viruses. d. Its genome is large and includes many genes rarely found in other viruses, like transcription factors and enzymes.

All of these are correct statements

Which of the following statements is correct?

All of these are correct: MHC I molecules 'present' peptide from self proteins outside the cell. T-cells interact with MHC I molecules. MHC I molecules 'present' virus particles outside the cell.

Exam 4 - Plant stomata are more likely to open when

All of these conditions promote stomata opening: CO2 levels are are low humidity is high they are exposed to sunlight

Which of these factors does NOT affect the human circadian rhythm?

All of these factors are important: light temperature time of day

Figure 11.14 summarizes a lot of research that uncovered how plants consume CO2 to produce sugars. Which of the following statements are correct? Once six 3-carbon sugars accumulate, chloroplasts harvest 1 and use the other 5 to produce 3 copies of ribulose bisphosphate again. All of these statements are correct. G3P has a greater ΔG than PGA as illustrated by their relative positions in the carbon fixation cycle. The relative consumption of ATP and NADPH is proportional to the relative production of cyclic an non-cyclic electron flow of the light reaction.

All of these statements are correct.

Homeostasis of the light reaction is visible in which of the following aspects of photosynthesis?

All of these: cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport is proportional to the energy needs of carbon fixation water is consumed in photosynthesis only when light intensity is lower light intensity regulates when water is split

The increase in concentration of CO2 in our atmosphere over the last century is...

All of these: higher than it has been for millions of years generated by human activity responsible for global warming

Figure 15.21B. Chromatographs based on wt and ob leptin mRNA. Numbered amino acids appear above their DNA codons. What do you conclude from these data?

All of these: the ob allele results from a single point mutation the ob protein is at least 4 amino acids too short the ob allele has a premature stop codon

Which of these factors does not affect the human circadian rhythm

All the factors are important: time of day, light, temperature

The cI protein helps to keep lambda phages in a lysogenic cycle. The switch to a lytic cycle can be triggered in part when

All: host cells are damaged by UV light host cell proteases digest cI proteins a host cell is in a nutrient-rich environment

resting membrane potential

An electrical potential established across the plasma membrane of all cells by the Na+/K+ ATPase and the K+ leak channels. IN most cells, the resting membrane potential is approximately -70 mV with respect to the outside of the cell. All animal cells spend about half of their energy maintaining ion gradients, so it may seem like an oxymoron to call these resting membrane potentials.

What is an evolutionary tree? What are bootstrap values?

An evolutionary tree depicts the historic relationships between species based on their DNA sequence similarity (or other physical traits in later chapters). Bootstrap values are produced when nucleotide or amino acid sequences are used to generate the trees and they indicate a degree of confidence in each branch point (on a 100 point scale).

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen. -sigmoidal curve -binds 4 O2

Which is the correct order for mitosis? prophase > anaphase > metaphase > telophase prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase prophase > anaphase > metaphase > telophase anaphase > prophase > metaphase > telophase

Answer: prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase

3 Domains of life are DORA = DNA ( Prokaryotes = nakes, circular, no introns) [Eukaryotes = bound to protein, linear, has introns] Organelles (Pro = No nucleus, no membrane-bound, 70S ribosomes) [Euk = has nucleus, Membrane-bound, 80S ribosomes] Reproduction (Pro = Binary fission, single chromosome haploid) [Euk = Mitosis and Meiosis, Chromosomes paired diploid or more] Average size (Pro = Smaller about 1-5 um) [Euk = Larger 10-100 um]

Archaea Bacteria = Prokaryotes Eukarya = Eukaryotes Archaea is closer to human

Emergent properties....

Are a product of interaction between the component parts Can't be/are difficult to predict from studying the component parts in isolation

Use the data in Figures 6.22 (Growth of V. carter reproductive cells) and 6.23 (Relative change in growth rates in response to nutrient enrichment of four related green algae species in the Volvox family) to propose an explanation of how colonial living and division of labor could have evolved.

As cell size and colony size increased (Figure 6.20), a new selective pressure began to favor colonies with cell specialization and specialized reproductive cells. Colonies grow faster than single cells of the same size (Figure 6.21), and intact colonies grow faster than reproductive cells alone or disrupted colonies (Figure 6.22). The appearance of colonies and cell specialization would have appeared through random mutation, but natural selection favored these "innovations" and therefore they continued to evolve into more species with similar traits.

Which of the following statements are true about slime molds

At different parts of their life cycle they can act either as individual cells or multicellular organisms, they are like plants in that they do not move, they are difficult to classify among the domains of life

What new insight is provided from the data

Autoinducer 1 is structurally different from autoinducer 2

Bacteria can sense the presence of other bacteria using an ______ in a phenomenon called _______

Autoinducer, quorum sensing

The fact that the Venus fly trap closing is affected by the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere is due to... A. ATP production in chloroplasts, which require oxygen B. ATP production in mitochondria, which require oxygen C. Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis D. The flies in the trap require oxygen

B. ATP production in mitochondria, which require oxygen

According to scientific definition of the word theory- which of these is considered a theory? A. Dogs evolved eyebrows because it makes them look cute when they beg from humans. B. All cells come from other cells (except, maybe the very first cell on earth). C. Hydroxychloroquine (a drug) can prevent someone from getting Covid-19. D. Rubbing peanut butter on your head will make your hair grow.

B. All cells come from other cells (except, maybe the very first cell on earth).

Which of the following statements are consistent with the data to explain the origins of humans from all parts of the earth? A. Humans evolved once in the "fertile crescent" and then migrated to different parts of the world B. All humans share common African ancestors C. We lack credible evidence about human origins D. Each human race evolved separately in different parts of the world

B. All humans share common African ancestors

Which of the following can you conclude from this phylogeny of vertebrates? A. Dinosaurs evolved from crocodiles B. Sharks are more ancient than ray-finned fish C. Primates are the most highly evolved mammals D. Amphibians and crocodiles, but not dinosaurs, share a common ancestor

B. Sharks are more ancient than ray-finned fish

Figure 15.21B. Chromatographs based on wt and ob leptin mRNA. Numbered amino acids appear above their DNA codons. What do you conclude from these data? A. the ob allele results from a single point mutation B. all of these answers are correct C. the ob allele has a premature stop codon D. the ob protein is at least 4 amino acids too short

B. all of these answers are correct

What functional similarities are present in Venus flytrap leaves and animal neurons? A. voltage-gated K+ channels in the plasma membrane B. all of these answers are correct C. rapid depolarization in response to environmental signal D. threshold potential with all or none response

B. all of these answers are correct

Plant stomata are more likely to open when A. humidity is high B. all of these conditions promote stomata opening C. CO2 levels are are low D. they are exposed to sunlight

B. all of these conditions promote stomata opening (TEST)

It is important to compare the initial, exponential increase in light absorbance when examining the effects of clay concentration on the formation of lipid vesicles because A. the clay is eventually exhausted during the process B. charged clay particles run out of fatty acids with which to interact after some period of time C. is measured more precisely at lower vesicle concentrations

B. charged clay particles run out of fatty acids with which to interact after some period of time

without t-tubules, muscle contraction would probably A. occur sporadically, without control from motor neurons B. generate less force as actin and myosin closest to the interior of the muscle cell contract after those closest to the cell membrane C. not happen at all

B. generate less force as actin and myosin closest to the interior of the muscle cell contract after those closest to the cell membrane

Figure 13.3 The effect of pH on oxygen solubility in a hemoglobin solution. Oxygen concentration was measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg); 100 mm of mercury equals about 13.3 kPa; 30 mmHg equals about 4 kPa. Which of the following can you conclude from these data? A. hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does myoglobin B. hemoglobin releases oxygen more easily as pH drops C. both of these conclusions are supported by the data

B. hemoglobin releases oxygen more easily as pH drops

Figure 13.3 The effect of pH on oxygen solubility in a hemoglobin solution. Oxygen concentration was measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg); 100 mm of mercury equals about 13.3 kPa; 30 mmHg equals about 4 kPa. Which of the following can you conclude from these data? A. hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does myoglobin B. hemoglobin releases oxygen more easily as pH drops C. hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is highest when oxygen is scarce D. all of these conclusions are supported by the data

B. hemoglobin releases oxygen more easily as pH drops

why is this statement incorrect "A carefully designed experiment usually allows you to prove or disprove a hypothesis"? A. only repeated experimentation can prove a hypothesis correct B. hypotheses cannot be proven correct C. a hypothesis cannot be tested

B. hypotheses cannot be proven correct

Figure 15.30 Comparisons of island versus mainland opossum mortality and reproductive success. Survivorship (A) and age-specific (B) mortality rates for island and mainland opossum populations. The p value in B indicates that the slopes of the two lines are significantly different. First and second year offspring total litter weights for island (C) and mainland (D) populations. The teal line in D is the second year line from C to facilitate comparison between island and mainland trends. These data support the disposable soma hypothesis because A. island opossums had lower preproduction and were being outcompeted by invasive mainland opossums B. mainland opossums had higher first year reproduction but lower survival C. island opossums had higher total lifetime reproduction D. mainland opossums had higher total lifetime reproduction

B. mainland opossums had higher first year reproduction but lower survival

Which of these is required by ATP synthase? A. CO2 B. pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane C. oxygen gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane D. citric acid

B. pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Glycolysis is an oxidation reaction. Which of these products of glycolysis is the most oxidized relative to the others? A. glucose 6-phosphate B. pyruvate C. glucose D. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

B. pyruvate

Figure 15.8 A, After raising her offspring, mother a receives two more skin grafts, one from her bxc offspring and one from unrelated female e. Unrelated rabbit d receives two equivalent allografts. B, Quantified results showing the average number of days skin grafts survived on recipient rabbits. * indicates significant difference between 4.0 and 6.0 for foster mother The faster rejection of skin grafts from its own offspring faster compared to grafts from an unrelated rabbit suggests what about foster mother A's immune system? A. pregnancy primes the immune system for rapid response to any non-self cells B. the mother's immune system had learned to recognizd her offspring's cells as non-self C. rabbit E was likely a relative of the mother so her immune system did not recognize it as non-self D. none of these are supported by the data

B. the mother's immune system had learned to recognizd her offspring's cells as non-self

Slime mold cells communicate with one another and coordinate movement by releasing cAMP. Cells show a refractory period before they respond to additional cAMP. An emergent property of this is A. slime mold cells more efficiently utilize cAMP B. the signal to move can travel directionally through the colony D. the colony can exclude non-colony cells that do not show the correct refractory period

B. the signal to move can travel directionally through the colony (TEST)

You know that blue and green colors on butterfly wings are made by proteins encoded by different genes, both dominant. You observe a pattern over several generations where offspring with blue spots always show green spots while offspring lacking blue always lack green. A new generation appears in which the offspring of a specific male butterfly sometimes show only blue or only green. The best explanation is A. Green can only be produced by mixing blue and yellow B.The blue and green alleles were linked on the same chromosome but crossing moved them to different homologous chromosomes during that male's sperm production C. One of the alleles mutated and now acts as a recessive trait D. One of the alleles moved to the mitochondrial DNA

B.The blue and green alleles were linked on the same chromosome but crossing moved them to different homologous chromosomes during that male's sperm production (TEST)

a)autoinducer, quorum sensing

Bacteria can sense the presence of other bacteria using an ______________ in a phenomenon called _________________. a) autoinducer, quorum sensing b) inducer, quorum sensing c) autoinducer, cell-cell communication

What evidence is presented that the glue protein really functions as a chromosomal glue?

Based on Figure 6.14B (Electron micrograph of a condensed chromosome with the glue protein labeled by gold-tagged antibodies as small black dots)

​​​​​​​If the ancient African gene pool contains alleles that can produce lighter and darker skin colors, what selective advantages would there be for people living in Ethiopia compared to people in the southern-most portions of Africa?

Based on the damage caused by UV light (DNA mutations and destruction of folic acid), it would be adaptive to have darker skin near the equator. Ethiopia is well above the equator, but closer to it than southern Africa. H. sapiens far from the equator would benefit from more UV light due to less pigmentation so that they could produce vitamin D.

dominant

Based on this image, is smooth dominant or wrinkled?

Which of the following graphs most likely describes the effect of pH on the function of the enzyme catalase in human cells? Note: The x-axis is pH and the y-axis is enzyme activity.

Bell Curve

Which of the following statements best describes how the process of natural selection works? Only the strongest survive. Beneficial mutations will arise in response to a new environment. Natural selection will lead to increasing population size over time. Better-adapted individuals will leave behind more offspring to carry on their genes, producing a dynamic "fit" between a population and its changing environment.

Better-adapted individuals will leave behind more offspring to carry on their genes, producing a dynamic "fit" between a population and its changing environment.

How does Figure 4.5 support the scientific theory that life began from abiotic processes?

Biologically active amino acids were formed from inorganic salts, heat and electricity.

Which of these statements indicates a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory?

Both A and B A) Humans are the most highly evolved species on the planet B) All evolution occurs via natural selection.

which of these statements is(are) true about slime molds?

Both: 1)At different parts of their life cycle, they can act either as individual cells or multicellular organisms. 2) They are difficult to classify among the domains of life

Which branch point in Figure 6.24 represents the most recent common ancestor of current Africans and current non-Africans?

Branch point B

How can an abiotic vesicle store energy in the absence of any proteins?

By flipping protonated fatty acids to inner leaflet

emergent property of biofilm

By producing clumps of cells, the biofilm alters the surface area to volume ratio

The frequency of blue eyes has decreased in humans over the last century. What can you conclude from this?

C) Both A and B

Figure 9.11 Electron micrograph of a node of Ranvier shown in long section within the myelin. Figure 9.11 shows a magnified portion of a myelinated axon. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A. Myelin has gaps at the node of Ranvier because Schwan cells did not cover all the axon. B. Nodes of Ranvier facilitate faster action potentials by eliminating stretches of ion channels. C. A node of Ranvier is where the myelin has been damage to produce a small gap. D. Myelin is composed of a cell that wrapped around the axon multiple times.

C. A node of Ranvier is where the myelin has been damage to produce a small gap.

Figure 8.10 Visual evidence supporting the discovery of nanobacteria. A, Nanobacteria-like objects found on Martian meteorite called ALH84001. Arrows point to cell-like structures about 0.05 to 0.1 µm long. B, Large nanobacterium appears to be dividing. Figure 8.10 contains the first published images of a completely new type of organism called nanobacteria. What was the final conclusion about nanobacteria? A. None of these statements accurately reflect what we know now about nanobacteria. B. Nanobacteria reproduce through binary fission, the way regular bacteria reproduce. C. Nanobacteria are not real, they are chemical crystals. D. Nanobacteria are the first life forms found on Mars.

C. Nanobacteria are not real, they are chemical crystals.

As ATP concentration increases... A. activity increases B. PFK activity does not change C. PFK activity decreases

C. PFK activity decreases

What is the difference between secondary and tertiary protein structure? A. None of these answers are correct. B. Secondary structures can contain disulfide bonds to protect the protein shapes, tertiary structures do not. C. Tertiary structure can only partially be predicted by primary structure, but secondary can be predicted. accurately

C. Tertiary structure can only partially be predicted by primary structure, but secondary can be predicted. accurately

UV light can induce lamba phage to enter the lytic lifecycle. A. This helps the phage to avoid damage to its own DNA. B. None of these answers are correct. C. This is advantageous because UV light can damage its host cell. D. This protects the virus DNA by inserting it into the host's genome.

C. This is advantageous because UV light can damage its host cell.

Adult human muscle cells... A. are small with a single nucleus B. are small with multiple nuclei C. are large with multiple nuclei D. are large with a single nucleus

C. are large with multiple nuclei

This figure compares the change in light absorbance of an aqueous solution with fatty acids in it. Lipid vesicles block light. what can you conclude from these data? A. montmorillonite most effectively blocks light compared to either type of ceramic sphere B. cell-like structures could not arise spontaneously in an early earth ocean because none of these conditions produced much light absorbance C. electrically charged particles increase the rate at which lipids form vesicles

C. electrically charged particles increase the rate at which lipids form vesicles

What form of potential energy is used by ATP synthase during cellular respiration? A. a gradient in acetyl-CoA concentration B. NADH and FADH2 C. higher pH in the mitochondrial matrix D. high concentration of H+ ions in the mitochondrial matrix

C. higher pH in the mitochondrial matrix

what is wrong with the argument that some traits, like flight or vision, are too complex to have evolved through natural selection? A. neither answer is correct B. it ignores the long timescales of life C. intermediate steps can often give a functional advantage on their own

C. intermediate steps can often give a functional advantage on their own

A geyser erupts from a bottle of Coca-Cola when you drop a Mentos candy into it. This geyser is an emergent property because A. the geyser is not an emergent property B. it requires two very different components C. it could not be predicted by studying the soda or the candy individually D. the geyser emerges rapidly from the soda bottle

C. it could not be predicted by studying the soda or the candy individually

In skeletal muscle cells... A. tropomyosin pulls on myosin B. serca releases calcium into the cytoplasm C. myosin pulls on actin D. actin pulls on myosin

C. myosin pulls on actin

Does evolution violate the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy is always increasing? A. no, because life is not subject to the laws governing the abiotic universe B. yes, because living organisms are highly complex C. no, because the complexity of life is only temporary

C. no, because the complexity of life is only temporary (TEST)

What conclusion can you draw from these four replicated analyses of Avery's "transforming factor"? A. DNA was produced at a constant rate in each of the four replicates B. the transforming factor protected itself with an outer coating of nitrogen C. the constant N/P ratio supports DNA as the heritable information D. samples 38B and 44 were errors

C. the constant N/P ratio supports DNA as the heritable information

Cro vs. CI

CRO transcriptional inhibitor at PRM blocking production of C1 protein and also a transcriptional inhibitor of PL blocking production of N and C3 and intergrase C1 Transcriptional inhibitor of PR blocking production of CRO and lytic cycle proteins It also auto-regulates its own transcription (acts as both and activator and inhibitor)

The carbon in wood was fixed by the ______ cycle from _____________

Calvin, CO2 in the atmosphere

False

Carbon fixation occurs during the dark reaction and is therefore highest at night.

What conclusions are consistent with the data in Table 5.3?

Cd2+ is the most mutagenic ion tested.

Based on the data in Table 5.3, which metal cofactor is the most mutagenic?

Cd2+ is the most mutagenic ion tested. Ni is 20 times more concentrated than cadmium, so it is a lot less mutagenic. Only 10% of the class got this correct so I'm giving everyone credit.

What two events must happen before a bacterial cell will divide?

Cells must grow in size and replicate their DNA

Englemann's experiment

Certain bacterial cells will move toward places where oxygen concentration is high. Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a by-product

Are mitochondria or chloroplast more efficient?

Chloroplast Animals are 35% less efficient converting pH to ATP

________ and ________ mean the same thing. Clade; monophyletic taxon Clade; parsimony Derived; ancestral Parsimony; analogy

Clade; monophyletic taxon

disposable soma theory

Claims that the body must use energy for metabolism, reproduction, maintenance of functions, and repair, and with a finite supply of energy from food to perform these functions, some compromise occurs.

Which individuals in Figure 6.24 (Human evolutionary tree based on 53 mitochondrial genomes. A Fifty-three individuals had their mitochondrial genomes sequenced) have more differences in their mtDNA when compared to all others? Support your answer with data.

Collectively, the two San individuals have more differences in their mtDNA which is revealed by the longest cumulative vertical distance between them and their most similar match of #5, the Hausa individual. Considering only one person, Ibo #12 is the most different compared to Ibo #11.

Look at the data in Figure 6.21 (relative population growth rates in relation to organism size)to determine how multicellularity in algae produced a selective advantage.

Colonial Volvox evolved because it had a selective advantage in growth rate at a particular body size.

Look at the data in Figure 6.21 to determine how multicellularity in algae produced a selective advantage.

Colonial Volvox evolved because it had a selective advantage in growth rate at a particular body size.

If the niches of two species are very similar, which of the following is true? The two species are mutually interdependent. Interspecific competition will be mild. A mutualistic relationship will exist. Competition between the two species will be severe.

Competition between the two species will be severe.

A 4 year old girl died after giving her dog a bath with a product called FleaDip. Doctors administered oxygen but were unable to revive her. ATP levels were also reduced in the mitochondria, however the cytoplasmic levels were normal. Acetyl-CoA levels were also normal. These data best support which of the following conclusions?

Complex I of the electron transport chain is blocked

CHAPTER 7 and 8 - Which is the following is the most important difference between covalent and allosteric modulation of proteins?

Covalent modulation includes the transfer of functional groups like phosphates to reactive R groups on specific amino acids.

True

Cro protein regulates its own transcription through both positive and negative feedback loops. True

negative feedback loop in mammilian

Cry/Per binds to and inactivates Clock/BMAL1 transcription factor RE(alpha) block production of Clock/BMAL1 and its own reduces clock and bmal until morning when heterodimer accumulate again

emergent properties of mammilian circadian

Cry/Per protein production (abundant at dusk) Rora (pos) and RE (neg) in melatonin in rod cells blocks the production of dopamine in non-rod cells and vice versa, which is a form of positive feedback

What can you conclude from this table? (viscosity of cytoplasm and water)

Cytoplasm is more viscous than water

Figure 13.1 Solubility of gaseous O2 in water and hemoglobin solutions. The units of oxygen concentration in the air over the liquids are kilopascals (kPa), and 20 kPa equals about 150 mm of mercury (a different pressure scale). Explain how the data in 13.1 illustrate the emergent property of hemoglobin. A. A hemoglobin solution dissolves the same amount of oxygen as water does when oxygen concentration is about 20 kPa. B. A hemoglobin solution dissolves a different amount of oxygen compared to water. C. This is not an emergent property because hemoglobin's role in carrying oxygen is well-described in the scientific literature. D. A hemoglobin solution dissolves much more oxygen than water does when oxygen concentration is below 10 kPa.

D. A hemoglobin solution dissolves much more oxygen than water does when oxygen concentration is below 10 kPa.

Which of these situations is most analogous to genetic drift? A. A population of brown-eyed people has an individual that has a mutation that turns their eyes blue. B. A hurricane moves across an island and kills all lizards with short toes (long toes help lizards hang on to trees). C. A island with only green bugs has a log float up on the beach with brown bugs on it, and the population now has green and brown bugs. D. A person walking through their garden squashes more green bugs than brown bugs, leaving a higher percentage of brown bugs in the next generation.

D. A person walking through their garden squashes more green bugs than brown bugs, leaving a higher percentage of brown bugs in the next generation.

Which of the following statements reflect the evidence-based understanding of human origins and diversity on earth? A. The human species originated in Africa only once. B. There are more genetic differences within a single race than differences between any two races. C. The diversity of humans around the world stems from genetic diversity still found in Africa today. D. All of these answers are correct.

D. All of these answers are correct

What benefits do biofilms provide to the prokaryotes that make them? A. They alter the microhabitat to produce a more favorable environment. B. They provide physical shelter from hard environmental factors. C. They facilitate dispersion when pieces are torn from the main body. D. All of these answers are correct.

D. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. MHC I molecules 'present' peptide from self proteins outside the cell. B. T-cells interact with MHC I molecules. C. MHC I molecules 'present' virus particles outside the cell. D. All of these are correct

D. All of these are correct

Abiotic lipids present on ancient earth would need to form membranes before life could evolve. How could membranes form in the absence of life? A. none of the above B. Early lipid membranes were formed in outer space and brought to earth on meteors C. Lipids interact with amino acids to form membranes D. Lipids can form bilayer vesicles spontaneously when suspended in water.

D. Lipids can form bilayer vesicles spontaneously when suspended in water.

Figure 9.17 Actin and myosin interactions provide contractile function. A sarcomere is the length of a contractile unit that spans from one actin anchor to the next. Squint your eyes to see the light and dark bands of the sarcomere in this image. Which of the following statements is correct? A. None of these answers are correct. B. Myosin molecules consume ATP in order to push actin molecules after contraction. C. Actin molecules consume ATP to move towards the center of the sarcomere. D. Myosin molecules consume ATP when they pull upon actin molecules.

D. Myosin molecules consume ATP when they pull upon actin molecules.

Which protein is responsible for maintaining the ion gradients across the membrane in a neuron? A. kinesin B. SERCA C. Protein Kinase A D. The Na+/K+ ATPase

D. The Na+/K+ ATPase

You know that blue and green colors on butterfly wings are made by proteins encoded by different genes, both dominant. You observe a pattern over several generations where offspring with blue spots always show green spots while offspring lacking blue always lack green. A new generation appears in which the offspring of a specific male butterfly sometimes show only blue or only green. The best explanation is A. One of the alleles mutated and now acts as a recessive trait B. One of the alleles moved to the mitochondrial DNA C. Green can only be produced by mixing blue and yellow D. The blue and green alleles were linked on the same chromosome but crossing moved them to different homologous chromosomes during that male's sperm production

D. The blue and green alleles were linked on the same chromosome but crossing moved them to different homologous chromosomes during that male's sperm production

Figure 6.18 Deducing the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Phylogenetic tree for mitochondria from four species, some bacterial genomes, a photosynthetic microbe genome, and two different chloroplast genomes. Bootstrap values at branch points. Figure 6.18 provides evidence for which understanding about the origins of these organelles? A. Chloroplasts evolved into cyanobacteria 100 million years ago. B. Chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria 100 million years ago. C. All of these answers are correct. D. The most recent common ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts are α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

D. The most recent common ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts are α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

Each circle represents the genetic diversity within a race. Which diagram best represents the genetic relationships among the human races? A. Three separate circles (Whites, Hispanics, Blacks) B. We don't have enough data to know yet C. three slightly intermixed circles D. Three intermixed circles

D. Three intermixed circles

For a population to evolve, which of these is required? A. migration into or out of the population B. that some traits give an advantage over other traits leading to greater reproduction for those individuals with the genetic advantage C. crossing over during meiosis D. genetic variation in the population

D. genetic variation in the population

Plants capture the energy in light and produce what form of potential energy that will be used to produce ATP? A. high energy molecules of NAD+ and FAD B. none of these answers are correct C. reduced water and its by product of molecular oxygen D. hydrogen ion accumulation in thylakoid space

D. hydrogen ion accumulation in thylakoid space

Examine the VKORC1 data in Table 6.3 (Compilation from four studies of genetic variances for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 promoter allele frequencies within each population.)and the dosages in Figure 6.27 (Average warfarin dose requirements to achieve clinical benefits, separated by race of patients.)to explain why Whites, on average, might require less warfarin than Blacks. Based on the answer you just provided, do the Asian data present any contradiction? Support your answer with data.

The -1639 G → A variation within the promoter of VKORC1 correlates perfectly with the dosage data. Asians have the highest percentage of this SNP and they require the lowest dosage. Other research has shown that this SNP is the cause of dosage variation.

The terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (stage 4) is _______, and the terminal electron acceptor in the chloroplast electron transport chain is __________. A. oxygen, NAD B. NADP, oxygen C. NAD, FAD D. oxygen, NADP (to make NADPH)

D. oxygen, NADP (to make NADPH)

Which of the following is a true statement?

DNA evidence is best used to find innocence rather than guilt

Why was Avery's use of N/P ratio in the heritable material so important in his research?

DNA has a N/P ratio close to 1

What is the difference between DNA and chromatin?

DNA is the polymer of nucleic acids whereas chromatin also includes the proteins of the nucleosomes.

What is the experimental evidence that supports our understanding of how genomes can fit inside tiny nuclei?

DNA wraps around proteins to become compacted.

oxidation

DNA, lipids, proteins, and mitochondria can be damaged by reactive oxygen ions produced byproducts of biochemical reactions in the cell. Anti-oxidants can neutralize these damaging ions

Which of the following statements about human population growth is true? Demographic transition is a transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates. During a demographic transition, birth rates typically drop first due to the availability of reliable contraception. Human population size on Earth today is at equilibrium. Human population size has increased faster and faster throughout human history.

Demographic transition is a transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates.

Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with? Living species have arisen from earlier life-forms. Species change over time. Descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics. Descent with modification occurs by natural selection.

Descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics.

A: inversion (doesn't change allele frequency) B: Insertion/ deletion C: repeated in another location

Describe the comparison and reference chromosomes when you see patterns similar to these:

(see handout) heavy chain, 2 light chains, 2 binding sites that are complementary to antigen molecule

Describe the molecules that comprise the antibody. How many binding sites are on one antibody, and do these binding sites recognize different shapes?

Figure 10.11 Protease activity for digesting proteins. A, Humans produce all three proteases tested, but each enzyme has a different pH sensitivity. B, Pepsin was incubated with three different protein substrates, and their degradation was monitored over 4 hours. Figure 10.11 provides data about the functionality of different proteases. What aspect of protein digestion is revealed by these data?

Different proteases work best in different parts of they body and on different substrates.

Figure 4.10 shows the outcome from a directed evolution experiment that started with a ribozyme found in nature. What was the outcome of this experiment?

Directed evolution produced mutated ribozymes that polymerized faster

What evolutionary adaptation lead to the origin of multicellularity as seen in algae?

Division of Labor

Week 6 Quiz 5: What evolutionary adaptation lead to the origin of multicellularity as seen in some algae?

Division of labor Because... Unicellular algae can have flagella and reproduce sexually. The emergent property in multicellular volvox colonies is division of labor where most cells help to grow the colony and support the reproductive cells, while the large reproductive cells can give rise to new colonies. The ability of a multicellular organisms to evolve cells with specialized jobs is super important. It is really challenging to do everything well all at once. Having different cells specialize for different tasks allows them to be more efficient, making the whole organism function better. This is the key to understanding why our bodies have different tissues, and ultimately different organ systems.

The documentary Dogs Decoded experimentally demonstrates behavioral differences between wolves and dogs. These behavioral differences are hypothesized to enable a closer relationship between dogs and humans compared to wolves and humans. Based on the results of the left gaze bias experiment and the wolf pup versus dog pup experiment, which of the following statements is/are most likely true? Dogs are more evolved than wolves in part because of the left gaze bias. A wolf pup raised with humans will likely exhibit the left gaze bias. Dogs intentionally learned to read expressions on human faces in order to communicate better with humans. The left gaze bias may provide a selective advantage for dogs and their relationship with humans.

Dogs are more evolved than wolves in part because of the left gaze bias.

On the phylogenic tree on this slide, which 2 species are most closely related? (Where left/right swivel doesn't matter, (1) A B and C (2) D E and F H and G)

E & F

Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the fourpatients compare? Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses. The viral populations would still be genetically identical to each other and would be unchanged from the time of infection. The viral populations would have evolved to a new and more dangerous strain, but that strain would be identical across all four patients. This is the strain of virus found in every person suffering full-blown AIDS.

Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses.

​​​​​​​Speculate why some closely related species would vary the number of cells in a colony.

Each species probably occupies a slightly different niche within their environment. We don't know if these species directly compete with each other in a shared species or not. Presumably, each species has balanced its body size with its local habitat.

Evolution through migration

Early in the pandemic, the RNA sequences of SARS-coV-2 commonly infecting people in the US were all similar to one another, but differed from the virus sequences that were most common in patients in China. This is an example of

Luciferase

Enzyme used in bioluminescence only occurs when the bacteria use quorum sensing to determine cell density of the population

What hypothesis about the origin of eukaryotes was supported by the data in Figure 6.1?

Eukaryotes evolved from a fusion of archaea and bacteria genomes (yellow, red, blue chart)

CHAPTER 6-What hypothesis about the origin of eukaryotes was supported by the data in Figure 6.1?

Eukaryotes evolved from a fusion of archaea and bacteria genomes.

What hypothesis about the origin of eukaryotes was supported by the data in Figure 6.1? (summary results from BLASTING human protein sequences against microbial sequences)

Eukaryotes evolved from a fusion of archaea and bacteria genomes.

Which statement best summarizes the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes evolved from both Archaea and Eubacteria.

Which of the following is NOT a tenet of natural selection?

Evolution results in a gradual improvement of species.

Primary response yields B cells (antibodies) Secondary response yields memory B cells

Explain how your immune system can produce more antibodies in a secondary response than in a primary response. Are memory B cells the product of cellular evolution?

13.2 Solubility of oxygen in three solutions containing hypothetical molecules. Each solution contains hypothetical molecules with low (purple), high (teal), or cooperative (black) affinity for oxygen. Oxygen concentration in your lung cells and muscles are shown as narrow ranges. True/False The high affinity molecule would be an ideal carrier of oxygen because it would bind the maximum amount of oxygen in the lungs. True False

False

All bacteria are smaller than eukaryotes

False

All bacteria are smaller than eukaryotes.

False

All bacteria are smaller than eukaryotic cells.

False

All bacteria reproduce by binary fission.

False

An action potential is generated when neurostransmitters bind to ligand-gated potassium channels at the synapse.

False

An action potential is generated when neurostransmitters bind to ligand-gated potassium channels at the synapse. True False

False

Archaea and bacteria both have naked DNA that mostly lacks introns while eukaryotic DNA is tightly wound around proteins and has many introns. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of archaea and bacteria is not the ancestor of eukaryotes.

False

Bigger cells have bigger genomes

False

Carbon fixation occurs during the dark reaction and is therefore highest at night.

False

Clay helps fatty acids to form spherical vesicles because the clay's electrical charge helps to link together the hydrophobic tails of the fatty acid molecules. True False

False

Cyclic electron flow during photosynthesis produces a H+ ion gradient whereas non-cyclic does not.

False

Cyclic electron flow during photosynthesis produces a H+ ion gradient whereas non-cyclic does not. True False

False

Darwin said that apes evolved into our human ancestors True False

False

Figure 11.14 Carbon fixation and carbon recycling. A, In carbon fixation, the enzyme rubisco joins one radioactive CO2 and one ribulose bisphosphate to produce two copies of the 3-carbon sugar PGA. The outlined carbon represents the radioactive atom. The outlined oxygen came from consumed water. B, Three rounds of carbon fixation from A allow chloroplasts to recycle carbons and regenerate ribulose bisphosphate. True or false, this figures shows that CO2 is consumed during carbon fixation and the light reaction so that sugars can form in the chloroplast.

False

Figure 11.5 Comparison of pH in stroma and thylakoid space. A, Botanists measured the pH of a single chloroplast exposed to dark or light, as indicated. B, Repeated exposures of a chloroplast to light and dark cycles within minutes of each other. These data demonstrate that light causes H+ ions to move from the thylakoid space to the stroma True False

False

Figure 12.16 Electrical threshold to closure. Investigators measured the distance (d) between rims of lobes after sending electrical charges through the trap. In this graph, they applied 3 µC charges in into the plant every 7 seconds (circles on graph) until the plant accumulated a threshold charge. True/False This experiment shows that venus flytraps require less than 12 µC to trigger closing.

False

Figure 13.2 Solubility of oxygen in three solutions containinghy pothetical molecules. Each solution contains hypothetical molecules with low (purple), high (teal), or cooperative (black) affinity for oxygen. Oxygen concentration in your lung cells and muscles are shown as narrow ranges. True/False The high affinity molecule would be an ideal carrier of oxygen because it would bind the maximum amount of oxygen in the lungs.

False

High concentration of citric acid promotes cellular respiration through a positive feedback loop.

False

Homologous chromosomes are genetic clones True False

False

Memory formation is independent at each synapse within a neuron.

False

Memory formation is independent at each synapse within a neuron. True False

False

Mothers prevent rejection of their fetuses by reducing the activity of their own immune system

False

Mothers prevent rejection of their fetuses by reducing the activity of their own immune system. True False

False

NADH is oxidized to produce NAD+ in the electron transport chain.

False

NADH is oxidized to produce NAD+ in the electron transport chain. True False

False

Only warm-blooded animals use leptin to regulate fat accumulation.

False

Only warm-blooded animals use leptin to regulate fat accumulation. True False

False

Since cells are 70% water the rate of diffusion of a molecule is 70% of its rate in pure water.

False

Symbionts will have smaller genomes than free-living organisms.

False

T/F plants do not require oxygen to make ATO because oxygen is produced as a by product during photosynthesis

False

The bright green color of most leaves indicates that green wavelengths of light provide most of the energy captured by photosynthesis.

False

The bright green color of most leaves indicates that green wavelengths of light provide most of the energy captured by photosynthesis. True False

False

The diameter of organelles such as the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is determined by the rate of protein production. True False

False

The first step of mitosis is to double the amount of DNA in the nucleus. True False

False

The more virulent a viruses are correlated positively with large genomes size.

False

The oxygen produced during photosynthesis is a waste product resulting when rubisco splits CO2 to produce sugars.

False

The plant makes all its required ATP during photosynthesis.

False

The same enzyme can be used for any fatty acid substrate.

False

The scientific evidence for an exponential increase in CO2 levels in earth's atmosphere over the last century is still inconclusive. True False

False

This BLAST search shows that these two sequences are identical

False

This BLAST search shows that these two sequences are identical True False

False

This phylogeny shows that hagfish are the ancestors of jawed vertebrates (fish, amphibians, birds, etc.) True False

False

This phylogeny shows that hagfish are the ancestors of jawed vertebrates (fish, amphibians, birds, etc.) True or false:

False

True or False this figures shows that CO2 is consumed during carbon fixation and the light reaction so that sugars can form in the chloroplast.

False

True or False- All organisms have a TCA cycle

False

True or False- All organisms have a TCA cycle True False

False

True or False- all organisms require oxygen to live.

False

True or False: All bacteria are smaller than eukaryotic cells.

False

True or False: All bacteria are smaller than eukaryotes

False

True or False: An action potential is generated when neurostransmitters bind to ligand-gated potassium channels at the synapse.

False

True or False: Cells are small mostly because cell membranes are too fluid to support larger masses.

False

True or False: The O2 produced by plants during photosynthesis accelerates the melting of ice in Greenland.

False

True or False: The bright green color of most leaves indicates that green wavelengths of light provide most of the energy captured by photosynthesis.

False

True or False: The oxygen produced during photosynthesis is a waste product resulting when rubisco splits CO2 to produce sugars.

False

True or False: These data demonstrate that light causes H+ ions to move from the thylakoid space to the stroma

False

True or false: The yearly dips in atmospheric CO2 are similar in magnitude to the total increase in CO2 in earth's atmosphere over the last century.

False

Viral genomes can be identified because they are smaller than bacterial genomes

False

Viruses are not considered to be living organisms because they lack membranes. True False

False

Natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution that changes allele frequencies in the next generation

False Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

True or False- All organisms have a TCA cycle

False Not bacteria Occurs in mitochondria

Week 6 Quiz 5: The genes involved in the energy harvesting function of mitochondria show that they likely arose from an Archaean ancestor.

False Because... This is a straight forward, but detailed, memorization question. Mitochondrial genes are most similar to Bacteria.

Hershey & Chase recovered a large amount of radio-labelled protein after blending infected bacterial cultures because it destroyed the bacteria, releasing the phages inside the cells True False

False (TEST)

Meiosis differs from mitosis in that identical sister chromatids are generated during the S phase of the cell cycle True False

False (TEST)

Natural selection occurs when organisms try to adapt to their environment. True False

False (TEST)

The tertiary structures of proteins is determined by the identities of the three interacting protein subunits. True False

False (TEST)

Only eukaryotes have internal membrane-bound organelles, and all prokaryotes lack internal membranes. True or false

False, some prokaryotes have internal membranes Cyanobacteria has stacks of photosynthetic membrane

If pregnant females had reduced immune function, you would not expect them to reject skin allografts

False, they rejected skin

True or False - All organisms have a TCA cycle

False: bacteria does not have a TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondria (plants and animals) occurs in chloroplasts

Molecular data can be used to assess relationships among the major groups of living organisms whose common ancestors lived millions or billions of years ago. Similar techniques can be used to assess relationships among populations within a species. How can molecular techniques be useful for such varied comparisons? The relationships between very different groups such as bacteria and whales are assessed using mtDNA sequences, whereas rRNA sequences are used for very closely related groups. The same data can be used for any comparison with equal efficiency. Studying the relationships among different populations of a single species can be just as effective as studying the relationships of major biological groups if you look at a lot more genes. Faster-evolving gene sequences provide better data for comparisons among close relatives, whereas very slowly evolving sequences work best for distantly related taxa.

Faster-evolving gene sequences provide better data for comparisons among close relatives, whereas very slowly evolving sequences work best for distantly related taxa.

Figure 10.7 shows some of the artificial lipids that were produced in order to determine how fatty acids were oxidized to extract energy during digestion. What conclusion was reached based on this experiment? Select all that apply.

Fatty acids are broken down by always removing two carbons at a time.

The lyric/lysogenic molecular switch in bacteriophage uses which emergent properties?

Feedback loop and cooperative binding

False

Figure 11.14 Carbon fixation and carbon recycling. A, In carbon fixation, the enzyme rubisco joins one radioactive CO2 and one ribulose bisphosphate to produce two copies of the 3-carbon sugar PGA. The outlined carbon represents the radioactive atom. The outlined oxygen came from consumed water. B, Three rounds of carbon fixation from A allow chloroplasts to recycle carbons and regenerate ribulose bisphosphate. True or false, this figures shows that CO2 is consumed during carbon fixation and the light reaction so that sugars can form in the chloroplast.

The light reaction generates a rise in stromal Mg2+ to counter balance the loss of H+ ions.

Figure 11.15 Physiological regulation of rubisco. A, Rubisco activity is sensitive to pH. B, Rubisco activity is sensitive to Mg+2 concentration and pH. Figure 11.15 shows the results of experiments testing how rubisco functions under different physiological conditions. How do these data relate to the homeostasis of carbon fixation? All of these statements are correct. Carbon fixation is often called the dark reaction because rubisco works best when there is no light. Too much Mg+2 inhibits the effect of pH on rubisco. The light reaction generates a rise in stromal Mg2+ to counter balance the loss of H+ ions.

True

Figure 13.2 Solubility of oxygen in three solutions containing hypothetical molecules. Each solution contains hypothetical molecules with low (purple), high (teal), or cooperative (black) affinity for oxygen. Oxygen concentration in your lung cells and muscles are shown as narrow ranges. True/False The low affinity molecule would deliver more oxygen to muscles than the high affinity molecule.

d. all of these answers are correct

Figure 15.21B. Chromatographs based on wt and ob leptin mRNA. Numbered amino acids appear above their DNA codons. What do you conclude from these data? a. the ob protein is at least 4 amino acids too short b. the ob allele results from a single point mutation c. the ob allele has a premature stop codon d. all of these answers are correct

Our body temperature increases when we wake, which would lower Per2 period protein at dawn.

Figure 15.4 Experimental manipulations of circadian clock. An increase in temperature in mammalian cells altered Per2 transcription. Humans are endothermic, meaning we regulate our metabolism to maintain a narrow range of body temperatures. Use the data from Figure 15.4 to reach a logical conclusion given that Per proteins normally accumulate at dusk.

Directed evolution produced mutated ribozymes that polymerized faster

Figure 4.10 shows the outcome from a directed evolution experiment that started with a ribozyme found in nature. What was the outcome of this experiment?

- Abiotic vesicles can trap RNA inside them. - Abiotic vesicles can grow by consuming additional lipids. - Abiotic vesicles can compete against each other for lipids - Abiotic vesicles with RNA inside can outcompete vesicles lacking RNA inside.

Figure 4.15 supports which observations made about the beginning of life on Earth from abiotic processes?

Colonial Volvox evolved because they grew faster at particular body sizes

Figure 6.21 Relative population growth rates in relation to organism size. All the unicellular algae species fall within the purple area, and all the colonial species fall within the teal area. Each species is graphed with growth rates on the y-axis and average individual organism volume on the x-axis. Look at the data in Figure 6.21 to determine how multicellularity in algae produced a selective advantage.

A node of Ranvier is where the myelin has been damage to produce a small gap.

Figure 9.11 Electron micrograph of a node of Ranvier shown in long section within the myelin. Figure 9.11 shows a magnified portion of a myelinated axon. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. Nodes of Ranvier facilitate faster action potentials by eliminating stretches of ion channels. b. Myelin is composed of a cell that wrapped around the axon multiple times. c. Myelin has gaps at the node of Ranvier because Schwan cells did not cover all the axon. d. A node of Ranvier is where the myelin has been damage to produce a small gap.

b. Long term memories are formed after multiple exposures for multiple days.

Figure 9.23 Learning in the sea slug Aplysia. When touched gently on their siphons, Aplysia retract their gills and siphons. Touching the siphon while applying a gentle shock triggers a stronger retraction. Duration of the retraction and persistence of the memory is affected by the amount of training prior to the light touch with no shock and measured retraction as shown. Which of the following statements is supported by these data? a. Aplysia require four days to learn new information. b. Long term memories are formed after multiple exposures for multiple days. c. Aplysia are only capable of learning in response to pain. d. None of these statements are supported.

What is the argument for a relationship between nutrient availability and evolution of multicellularity?

Figures 6.22 and 6.23 are the only figures we have on this topic. The investigators had tested nutrient-poor media as well and found that bigger cells did not grow faster than unicellular algae species. Therefore, unicellular species would have dominated early Earth and multicellular species could have evolved only after accumulation in the water of ample nutrients.

Item 4 Part A Which of the following statements regarding fins on fishes is true? Fins are an adaptation that aid in swimming. Fins evolved so that fish could swim better. Fins came about because animals couldn't live in water without them. Fins resulted from a mutation caused by a movement from land to water.

Fins are an adaptation that aid in swimming.

Other than responding to environmental pressure of UV-light exposure, why might Mursi and Dizi people shown in Figure 6.28 have differences in skin colors despite living very close to each other?

First, it is important to remember that one individual cannot represent an entire population. Second, in all animals, there can be selection pressures based on mate selection, or in human terms, aesthetics. It is possible that one population develops a social preference for one skin tone over another. Skin tone bias among dark-skinned people has been an emotional topic for many years.

The data presented in the figure above supports which of the following statements?

Fixed CO2 is first incorporated into simple sugars that can then be used to synthesize a diversity of macromolecules.

True

Flies and mammals use orthologous proteins to regulate circadian rhythm. True False

Why do Venus flytrap trap flies

For the nitrogen

Where do the 2 carbons come from that are added to the 4 carbons in the citric acid cycle (to make citric acid)? From stage 2 (pyruvate oxidation) From stage 5 (ATP production) From stage 4 (electron transport) From stage 3 (Krebs cycle)

From stage 2 (pyruvate oxidation) (TEST)

Which statement is NOT true, based on the Scientific American article, "the Naked Truth"? Hairlessness in some mammals is related to burrowing or swimming. Human hairlessness is related to evaporation. Furry mammals do not sweat. Only naked skin, such as human or elephant skin, has the ability to produce sweat. If large mammals such as the elephant had fur, they would overheat--due to their little surface area relative to their volume.

Furry mammals do not sweat. Only naked skin, such as human or elephant skin, has the ability to produce sweat.

Figure 1.13 is a colorized version of a figure that Watson and Crick published in 1953. Given that hydrogen bonds can only span 2 angstroms, how many hydrogen bonds hold together the different base pairs in DNA?

G&C = 3 H bonds; A&T = 2 H bonds

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined. Sodium floods axon cytoplasm and spreads to next node ions can only enter cytoplasm at the nodes

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct? Natural selection causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. Gene flow causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. Natural selection causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. This is an example of genetic drift

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

eukaryote genes, non-tree based

Genes fused together from both archaea and eubacteria

Reading the BLAST results (Table 6.1) from when seven human protein sequences were used to find the best microbial matches, what can you deduce about the patterns?

Genes involved in central dogma (replication, transcription, and translation) have Archaea origins. Genes involved in energy extraction have bacterial origins.

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by an allele disappearing from a population due to an explosion?

Genetic Drift

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection? Green beetles migrate out of the population. Green beetles migrate out of the population, and brown beetles migrate into the population. A storm kills more green beetles than brown beetles by chance. Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food. Green beetles and brown beetles always leave the same number of offspring.

Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

In the stomata...

Guard cells surround the stoma

PSII and PSI differ in __________.

H+ production, and electron donors and acceptors

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

Week 6 Quiz: For the above tree, which taxon is the oldest?

Hagfish

Referring to the Scientific American article, "the Naked Truth", which is the most likely order of events of human evolution? Long legged body for running- hairy skin--climate change- -naked skin-- dark pigmented skin Dark pigmented skin--hairy skin--naked skin-- climate change-- long legged body for running Hairy skin--climate change- long legged body for running--naked skin-- dark pigmented skin Hairy skin--climate change--naked skin -- long legged body for running-- dark pigmented skin

Hairy skin--climate change- long legged body for running--naked skin-- dark pigmented skin

The information in Figure 13.3 shows how a population of hemoglobin molecules would respond to changing pH and oxygen concentrations. What are the physiological consequences of these data? (select all that apply)

Hemoglobin is a hybrid molecule with changing saturations depending on oxygen concentration. -Hemoglobin releases more of its oxygen when blood moves to areas of high CO2 levels. -Myoglobin releases its oxygen rapidly after hemoglobin has released most of its oxygen.

As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection? Any traits that are produced by mutation and can be inherited. Traits that reduce the number of offspring an individual produces, thus helping to reduce the struggle for existence in the next generation. Traits that reduce the mutation rate and cut down on unnecessary variation within populations. Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

CHAPTER 10 - The major concept of biology that we are focusing on that is linked to the study of the transformation of energy is

Homeostasis

What is one thing that viruses LACK that all living cells have?

Homeostasis

All of these are correct

Homeostasis of the light reaction is visible in which of the following aspects of photosynthesis? -cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport is proportional to the energy needs of carbon fixation -water is consumed in photosynthesis only when light intensity is lower -all of these answers are correct -light intensity regulates when water is split

The true breeding parental pea plants were all

Homozygous

A: DNA binding, cancer = larger # of chromosomes B: microscopic (aneuploidy first appears between diploid and tetraploid)

How do the two data sets differ? What do the data indicate about cancer cells?

Biologically active amino acids were formed from inorganic salts, heat and electricity.

How does Figure 4.5 support the scientific theory that life began from abiotic processes?

A ribozyme was able to add bases onto pC5 to form longer polymers.

How does Figure 4.8 support the hypothesis that life began from abiotic processes?

Explain why starch is rich in calories for a human, but cellulose is not.

Human enzymes can bind to and break α 1-4 bonds but not β 1-4 bonds.

Why is meiosis required for sexual reproduction but not asexual reproduction?

If gametes were diploid, the progeny would be tetraploid and not be the same species as their parents.

​​​​​​​If race were based on genuine biological distinctions, would you expect all people of each racial group to respond equally to warfarin treatments? If race were not clearly defined by DNA or phenotypes, would you expect race to be irrelevant compared to a person's CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes?

If race were based on biology/DNA, then you would expect everyone of a particular race to respond the same way to warfarin. This expectation is often drawn from these data. However, if there are people with different genotypes/phenotypes who do not respond the same way to warfarin, then you would be more inclined to accept that race is not defined by objective and universal DNA or phenotype criteria. As described in the text, a person's VKORC1 genotype in the promoter is the most important determinant of proper dosage.

Do the data from Figure 6.26A (Differences in newborn birthweights in three Chicago, IL area subpopulations)support or refute the hypothesis that lower birth weight has a genetic component? Support your interpretation with the available data.

If we assume that the Black African immigrants and African Americans share much of their DNA, then it seems environmental differences are the major factor. However, if we assume that the African immigrants are somehow genetically distinct from Black Americans, we could argue that genetics is a major player. From Figure 6.26A alone, it is difficult to judge which aspect plays a bigger role.

Look at this photo of Aboriginal men from Australia. They are not African and yet their skin color is as dark as the NiloShahara from Ethiopia. How does the same skin color of two people separated by thousands of miles illustrate that race is not based on biological traits or shared ancestry?

If you accept that most skin color alleles exit within current and ancient Africans, then it seems likely that the humans who migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago probably carried a variety of alleles. When these humans and their descendants reached places where UV light was intense, it seems logical to conclude that natural selection led to evolution of the population's alleles to enrich for dark skin alleles. It is possible the same dark skin color alleles evolved de novo, or that they always existed in the population but were selected for when environmental conditions favored them.

Medawar

Immunologic processes in transplantation - large skin patches were rejected faster than small patches as long as both were first-set rejections - Second-set rejections always occurred faster, not influenced by same site or different site - allograft rejection due to immune response

Which of the following statements regarding genetics is false? In keeping with our greater complexity, the human genome has about 100 times more genes than that of yeast. The more recently two species have branched from a common ancestor, the more similar we expect their DNA sequences to be. Gene duplication helps to explain how mammals can detect and discriminate among such a wide range of odors. About 99% of the genes of humans and mice are related by descent from a common ancestor.

In keeping with our greater complexity, the human genome has about 100 times more genes than that of yeast.

a. myosin pulls on actin

In skeletal muscle cells... a. myosin pulls on actin b. serca releases calcium into the cytoplasm c. actin pulls on myosin d. tropomyosin pulls on myosin

What is represented on the x-axis of this graph? The percentage of surviving individuals, using a normal (non-logarithmic) scale Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species The type of survivorship curve The percentage of surviving individuals, using a logarithmic scale

Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species

Which of the following is a definition for epigenetics?

Inheritance of chemically modified DNA

Deamination is ___________ by GTP.

Inhibited

Examine Figure 6.22, (Growth of V. carter reproductive cells) and describe which cells grew the fastest. How can you tell which is fastest? Do you look at the end point or the slope of the lines?

Intact colonies grew the fastest as indicated by the steepest slope. End points can be misleading, but the slope indicates growth in volume over time.

Hypothesize how chloroplasts and mitochondria wound up inside eukaryotic cells. Use what you know about which cells have mitochondria and chloroplasts to deduce which organelle evolved first.

It appears that one cell engulfed another, with the inner cell becoming the organelles. We assume that the engulfing cell already had a nucleus, but that is speculation. Perhaps the mitochondria came first since all eukaryotes have those. However, it is possible that all cells used to have both organelles and the precursors to animals lost their chloroplasts. From the data we have, it is impossible to know which came first though we know plants had to evolve first to produce oxygen that all non-plants require.

Are any proteins used to keep DNA compacted other than proteins already present in chromatin?

It appears there is a glue-like protein that keeps the chromosomes compacted during mitosis and meiosis. Without something holding the chromosomes together, they would unwind and become tangled.

How does DNA avoid getting tangled during mitosis or meiosis?

It condenses into solenoids and even more compact structures that can be seen through microscopes.

Why is rRNA such a useful tool in molecular systematics? It evolves quite rapidly. It doesn't change at all, so it is a useful control to ensure that the sequence data is accurate. It evolves quite slowly, allowing comparisons to be made between distantly related organisms such as eukaryotes and bacteria. Only advanced organisms have rRNA, so it is a useful derived character.

It evolves quite slowly, allowing comparisons to be made between distantly related organisms such as eukaryotes and bacteria.

Look at the distribution of people sampled for the HapMap survey in Table 6.6. (SNP frequency for one location (rs1834640) within the SLC24A5 gene) Does this look like an exhaustive search of people from around the world? What might you predict about true global variation of SNP diversity at this site?

It is clear that some regions of the world were more heavily sampled than others (such as China and Kenya) than others. The reasons for this sample bias can be logistical (where collaborators live) or they can be subconscious bias. Globally, there might be more than two SNPs, and there might be populations with intermediate mixtures of alleles. It is difficult to predict human population genetics, which is why we should collect more samples from a much larger range of populations.

***** Figure 8.9. The smallest genome of all belongs to the prokaryote Carsonella ruddii (red dot). Comparison of 385 prokaryotic genomes including six species of mutualistic bacterial symbionts (black dots) and 36 archaea (teal dots). Orange dots are bacteria, the smallest of which live inside other species as pathogens or outside as parasites. The photo shows light blue C. ruddii compared to the host cell's genome (darker blue wavy lines). What challenge does C. ruddii present to our understanding of what constitutes a cell (see Figure 8.9)?

It is not clear when a cell evolves into an organelle or a symbiont.

Figure 8.9 The smallest genome of all belongs to the prokaryote Carsonella ruddii (red dot). Comparison of 385 prokaryotic genomes including six species of mutualistic bacterial symbionts (black dots) and 36 archaea (teal dots). Orange dots are bacteria, the smallest of which live inside other species as pathogens or outside as parasites. The photo shows light blue C. ruddii compared to the host cell's genome (darker blue wavy lines). What challenge does C. ruddii present to our understanding of what constitutes a cell (see Figure 8.9)?

It is not clear when a cell evolves into an organelle or a symbiont.

What challenge does C. ruddii present to our understanding of what constitutes a cell

It is not clear when a cell evolves into an organelle or a symbiont.

What challenge does C. ruddii present to our understanding of what constitutes a cell (see Figure 8.9)?

It is not clear when a cell evolves into an organelle or a symbiont.

What is meant by the term ecological footprint? It is the population density of humans as calculated on a per country basis. It is the amount of land required to support a single individual. It is Earth's carrying capacity for humans. It is a measure of habitat destruction.

It is the amount of land required to support a single individual.

Why does DNA need to be compacted inside cells?

It is too big to fit without compaction. Also, DNA would become tangled if not wrapped into nucleosomes.

When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?

It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate.

On the reddit post ' What creature, other than humans, is the most perfectly evolved predator'. What misunderstanding is this?

It places a value of evolution-that organisms can be more or less evolved.

Explain why a missing link cannot be used to refute evolution.

Just because you cannot find a transitional species does not mean it never existed.

Guard cells are affected by...

K+ concentration, CO2, blue light

Week 5 Quiz: This dot plots shows that: (video game lookin E coli chromosome)

K-12 and O157:H7 have the same genes, but some are in a reverse order in K-12

True

Lambda phage does not harm its bacterial host cell when it is in the lysogenic phase. True False

DNA errors

Lead to an error in the amino acid sequence of proteins, can affect the function of the particular protein; can lead to illnesses nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations can accumulate and lead to malfunctions for the cell

During the night

Leptin protein decreases, reducing appetite

Which of these is an emergent property?

Life and intelligence

Which of the following statements accurately describes wavy plasma membrane surfaces?

Lipid composition can determine membrane shape and luminal diameter.

Abiotic lipids present on ancient earth would need to form membranes before life could evolve. How could membranes form in the absence of life?

Lipids can form bilayer vesicles spontaneously when suspended in water.

Figure 9.23 Learning in the sea slug Aplysia. When touched gently on their siphons, Aplysia retract their gills and siphons. Touching the siphon while applying a gentle shock triggers a stronger retraction. Duration of the retraction and persistence of the memory is affected by the amount of training prior to the light touch with no shock and measured retraction as shown. Which of the following statements is supported by these data?

Long term memories are formed after multiple exposures for multiple days

Figure 9.23 Learning in the sea slug Aplysia. When touched gently on their siphons, Aplysia retract their gills and siphons. Touching the siphon while applying a gentle shock triggers a stronger retraction. Duration of the retraction and persistence of the memory is affected by the amount of training prior to the light touch with no shock and measured retraction as shown. Which of the following statements is supported by these data?

Long term memories are formed after multiple exposures for multiple days.

LuxR/LuxI regulatory proteins

LuxI: enzyme that synthesizes autoinducer for cell communication -autoinducer diffuses outside the cell and binds to lux R LuxR: binds autoinducer lingand and promoter of operon to start transcription of luxI and luxR genes LuxR+autoinducer=transcription factors positive feedback loop

When bacteriophage reproduce rapidly and kill the host cell, that is called the _____ phage

Lytic

Which of the following statements is correct

MHC I molecules present virus particles outside the cell. MHC I molecules present peptide from self proteins outside the cell. T cells interact with MHC I molecules

Which of the following does NOT play a major role in recognizing when a cell is infected with a virus?

MHC IG

Which of the following does not play a major role in recognizing when a cell is infected with a virus

MHC IG

True

MHC IG protects fetal cells from their mother's immune response by suppressing T cell and natural killer cell activity.

Figure 7.16 reveals how new membrane tubes are produced inside cells. Which cellular process was revealed by these data?

Membranes are pulled by protein motors on protein tracks.

For many years, Mendel was accused of falsifying his data so that the numbers of progeny more closely fit the expected ratios. What is the correct response to this accusation?

Mendel's pea counts are very close to the expected ratios because he performed hundreds of matings with true breeding plants.

What are the most likely evolutionary origins for mitochondria and chloroplasts? Support your answers with specific data.

Mitochondria probably evolved from an a-proteobacteria similar to Rickettsia prowazekii. Chloroplasts probably evolved from a cyanobacteria similar to Synechocystis sp.

Mitochondria vs Chloroplast

Mitochondria: convert metabolites into ATP, 2 membranes, contains linear genomes Chloroplasts convert sunlight into molecules that store chemical energy, contains circular genomes

Which comparison accurately states why phylogenetic trees based on molecular data can be more informative than those based on morphology? Molecular data is easier to obtain for fossil organisms. Molecular data is often more helpful in discovering relationships among very closely or very distantly related species. Molecular systematics uses the principle of parsimony, which is not used to build trees using morphological data. Molecular data are cheap and easy to obtain, whereas morphological studies require expensive laboratory equipment.

Molecular data is often more helpful in discovering relationships among very closely or very distantly related species.

________ makes it possible to trace phylogenies among microbial groups for which there is no fossil record. Horizontal gene transfer Molecular systematics Convergent evolution Comparison to vertebrate outgroups

Molecular systematics

Exam 2 chapters 5-7, so it includes this week's podcasts. Week 5-7

More questions on chapter 7 because it hasn't been covered by a quiz. Podcast: 18,19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 Reading: 5 (5.1-3) 6 (6.1-4) 7 (7.1-3)

peptide fragments

Most T cell receptors only bind __________ of proteins presented by the MHC of antigen presenting cells.

3, circular

Most chloroplasts have ___ membranes and ________ DNA. 2, circular 4, circular 3, circular 3, linear

Use Figure 1.8 to construct the argument Hershey and Chase used to disprove protein was the heritable material.

Most of the viral protein was outside the cells and thus was unable to transmit the heritable information to the newly infected cells.

On average, are individual cells of unicellular species bigger or are whole colonies from colonial Volvox family members bigger in Figure 6.20? (Relative frequency distributions of size of cells for unicellular species and colonial species of the Volvox family)

Most unicellular species are smaller than the size of colonial species which you can see by the large purple area to the left of the teal patch. Some unicellular species are the same size as colonies of other species as indicated by teal and purple shades located at the same position along the X-axis.

Only warm-blooded animals use leptin to regulate fat accumulation. What can we conclude about the role of genetics and exercise based on experiments with mutant ob and db rodents as summarized in Table 15.3?

Mutant mice store more fat regardless of the amount of food they eat.

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by a change in DNA sequence?

Mutation

True

Mutation is the only mechanism of evolution that can create novel variation in a gene - natural selection, migration and genetic drift can only change the frequencies of existing variation.

*** figure 9.17 Actin and myosin interactions provide contractile function. A sarcomere is the length of a contractile unit that spans from one actin anchor to the next. Squint your eyes to see the light and dark bands of the sarcomere in this image. Which of the following statements is correct?

Myosin molecules consume ATP when they pull upon actin molecules

The electron carrier that is reduced in stage I (glycolysis) is...

NADH

what is oxidized in stage 4 (electron transport chain of mitochondria)?

NADH

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, _______ and _________ account for most of the energy extracted from glucose.

NADH and FADH2

if the change in free energy (delta g) of a reaction is -218kJ/mole which of the following reactions must be happening?

NADH- NAD+

stomata

NO: open aa and scavenger: closed blue light causes ion movement k pumped out cytoskeleton reorganizes closes with Co2

speeds

Na/K pump: 33 times per second Sodium voltage channels: 10,000 times faster k voltage channels: 1 million ions per second --> need 10,000x more pumps than channels to keep up transport rates membrane repolarizes with time delay due to time difference of opening Na and K ion channels The only protein available to pump K+ ions back into the nerve cell and Na+ ions out again is the same Na+/K+ pump that contributed to the resting membrane potential in the first place (more ATP)

Figure 8.10 contains the first published images of a completely new type of organism called nanobacteria. What was the final conclusion about nanobacteria?

Nanobacteria are not real, they are chemical crystals.

Natural selection and evolution are two terms that are sometimes confused, even by freshman biology students. What is the relation between natural selection and evolution? Any phenomenon that causes evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is one of several mechanisms of evolution. Natural selection happens over long periods of time; evolution is a short-term process. When natural selection is occurring, evolution is not, and vice versa.

Natural selection is one of several mechanisms of evolution.

Which of the following is a misconception regarding natural selection? Individuals do not evolve; populations do. Natural selection can only act to diminish or amplify heritable traits. Natural selection progressively refines organisms' adaptations, eventually leading to perfection. There is a struggle for existence among individuals because organisms tend to produce far more offspring than the environment can support.

Natural selection progressively refines organisms' adaptations, eventually leading to perfection.

Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false? Natural selection can be observed working in organisms alive today. Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organism's fitness. Natural selection depends on the local environment at the current time. Natural selection and evolutionary change can occur in a short period of time (a few generations). SubmitMy AnswersGive Up

Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organism's fitness.

Are animal cells the only cells with action potentials?

No

Leeches, ticks, mosquitoes, lampreys, and vampire bats all suck blood. Would they form a monophyletic group of close relatives with a recent common ancestor in a phylogenetic tree? No, because they have too many shared derived characters that go along with bloodsucking. Yes, because they are all classified in the same genus. Yes, because they have a shared ancestral trait of bloodsucking. No, because their similarities are due to convergent evolution (adaptation to the bloodsucking lifestyle); phylogenetic analysis is based on homologous features, not analogous features.

No, because their similarities are due to convergent evolution (adaptation to the bloodsucking lifestyle); phylogenetic analysis is based on homologous features, not analogous features.

During the 1950s, a scientist named Lysenko tried to solve the food shortages in the Soviet Union by breeding wheat that could grow in Siberia. He theorized that if individual wheat plants were exposed to cold, they would develop additional cold tolerance and pass it to their offspring. Based on the ideas of artificial and natural selection, do you think this project worked as planned? Yes; the wheat probably evolved better cold tolerance over time through inheritance of acquired characteristics. No, because there was no process of selection based on inherited traits. Lysenko assumed that exposure could induce a plant to develop additional cold tolerance and that this tolerance would be passed to the plant's offspring. Yes, because this is generally the method used by plant breeders to develop new crops. No, because Lysenko took his wheat seeds straight to Siberia instead of exposing them incrementally to cold.

No, because there was no process of selection based on inherited traits. Lysenko assumed that exposure could induce a plant to develop additional cold tolerance and that this tolerance would be passed to the plant's offspring.

Consider the intergenerational birth weight data from Figure 6.26B.(Newborn birth weights for second generation Americans) Do immigrant Black and White mothers deliver children with similar birth weights? What about the immigrant's grandchildren? What is the general trend for G2 and G3 birth weights for each of the four populations?

No, the White immigrant mothers give birth to heavier children than the Black immigrant mothers. However, with the small sample size of 194 and the lack of statistical measure, we cannot be sure if these two averages are significantly different or not. The G3 grandchildren of immigrants have very different outcomes. The White immigrants have a significant increase in birth weights whereas the Black immigrant grandchildren have a decrease in birth weight. Only Black immigrating to American show a decline in birth weights for children born of mothers who were raised in America. Therefore is it highly unlikely that genetics is the major factor for the decline. It is much more likely that systemic racism and its effects as seen in Table 6.2 is the major factor leading to this decline.

Do scientist agree on the definition of species? How do you define a new species?

No. It is defined by 'enough' genetic distance between the organism, and what is 'enough' defined by those who study the organisms. If gene flow is restricted enough for long enough, you will get a new species. No one answer.

Sometimes critics charge that evolution is based on mere speculation because it cannot be directly observed or experimentally induced. Is this true of evolution by natural selection? No. Natural selection changes the traits of some organisms quite quickly, in ways that are clearly adaptive. Scientists have documented such changes in thousands of studies. Yes, it is technically true. However, the effects of natural selection are very obvious and it is hard to come up with a better explanation for adaptations. The statement is partly true when applied to natural selection. Natural selection can be observed in bacteria and insects, but not in other organisms. Yes. Natural selection makes sense, but it works too slowly to produce observable changes in organisms.

No. Natural selection changes the traits of some organisms quite quickly, in ways that are clearly adaptive. Scientists have documented such changes in thousands of studies.

The biologist working with the SV40 genome reported 21 beads of DNA-wrapped histone complexes (see Figure 6.8B). Can you count all 21? Go to NCBI to determine how many bases are in the SV40 genome (also called Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1). If each bead is wrapped by 200 bp of DNA and there are 21 beads per SV40 genome and 38 bp of DNA between beads, can you account for all the base pairs in SV40? What do these calculations tell you about the 1970s understanding of DNA compaction?

Not all 21 beads are visible, but some are squished together. The viral genome is 5243 bp. 200bp x 21 beads = 4200bp; 38 bp x 21 gaps = 798; total calculated size = 4998bp. This leaves 245 bp unaccounted for. They had to be missing some details.

What is a nucleosome, and what role does it play in cells?

Nucleosomes consist of 8 histone proteins wrapped twice by DNA polymer. The nucleosomes allow the very big chromosome molecules to be compacted to fit inside the nucleus and to aid in further compaction during mitosis or meiosis.

In autumn, chlorophyll is degraded in the leaves of deciduous trees. Why do the leaves change color to shades of yellow, orange, or red?

Other pigments such as carotenoids are still present in the leaves.

Figure 15.4 Experimental manipulations of circadian clock. An increase in temperature in mammalian cells altered Per2 transcription. Humans are endothermic, meaning we regulate our metabolism to maintain a narrow range of body temperatures. Use the data from Figure 15.4 to reach a logical conclusion given that Per proteins normally accumulate at dusk.

Our body temperature increases when we wake, which would lower Per2 period protein at dawn.

Which of the following is the most accurate comment on the Earth's carrying capacity for people? K is smaller now than it was a thousand years ago. Our technology has allowed us to keep increasing K. When it comes to humans, the concept of K is irrelevant. The human population is still a long way from K.

Our technology has allowed us to keep increasing K.

Explain how the accompanying images of hemoglobin cause the cooperativity effect seen in hemoglobin.

Oxygen binding flattens the heme and reshapes all four hemoglobins

The rate-limiting step of glycolysis (stage I) is catalyzed by which enzyme?

PFK

the rate-limiting step of glycolysis (stage I) is catalyzed by which enzyme

PFK

As ATP concentration increases...

PFK activity decreases

Which panel on the right of Figure BME 1.2.1 best matches the trace of DNA band intensity on the left?

Panel C

Humans make several versions of the protein that helps your muscles relax (serca), that are expressed in different types of muscles. Those versions of serca within a human would be called...?

Paralogs

What does it mean to say that pigweed is resistant to herbicide? Pigweed hosts insects that prey on crop plants, reducing the productivity of farmland where pigweed grows. Pigweed prevents the application of herbicide to a field of cotton or soybeans. Pigweed now acts as an herbicide, killing crop plants that grow near pigweed plants. Pigweed plants thrive despite the application of herbicides intended to kill them.

Pigweed plants thrive despite the application of herbicides intended to kill them.

Week 7 Podcast links

Podcast 26# https://youtu.be/E106dCywaZk Podcast 27# https://youtu.be/F13TwfuydfE

the sarcoplasm reticulum

Prior to muscle contraction, calcium is most abundant in

What part of DNA determines when and how much RNA is transcribed

Promoters

Antigen

Protein, substance that triggers an immune response. Antibody and the part where it binds the thing that you're allergic to

orthologous proteins

Proteins from different species that have homologous amino acid sequences (and often a similar function.) They arose from a common ancestral gene during evolution.

DNA and RNA are both synthesized in the nucleus, but only ______ is transported out of the nucleus

RNA

The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat? The HIV virus can survive harsh conditions for years as a dormant particle. The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation. The HIV virus replicates its genome with a great deal of precision (i.e., has a low mutation rate). The HIV virus has a special protein coat that protects it from attack by all known human immune defenses.

The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.

Identify the MRCA that represents a bridge between current Africans and current non- Africans. How confident can you be in the data supporting this shared ancestry?

The MRCA at the branch marked by 98 (the left one) represents the shared ancestors between current Africans and all the current non-African. The bootstrap value of 98 indicates a very high confidence in this branchpoint (98%).

Which protein is responsible for maintaining the ion gradients across the membrane in a neuron?

The Na+/K+ ATPase

Look at the African populations YRI and LWK. (hapmap) Do these populations predominantly have the ancestral G base or the newer A base? Are there any African populations who have less than 50% homozygous G? Are there any non-African populations who have more than 50% homozygous G?

The Yoruba and Luhya samples have mostly the ancestral and darker SNP, G. The Maasai samples have about the same number of homozygous G as heterozygous genotypes. All three Chinese samples have more than 50% homozygous G despite their skin tones being much lighter than the Maasai. These apparent contradictions underscore the complexity behind human skin tone genetics.

quorum sensing

The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via secreted chemical signals. -molecules allow cells to communicate between individuals of the same strain but not a different strain -autoinducer produced by LuxI

What is the best way to determine relatedness in an evolutionary tree?

The best way to see relatedness is to look at branch points not at final positions.

***Figure 14.2 Bioluminescence of baby Hawaiian bobtail squid exposed to seawater samples as indicated. The data in Figure 14.2 shows what happened when baby bobtail squid were mixed with different sources of V. fischeri. What is the major insight from this experiment?

The bobtail squid has coevolved with local populations of V. fischeri.

Figure 14.2 Bioluminescence of baby Hawaiian bobtail squid exposed to seawater samples as indicated. The data in Figure 14.2 shows what happened when baby bobtail squid were mixed with different sources of V. fischeri. What is the major insight from this experiment?

The bobtail squid has coevolved with local populations of V. fischeri.

The data in Figure 14.2 shows what happened when baby bobtail squid were mixed with different sources of V. fischeri. What is the major insight from this experiment?

The bobtail squid has coevolved with local populations of V. fischeri.

The data in the table shows what happened when a baby bobtail squid were mixed with different sources of v. Fischeri. What is the major insight from this experiment

The bobtail squid has coevolved with local populations of v. Fischeri

What features of chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria? Do you think these similarities are a coincidence or reveal their evolutionary past?

The both have double outer membranes and they both have their own genomes. These similarities are remnants of their bacterial origins.

Based on the results of the fox breeding experiment, which of the following statements is/are most likely true? The results of this experiment demonstrate that foxes can potentially be domesticated. However, this most likely did not happen because wolves are naturally tamer than foxes and therefore were selected for domestication by humans. Wolves are in the same species as dogs and are more genetically similar to dogs than foxes. Therefore if this experiment were to be repeated with wolves, the domestication process would most likely occur at a faster rate. The breeding of tame foxes with tame foxes selected for behavioral and physical traits that are similar to domesticated dogs despite the fact that foxes and dogs are not members of the same genus. This could be considered an example of convergent evolution.

The breeding of tame foxes with tame foxes selected for behavioral and physical traits that are similar to domesticated dogs despite the fact that foxes and dogs are not members of the same genus. This could be considered an example of convergent evolution.

False

The bright green color of most leaves indicates that green wavelengths of light provide most of the energy captured by photosynthesis.

Calvin, CO2 in the atmosphere

The carbon in wood was fixed by the ______ cycle from _____________ Krebs, CO2 in the atmosphere TCA, CO2 in the atmosphere Calvin, CO2 in the atmosphere Calvin, CO2 in the soil

What causes a pair of guard cells to close their stoma?

The cells become less full of water due to lost osmotic pressure.

What causes a pair of guard cells to close their stoma?

The cells reduce osmotic pressure as they lose water

What causes a pair of guard cells to close their stoma?

The cells reduce osmotic pressure as they lose water.

Evolution

The change in allele frequency in population over time

Inside the lysosome (an organelle for digesting material in cells), the pH is 5, where as in the cytoplasm (the liquid part of cells), the pH is 7. If true, what else is true? The concentration of H+ is 2x lower in the lysosome than the cytoplasm. The concentration of H+ is 100x higher in the lysosome than the cytoplasm. The concentration of H+ is 2x higher in the lysosome than the cytoplasm. The concentration of H+ is 100x lower in the lysosome than the cytoplasm.

The concentration of H+ is 100x higher in the lysosome than the cytoplasm.

What do you notice about the location of DNA inside the nucleus in Figures 6.12E and 6.13?(Light microscope of hamster nuclei in the earliest stages of mitosis with DNA labeled white, and diagram of chromosomes condensing during mitosis, showing DNA as white ribbons with the red "glue" protein inside each condensed chromatid.) Could this have a functional role?

The condensing chromosome have a peripheral location (around the edges). This may serve a function.

What can you conclude from this table?

The cytoplasm of the cell is more viscous (less runny) than water

Abiotic vesicles can grow in size when they consume more fatty acids

The experiment associated with this figure demonstrated which fundamental trait that resembles living cells?

True

The fat regulatory protein leptin protein is produced only in fat cells.

Look at the list of genes that influence human skin colors. Use this information to explain why it makes sense that the five important genes in Table 6.5 (Five genes involved in human skin colors; age of four variants predate evolution of H. sapiens) only account for 30% of all human color variation.

The five listed play major roles, but only account for about 1/3 of the total genetic aspects of skin color. SLC45A2 in Figure 1 is part of a complex pathway that affects skin color by altering the calcium concentration of melanophores. This gene has more functions than only altering skin color because the protein is expressed in other places within the body.

The forelimbs of humans, cats, and bats have a number of detailed similarities in their construction. What best explains these similarities? The forelimbs are similar because of adaptation through the process of natural selection. The similarities are coincidental. The forelimbs are similar because all of these organisms inherited the basic forelimb design from a common ancestor. The forelimbs are similar because there is only one workable way to construct a useful arm, leg, or wing.

The forelimbs are similar because all of these organisms inherited the basic forelimb design from a common ancestor.

Describe the relationship between population growth rate and organism size depicted by the data in Figure 6.21. (Relative population growth rates in relation to organism size. All the unicellular algae species fall within the purple area, and all the colonial species fall within the teal area.)

The general trend is that bigger species grow faster only if they are colonial. At 102 μm3, there are no colonial species that small and the small-sized unicellular species grow very fast (0.5 on this relative scale). But at 106 μm3, colonial species grow much faster than unicellular species of the same size.

False

The genes involved in the energy harvesting function of mitochondria show that they likely arose from an Archaean ancestor.

A population of 1,000 birds exists on a small Pacific island. Some of the birds are yellow, a characteristic determined by a recessive allele. The others are green, a characteristic determined by a dominant allele. A hurricane on the island kills most of the birds from this population. Only 10 remain, and those birds all have yellow feathers. Which of the following statements is true? The hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity. Assuming that no new birds come to the island and no mutations occur, future generations of this population will contain both green and yellow birds. The 10 remaining birds will mate only with each other, and this will contribute to gene flow in the population. This situation illustrates the effect of a mutation event.

The hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the properties of the three hypothetical oxygen-binding proteins described in Figure 13.2?

The hybrid affinity molecule would be a good carrier due to its different affinity in the lungs and muscles.

carbon fixation

The incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism.

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. Desert pupfish live in springs of the American Southwest. Today there are about 30 species of pupfish, but they all evolved from a common Pleistocene ancestor. The southwestern United States was once much wetter than it is now, and the Pleistocene pupfish flourished over a wide geographic area. Over thousands of years, however, the Sierra Nevada mountain range was pushed upward by geological forces, blocking rainfall from the Pacific Ocean. As the large lakes dried up, small groups of pupfish remained in springs and pools fed by groundwater seepage. Now, although many of these small springs still have pupfish, each population, through evolution, has become very different from populations of pupfish in other springs. Which of the following statements represents a probable explanation for differences among pupfish populations? The isolated populations had restricted gene pools. The frequency of genotypes reached equilibrium. Each new species contains all the original genotypes of the larger populations. New genes entered the population through migration.

The isolated populations had restricted gene pools.

What species in 6.23 (Relative change in growth rates in response to nutrient enrichment of four related green algae species in the Volvox family. From left to right, they grew unicellular (Chlamydomonas), planar colonies (Gonium), spherical colonies but no specialized reproductive cells (Eudorina), and Volvox) showed the greatest growth rate response to nutrient rich environments?

The largest species grew the fastest in this rich nutrient environment. As biological material accumulated in the water, colonial species had a selective advantage in growth. The error bars overlap so you cannot be certain of any two adjacent species, but the trend is clear as is the difference between the unicellular species and the largest colonial species.

Figure 11.15 Physiological regulation of rubisco. A, Rubisco activity is sensitive to pH. B, Rubisco activity is sensitive to Mg+2 concentration and pH. Figure 11.15 shows the results of experiments testing how rubisco functions under different physiological conditions. How do these data relate to the homeostasis of carbon fixation?

The light reaction generates a rise in stromal Mg2+ to counter balance the loss of H+ ions.

Why has using a morphological/archaeological approach to determine what Canis species is most closely related to dogs proven difficult? There are many gaps in the fossil record, therefore making it difficult to compare the bone structures of domesticated dogs with closely related wild species. The morphological features and bone structures of domesticated dogs differ greatly, therefore making it difficult to compare physical characteristics of domesticated dogs with closely related wild species. Domesticated dogs share too many physical similarities with their wild counterparts; therefore it is impossible to utilize bone structure and other physical traits to determine the closest wild relative to dogs.

The morphological features and bone structures of domesticated dogs differ greatly, therefore making it difficult to compare physical characteristics of domesticated dogs with closely related wild species.

Figure 6.18 (phylogenetic tree for mitochondria from four species) provides evidence for which understanding about the origins of these organelles?

The most recent common ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts are α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

Figure 6.18 provides evidence for which understanding about the origins of these organelles?

The most recent common ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts are α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

Biological systems use free energy based on empirical data that all organisms require a constant energy input. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. For living organisms, which of the following statements is an important consequence of this first law?

The organism must ultimately obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment.

What evidence supports the "out-of-Africa" theory of human evolution? How does this evidence contradict Coon's hypothesis that human races evolved five separate times?

The out-of-Africa theory has been supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as those in Figure 6.24A, Table 6.3 and the text around Figure 6.27 addressing warfarin-related SNPs, and Table 6.4 showing the time when many skin color alleles evolved.

Which of the two proposed hypotheses for the origin of Homo sapiens is supported by the mitochondrial genome data? Speculate how people outside Africa can share a common ancestor with people living in West Africa.

The out-of-Africa theory has been validated many times by these data and many more. Some of the MRCA of west Africans and people currently living outside Africa migrated west where their descendants live today, whereas others migrated east out of Africa.

CHAPTER 3 - What is the scientific definition of random? Events that:

The outcome is not knowable but will happen with a predictable frequency

onsider a hypothetical insect population of 100 individuals. Two equally represented alleles (A and a) exist for a particular gene. Which scenario is an example of microevolution in this population? The population is exposed to a toxin that kills individuals with the A allele. After exposure to the toxin the population has 25 surviving individuals, and 95% of them have the aa genotype. The population is reduced in size due to loss of their food source. Fifty insects remain, and the two alleles are still present in their original proportions. Several insects migrate to a new location. The population is left with 80 insects, but the two alleles are still equally represented. The population doubles in size, and the two alleles are maintained at their original proportions.

The population is exposed to a toxin that kills individuals with the A allele. After exposure to the toxin the population has 25 surviving individuals, and 95% of them have the aa genotype.

A population of small fish lives in a lake with a sandy bottom. The major predator of these fish is a wading bird that hunts by sight. Most of the fish are light sandy brown, but about 10% are mottled. The color pattern is heritable. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction? The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. There is no way to guess the result, because evolution occurs at random. As the sand-colored fish are eaten, more will be produced to keep their frequency at 90%. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the ratios will not change.

The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.

What aspect of Figure 2.5 demonstrates the function of tRNA?

The radioactive leucine separated into the same size fraction as the tRNA.

What data indicate that ancient humans and pre-humans of Africa evolved alleles in multiple genes that produced light and dark skin color before humans migrated out of Africa?

The skin color alleles evolved before H. sapiens became a separate species (200,000 - 300,000 years ago), and before a subset of humans migrated out of Africa about 100,000 years ago. Only the SLC24A5 SNP evolved after a subset of H. sapiens migrated out of Africa.

d. is voltage gated

The sodium channel in neurons... a. is ligand gated b. is always open c. also conducts calcium d. is voltage gated Note: has refractory period

A dog breeder wishes to develop a breed that does not bark. She starts with a diverse mixture of dogs. Generation after generation, she allows only the quietest dogs to breed. After 30 years of work she has a new breed of dog with interesting traits, but on average, the dogs still bark at about the same rate as other dog breeds. Which of the following would be a logical explanation for her failure? There was no selection (differential reproductive success) related to barking behavior. The selection was artificial, not natural, so it did not produce evolutionary change. The tendency to bark is not a heritable trait. There is no variation for the trait (barking).

The tendency to bark is not a heritable trait.

When a vesicle divides in half, which statement reflects the mathematical analysis of spheres?

The total volume of the two smaller vesicles is 2/3 the volume of the larger parental vesicle

horizontal gene transfer

The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms. The movement of DNA from one species to another outside of mating -green and red outliers on circular chromosome

Each biological species is genetically isolated from other species. Why do the species evolve independently? The species evolve separately because they look different and have different morphologies. The species evolve independently because they live in different geographic areas. The two species evolve independently because they do not exchange genes. Reproductive barriers keep them from successfully interbreeding. The species evolve independently because they are free to interbreed and produce fertile hybrid offspring.

The two species evolve independently because they do not exchange genes. Reproductive barriers keep them from successfully interbreeding.

Integrate the CYP2C9 data from Table 6.3 (Compilation from four studies of genetic variances for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 promoter allele frequencies within each population. These alleles are known to affect warfarin dose/response.) and the dosages in Figure 6.27 (Average warfarin dose requirements to achieve clinical benefits, separated by race of patients.)to explain why Whites, on average, might require less warfarin than Blacks. Based on the answer you just provided, what contradiction do the Asian data present?

The two variants that are most common in Whites reduce the amount of warfarin need to treat a person successfully. This could explain why Whites need a lower dose than Blacks, but Asians need even less despite their CYP2C9 genotype being more similar to Blacks than Whites. Therefore, this gene does not appear to the major cause of warfarin dose variation.

the location of the antenna complex is determined by what?

The type of light reaching the chloroplasts

What can be concluded from Mendel's data in Table 3.2?

The wrinkled allele is recessive

Which of the following statements is false?

There are no viruses that invade other viruses

Which of the following statements is false?

There are no viruses that invade other viruses.

Based upon this graph, you can conclude that

There is a tradeoff between cell size and growth rate in Volvox

Examine two of the very few figures (Figure 1.10A and 1.10B) Watson and Crick published for their Nobel Prize. Identify the inaccuracy in one of these figures.

There should not be two phosphates on the bottom of panel B.

List the characteristics that distinguish chloroplasts and mitochondria from all other organelles.

These organelles have double outer membranes, they have their own genomes and the both can produce ATP. The only other organelle to have double membranes and a genome is the nucleus.

What do prokaryotes and eukaryotic nuclei have in common?

They are both surrounded by two membranes, with their genomes inside.

What is the relationship between the wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?

They are inversely related.

Which of the following is true of homologous structures? They are structures that are ideal for the function they serve in the organism. They no longer have a function in the modern organism that possesses them. They are used for the same function in different species. They are structurally similar due to inheritance from a common ancestor.

They are structurally similar due to inheritance from a common ancestor.

Stanley Prusiner won a Nobel Prize for his work with prions. What was so unusual about prions?

They are the only infectious substances that lack nucleic acids.

CHAPTER 12.2-14.1 - Stomata regulate gas exchange in plants. Which emergent property do they exhibit when "deciding" when to open or close?

They function collectively like cellular automata.

What role do phosphatases play in signal transduction pathways?

They inactivate protein kinases to turn off signal transduction.

What effect(s) has the proliferation of herbicide-resistant pigweed had on southern farmers? Select all that apply. They may have to pick their crops by hand. They can't plant cotton or soybeans anymore. Their large machinery is prone to damage from the pigweed plants. They have to hire laborers to cut and remove the weeds by hand.

They may have to pick their crops by hand. Their large machinery is prone to damage from the pigweed plants. They have to hire laborers to cut and remove the weeds by hand.

What mistake did the investigators make when they discovered E. fishelsoni shown in Figure 8.6?

They mistakenly thought this was a eukaryote rather than a bacterium.

What benefits do biofilms provide to prokaryotes that make them?

They provide physical shelter from hard environmental factors, facilitate dispersion when pieces are torn from the main body, alter the micro habitat to produce a more favorable environment

UV light can induce lambda phases to enter the lyric lifecycle

This is advantageous because UV light can damage it's host cell

UV light can induce lamba phage to enter the lytic lifecycle.

This is advantageous because UV light can damage its host cell.

Why is a percentage scale used for the x-axis rather than actual ages? For any graph, the x-axis and y-axis must use the same units. This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph. Researchers don't know the maximum life span of the organisms. The range of the actual ages would be too large to fit on the graph.

This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph.

What was the purpose of the famous Hershey and Chase experiment?

To disprove protein was the heritable material

Why do bobtail squid glow

To hide from prey and predators

Which is an example of bio film?

Tooth plague

compare "tree of life" and "ring of life"

Tree - first envisioned by Darwin and implies a single root with diverging branches Ring - acknowledges the fusion of archaea and bacteria cells to form the primitive eukaryote

A cell typically spends more time in interphase than it does undergoing mitosis.

True

A plant's stomata are more likely to open when a plant is actively photosynthesizing than when the plant is not. True False

True

A skin graft is more likely to be rejected when a rabbits mother and father had very different MHC I genes compared to parents with nearly identical MHC I genes

True

A true breeding yellow pea plant will always produce yellow offspring when mated with any other yellow pea plant

True

ATP inhibits cellular respiration through a negative feedback loop

True

ATP synthase converts potential energy from a pH gradient into potential energy in a covalent bond.

True

After prolonged exercise, muscles grow larger mostly because existing muscle cells produce more actin and myosin. True False

True

An action potential is generated when the membrane at the synapse is depolarized beyond its threshold.

True

An amino acid differs from a carbohydrate because amino acids contain nitrogen. True False

True

Animals, bacteria and plants have all been shown to have a trade-off between growing fast and reproducing early versus living longer and reproducing later.

True

Animals, bacteria and plants have all been shown to have a trade-off between growing fast and reproducing early versus living longer and reproducing later. True False

True

Bio films allow microbes to alter their habitat and exclude oxygen

True

Bioluminscent V. fisheri bacteria coordinate glowing by releasing a chemical into the environment that activates transcription of the luciferase gene once sufficient quantities diffuse into cells. True False

True

By the end of telophase a replicating somatic cell has two diploid nuclei. True False

True

Cells are small because diffusion is faster over smaller distances.

True

Chlorophyll transfers energy from sunlight to excited electrons.

True

Chlorophyll transfers energy from sunlight to excited electrons. True False

True

Cro protein regulates its own transcription through both positive and negative feedback loops

True

Cro protein regulates its own transcription through both positive and negative feedback loops. True False

True

Crossing over occurs at chiasmata during prophase I but not during prophase II True False

True

Crossing over occurs at chiasmata during prophase I but not during prophase II True False

True

Cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow during photosynthesis differ in that non-cyclic requires the splitting of water to continue whereas cyclic does not.

True

DNA polymerase makes an error when copying a locus for the actin protein in muscle, adding an A where the original strand would have had a T. This mutation is more likely to be deleterious than beneficial True False

True

During a redox reaction, one chemical is reduced when it receives an electron.

True

Figure 11.5 Comparison of pH in stroma and thylakoid space. A, Botanists measured the pH of a single chloroplast exposed to dark or light, as indicated. B, Repeated exposures of a chloroplast to light and dark cycles within minutes of each other. These data support that light generates a H+ ion gradient that is more than 100 fold different across the thylakoid membrane. True False

True

Figure 12.16 Electrical threshold to closure. Investigators measured the distance (d) between rims of lobes after sending electrical charges through the trap. In this graph, they applied 3 µC charges in into the plant every 7 seconds (circles on graph) until the plant accumulated a threshold charge. True/False This experiment shows that multiple small depolarizations can sum to cause the trap to close.

True

Figure 13.1 Solubility of gaseous O2 in water and hemoglobin solutions. The units of oxygen concentration in the air over the liquids are kilopascals (kPa), and 20 kPa equals about 150 mm of mercury (a different pressure scale). True/False The rapid decline in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin solution at oxygen concentrations below ~7kPa is important because it allows oxygen to easily escape hemoglobin molecules when body tissues are starved for oxygen. True False

True

Figure 13.2 Solubility of oxygen in three solutions containing hypothetical molecules. Each solution contains hypothetical molecules with low (purple), high (teal), or cooperative (black) affinity for oxygen. Oxygen concentration in your lung cells and muscles are shown as narrow ranges. True/False The low affinity molecule would deliver more oxygen to muscles than the high affinity molecule. True False

True

Figure 13.2 Solubility of oxygen in three solutions containing hypothetical molecules. Each solution contains hypothetical molecules with low (purple), high (teal), or cooperative (black) affinity for oxygen. Oxygen concentration in your lung cells and muscles are shown as narrow ranges. True/False The low affinity molecule would deliver more useable oxygen to muscles than the high affinity molecule. True False

True

Figure 9.17 Actin and myosin interactions provide contractile function. A sarcomere is the length of a contractile unit that spans from one actin anchor to the next. Squint your eyes to see the light and dark bands of the sarcomere in this image. After muscle contraction, the actin molecules in this diagram would have changed position while the myosin molecules would still be stationary. True False

True

Flies and mammals use Otto lotus proteins to regulate circadian rhythm

True

Flies and mammals use orthologous proteins to regulate circadian rhythm.

True

G3P has a greater free energy than PGA as illustrated by their relative positions in the carbon fixation cycle.

True

Hydrophilic hormones cannot cross lipid membranes so they influence cell function by binding to receptor proteins in those membranes True False

True

In a secondary immune response, many of the B cells produced by memory B cells have mutations that reduce their binding efficiency with the antigen. True False

True

Individual slime mold cells coordinate their activity through periodic waves of cAMP and refractory period when they do not respond

True

Individual slime mold cells coordinate their activity through periodic waves of cAMP and refractory periods when they do not respond.

True

Lipid composition can determine membrane shape and luminal diameter. True False

True

MHC IG protects fetal cells from their mother's immune response by suppressing T cell and natural killer cell activity.

True

MHC IG protects fetal cells from their mothers immune response by suppressing T cell and natural killer cell activity

True

Mammalian Circassian rhythm incorporates positive and negative feedback loops

True

Mammalian circadian rhythm incorporates positive and negative feedback loops True False

True

Most genes for lighter skin color originated in ancient human populations in Africa

True

Most genes for lighter skin color originated in ancient human populations in Africa True False

True

Natural selection and non-random mating are the only mechanisms causing evolution that are not random. True False

True

Once six 3-carbon sugars accumulate, chloroplasts harvest 1 and use the other 5 to produce 3 copies of ribulose bisphosphate again.

True

One conclusion from Griffith's experiment is that living bacteria can acquire DNA from their surrounding environment True False

True

Racial categories are based on subjective assessments and not biological traits.

True

Racial categories are based on subjective assessments and not biological traits. True False

True

Sister chromatids are genetically identical at the beginning of Meiosis I True False

True

Some viruses have genomes as large as some living prokaryotic cells. True False

True

Some viruses have genomes as large as some living prokaryotic cells. T/f

True

Stanley Miller used thin layer chromatography to identify unknown compounds in his primitive earth apparatus by matching their positions to known organic molecules. True False

True

T/F the rapid decline in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin solution at oxygen concentrations below 7kPa is important because it allows oxygen to easily escape hemoglobin molecules when the body tissues are starved for oxygen

True

The fat regulatory protein leptin protein is produced only in fat cells.

True

The genes involved in the energy harvesting function of mitochondria show that they likely arose from an Archaean ancestor. True False

True

The molecules at the end of this chemical reaction (all of them together) contain less potential energy compared to the starting glucose molecule because some energy is lost to entropy. True False

True

The secondary structure of a protein is determined by its amino acid composition True False

True

There is a division of labor in Volvox colonies where large reproductive cells grow faster in the presence of large numbers of colony cells.

True

This BLAST search shows that these two sequences are identical True False

True

This figure shows that smaller algae cells grow faster than larger cells.

True

This figure shows that smaller algae cells grow faster than larger cells. True False

True

This graph shows that cancer cell often contain extra copies of some, but not all, of the chromosomes found in a wildtype cell. True False

True

True or False- All non-gamete cells in the human body contain all the DNA required to code for the entire body. True False

True

True or False- Plants can produce an action potential

True

True or False: A synapse is the smallest unit of memory formation.

True

True or False: ATP inhibits cellular respiration through a negative feedback loop.

True

True or False: After muscle contraction, the actin molecules in this diagram would have changed position while the myosin molecules would still be stationary.

True

True or False: After prolonged exercise, muscles grow larger in part because existing muscle cells produce more actin and myosin.

True

True or False: An action potential is generated when the membrane at the synapse is depolarized beyond its threshold.

True

True or False: In a positive feedback loop during the formation of long-term memory, protein kinase A (PKA) activation leads to the production of a protease that destroys the regulatory proteins of PKA .

True

True or false - water is consumed during photosynthesis because H ions are split off the molecule to replenish electrons in the P680 (photosystem II).

True

True/False Biofilms allow microbes to alter their habitat and exclude oxygen.

True

True/False Biofilms allow microbes to alter their habitat and exclude oxygen. True False

True

True/False Oxygen binding flattens hemoglobin's shape, increasing its affinity for additional oxygen molecules.

True

True/False The three-dimensional shape of a functional enzyme results in large part from its primary amino acid sequence. This is an emergent property.

True

True/False The three-dimensional shape of a functional enzyme results in large part from its primary amino acid sequence. This is an emergent property. True False

True

Viruses can have double-stranded RNA genomes.

True

Viruses can maintain internal environments that differ from their external environments.

True

You can predict that plant stomata may stay closed for longer periods of the day as atmospheric CO2 levels continue to increase. True False

True

DNA and RNA are distinguished by the absence and presence (respectively) of an OH group on the 2' carbon. True False

True (TEST)

During a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one chemical to another and covalent bonds are formed. True False

True (TEST)

Mutation is the only mechanism of evolution that can create novel variation in a gene - natural selection, migration and genetic drift can only change the frequencies of existing variation. True False

True (TEST)

True

True/False Biofilms allow microbes to alter their habitat and exclude oxygen

The following options are all reproductive barriers. Which one is an example of a prezygotic barrier in which the two different species do mate? Two dragonfly species regularly mate, but their gametes are incompatible. One bird species lives in wetlands, the other in dry forests; hence, they do not encounter each other. Two crayfish species cannot interbreed because their genitalia do not engage properly with each other. Hybrid mules produced by mating donkeys and horses are sterile.

Two dragonfly species regularly mate, but their gametes are incompatible.

antenna complex and reaction center

Two major elements of a photosystem Where photons are converted into biochemical energy

Which of the following is an example of interspecific competition? Two species of cattail in the same genus live at the margins of a lake but at different water depths. If the one that prefers shallow water is removed, the deep-water species occupies deep and shallow water. Feeding on the nectar of many flowers, honeybees help the plants reproduce by transferring pollen. Emerging from a lake in Wisconsin, Lucy suddenly realized a large leech was stuck to her leg. Off the western coast of Alaska, sea urchins have eaten so much kelp that they have nearly destroyed the kelp forests.

Two species of cattail in the same genus live at the margins of a lake but at different water depths. If the one that prefers shallow water is removed, the deep-water species occupies deep and shallow water.

c. This is advantageous because UV light can damage its host cell.

UV light can induce lamba phage to enter the lytic lifecycle. a. This helps the phage to avoid damage to its own DNA. b. None of these answers are correct. c. This is advantageous because UV light can damage its host cell. d. This protects the virus DNA by inserting it into the host's genome.

Describe the evidence for the evolution of multicellularity among Volvox species.

Unicellular algae evolved first (Figure 6.19), but when colonies evolved, the cells could get bigger (Figure 6.20) and the colonies grew faster than unicellular species of the same volume (Figure 6.21). Once colonies got bigger, cell specialization would have appeared through random mutation and this too was adaptive (Figure 6.22) and persisted in subsequent species that evolved (Figure 6.23). This scenario is consistent with the data for multicellular plants, and might be similar for animals but we don't have the supporting data for animals.

CHAPTER 4 - What is the scientific definition for theory?

Validated Understanding

*** Figure 12.15 Measuring Venus flytrap activity. Action potentials (top) and closure (bottom) of a trap in response to two trigger hairs being stimulated. Closure of the trap and action potential depolarization causes the graph to move upward. The lines on the y-axis are 5 millivolt intervals. What conclusion do these data support? Venus fly traps require two depolarizations, 0.4 seconds apart, to trigger closing. Venus fly traps require two depolarizations, two seconds apart, to trigger closing. Fly trap contraction results in depolarization roughly 50% of the time. Depolarization is only loosely associated with trap closing.

Venus fly traps require two depolarizations, two seconds apart, to trigger closing

Figure 12.15 Measuring Venus flytrap activity. Action potentials (top) and closure (bottom) of a trap in response to two trigger hairs being stimulated. Closure of the trap and action potential depolarization causes the graph to move upward. The lines on the y-axis are 5 millivolt intervals. What conclusion do these data support?

Venus fly traps require two depolarizations, two seconds apart, to trigger closing.

*** figure 9.11 Electron micrograph of a node of Ranvier shown in long section within the myelin. Figure 9.11 shows a magnified portion of a myelinated axon. Which of the following statements is correct?

Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels are clustered at the nodes of Ranvier.

the data between diploid and tetraploid

What evidence of aneuploidy is present in cancer cell line AB98 shown in Figure 5.5A?

without thymidine, cells continue to grow in value. When thymidine is present the cells grow then half in volume indicating that bacterial reproduction requires a nucleotide.

What happened to cells lacking the added thymidine? Did they reproduce or only grow in size? Integrate the data from both parts of the figure.

- primers must contain OH - DNAP incorporates primers into growing DNA chains

What insights were gained into how DNA polymerase (DNAP) works based on the experimental results in Figure 5.1?

Chromosomes 4 &12 (and others) Chromosome 7 on 10&16 (chromosome have to go to a smaller #)

What is an example of two puffer fish chromosomes that share a large number of paralogs? Identify a puffer fish chromosome that has many of its paralogs distributed on two or more chromosomes.

Secondary response is faster, kicks in when primary response peaks (acts much faster)

What is the difference between a primary and secondary response as shown in figure 5.9? Does the concentration of the secondary response ever go below the primary response?

environment affects DNA replication (25 vs. 30 - higher temp --> faster rxn --> more products) (37 --> body temp, optimal temp, parallel = same growth rate, genetics isn't affecting growth rate)

What is this image trying to show you?

Explain why the consequence of adding Mentos to Diet Coke is an emergent property?

When studied by alone, neither Coke nor Mentos indicate what will happen when they are mixed.

What does the bacterium V. Fischeri produce light as revealed from the data

When the luciferase gene is transcribed

***Figure 14.3 Time course of growth and luminescence of V. fischeri cells. Note that the y-axis scale is a percentage of the maximum value obtained for each of the three measured parameters. When does the bacterium V. fischeri produces light as revealed in the data from Figure 14.3?

When the luciferase gene is transcribed.

Figure 14.3 Time course of growth and luminescence of V. fischeri cells. Note that the y-axis scale is a percentage of the maximum value obtained for each of the three measured parameters. When does the bacterium V. fischeri produces light as revealed in the data from Figure 14.3?

When the luciferase gene is transcribed.

- GpU and GpA able to polymerize longest strands - GpG is only able to polymerize short strands

Which dinucleotide appears to be incorporated best into the growing pC5 RNA strand? Do any of the dinucleotides appear to block RNA polymerization or shorted in pC5 primer? Use data from this figure.

MHC IG

Which of the following does NOT play a major role in recognizing when a cell is infected with a virus? MHC I MHC IG peptide fragments T cell receptor

T cells

Which of the following is most important in recognizing self from non-self tissue? B cells antibodies T cells natural killer (NK) cells

c. both of these are important

Which of the following plays a major role in recognizing when a cell is infected with a virus? a. MHC I b. T cell receptor c. both of these are important

a) tooth plaque

Which of these is an example of a biofilm? a) tooth plaque b) individual bacteria infected by individual bacteriophage c) slime molds d) none of the above

c. the refractory period of Na+ channels

Which of these properties of a neuron make the action potential only move in one direction? a. Na+ channels are voltage-gated b. Na+K+ ATPase moves Na+out and K+ into cells c. the refractory period of Na+ channels d. Na+K+ ATPase moves Na+ in and K+ out from cells

b. long-term memory

Which of these requires protein synthesis? a. muscle contraction b. long-term memory c. memory recall d. short-term memory

Antibodies are part of your adaptive immune system. Which statement is NOT true about antibody-mediated immunity?

While the amount of antibodies produced remain the same during secondary responses their affinity for the antigen is much greater

a) to hide from prey and predators

Why do bobtail squid glow? a) to hide from prey and predators b) to attract mates c) to get nutrition from Vibrio bacteria d) to scare off predators

b. occur sporadically, without control from motor neurons

Without t-tubules, muscle contraction would probably a. generate less force as actin and myosin closest to the interior of the muscle cell contract after those closest to the cell membrane b. occur sporadically, without control from motor neurons c. not happen at all

Is a mutation in only 1 nucleotide (out of thousands) enough to cause large-scale changes in an organism?

Yes

Is it possible to know the probability that a fertilization event will occur between 2 heterozygotes?

Yes

Given how important DNA compaction is, do you think histone proteins would be highly conserved in many eukaryotes? Look at IQ #10 Figure above(Alignment of twelve histone 4 protein sequences. Colored columns highlight some conserved amino acids, and dashes indicate gaps that maximize alignments.), and determine which domain of life is missing from this tree. How does the missing domain relate to what you learned in Section 6.1 about the origin of the nucleus?

Yes, since every species would need to compact its DNA inside the nucleus. Archaea and eukaryotes are represented but bacteria are absent. This makes sense considering the Achaea connection to processes in the nucleus.

c. the increase in DNA mass in the experimental group (left leg) is small relative to the increase in total dry mass

You can conclude from these data that exercise increases muscle mass because a. only total dry mass is increased by removal of the gastrocnemius b. neither of these conclusions is valid c. the increase in DNA mass in the experimental group (left leg) is small relative to the increase in total dry mass

which of these statements is(are) true about slime molds? At different parts of their life cycle, they can act either as individual cells or multicellular organisms. b) They are like plants in that they do not move. c) They are difficult to classify among the domains of life d) A and C

a and c

Which of the following is most clearly a case of density-dependent population regulation? a dangerous new flu strain transmitted among humans by sneezing the occurrence of rainstorms for an opportunistic desert annual the first hard frost of fall for a population of annual morning glory vines the drought-induced drying of savanna grass for an insect that feeds on grass sap

a dangerous new flu strain transmitted among humans by sneezing

myein sheath

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

Natural selection is best described as _____. a creative force that efficiently develops the best and simplest solutions for all problems in nature a forward-looking process that anticipates future problems and designs the necessary tools to solve them through mutation a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations a completely random and unpredictable process of change, or evolution

a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations

Which of the following populations probably exhibits exponential growth? a population of deer in an area with few palatable food plants a redwood tree population in a forest a fruit fly population that recently arrived on a lush mid-oceanic island previously inhabited only by plants a protozoan population grown in a sealed glass culture flask

a fruit fly population that recently arrived on a lush mid-oceanic island previously inhabited only by plants

Which person has the highest evolutionary fitness? a man who can run a marathon in less than 3 hours a woman who lives for 105 years and has no children a man who lives to be 68 and has 7 children and 15 grandchildren a woman who lives to be 78, has 10 children, but no grandchildren

a man who lives to be 68 and has 7 children and 15 grandchildren

action potentional

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon summation of many voltage-gated sodium channels followed by many voltage-gated potassium channels and up to 10,000 times more Na+/K+ pumps.

lutein

a plant pigment of yellow, gives fall colors

Microevolution, or evolution at its smallest scale, occurs when a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations. a community of organisms changes due to the extinction of several dominant species. an individual's traits change in response to environmental factors. a new species arises from an existing species.

a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations.

cross linking

a possible cause of aging in which proteins within a cell bind together, toughening body tissues and eventually leading to the breakdown of various bodily processes proteins form inappropriate covalent bonds with DNA

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

CREB-1

a protein that activates genes that might be responsible for structural changes associated with long-term memory -once split, becomes transcription factor for several proteins split from CREB-2 by MAPK and PKA Two proteins: 1) protease: pka from protease in cytoplasm activated PKA is part of a positive feedback loop that enhances its own activation as long as sufficient serotonin stays bound to its receptor 2) exocytosis proteins that bind to synapses exocytosis-related proteins produced before inhibition of CREB-1 will be deposited on the plasma membrane

Blue eye color is recessive to brown. Two heterozygous brown-eyed parents have two children. What is the probability that both children have blue eyes? a. 1/16 b. 1/32 c. 9/32 d. 9/16

a. 1/16

Second set rejection

accelerated rejection of an allograft due to previous exposure to some of the antigens on the graft caused by T cells

Aanat and adenyl cyclase

accumulates late in the day, max in evening Aanat: forms melatonin in rod cells at night from flood of calcium Adenylyl cyclase: retinal rod cells Adenylyl cyclase activated by alloster Ca2+ (in the dark) in rod cells: ATP -> cAMP and 2 phosphates(waste)

Given the clinical differences between the races in Figure 6.27, (verage warfarin dose requirements to achieve clinical benefits, separated by race of patients) does it appear that race is correlated with the dosage of warfarin, or that race is the cause of the best dosage of warfarin? Support your answer by defining correlation and causation in your own words.

ace correlates with proper dosage, but correlation is not causation. Two things can vary together despite the two events not being related. For example, leaves turn colors the month of my birth (October), but my birth did not cause the leaves to change color.

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly -response of one dose of serotonin -the consequence of minimal stimulatory input -does not require any new protein 1. Serotonin binds to the receptor 2. changes shape: activities g-protein 3. g protein activates cAMP to allosterically mod. pka 4. cAMP activates PKA to covalently modulate calcium channels 5. calcium channels are phosphorylated by PKA synapse modified by Ca and PKA Ca is required for secretion of neurotransmitters Loss of short-term = loss of covalent modulation

Protein kinase is an enzyme that functions in which of the following ways?

activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them

Kinases...

add phosphates on to proteins from ATP

What evidence did Krebs use to deduce the cyclic nature of the citric acid cycle?

added acid #8 and acids #1 and #4 accumulated.

Which of the following is a common example of covalent modulation of a protein?

addition of a phosphate group

Which of the following is a common example of covalent modulation of a protein? addition of a phosphate group antibody binding to its antigen none of the above changing the buffer pH

addition to a phosphate group

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____. prereproductive oysters adults juveniles larvae larval and juvenile oysters

adults

Which of the following statements is correct? MHC I molecules 'present' virus particles outside the cell. All of these are correct MHC I molecules 'present' peptide from self proteins outside the cell. T-cells interact with MHC I molecules.

all

According to these experimental results, ________ .

all 3 subunits function in the production of cAMP/

What benefits do biofilms provide to the prokaryotes that make them? They facilitate dispersion when pieces are torn from the main body. They provide physical shelter from hard environmental factors. They alter the microhabitat to produce a more favorable environment. All of these answers are correct.

all answers

The increase in concentration of CO2 in our atmosphere over the last century is... higher than it has been for millions of years generated by human activity responsible for global warming all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a population? all the plants that live near each other in a forest all the coyotes on Earth all of the redwood trees that live in a forest a spider and the fly it is about to eat

all of the redwood trees that live in a forest

What functional similarities are present in Venus flytrap leaves and animal neurons? voltage-gated K+ channels in the plasma membrane all of these answers are correct rapid depolarization in response to environmental signal threshold potential with all or none response

all of these answers are correct

The cI protein helps to keep lambda phages in a lysogenic cycle. The switch to a lytic cycle can be triggered in part when host cells are damaged by UV light a host cell is in a nutrient-rich environment host cell proteases digest cI proteins all of these are correct

all of these are correct

Plant stomata are more likely to open when all of these conditions promote stomata opening humidity is high CO2 levels are are low they are exposed to sunlight

all of these conditions promote stomata opening

Which of these factors does NOT affect the human circadian rhythm? temperature time of day all light

all of these factors are important

All known organisms use genetic information to produce protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that __________. there's only one possible way to encode information in a macromolecule all organisms are descended from one or a few common ancestors the genetic code readily evolves by natural selection the earliest macromolecules probably arose when lightning struck an oxygen-free atmosphere

all organisms are descended from one or a few common ancestors

Recent research has focused on the microbiota. What is the microbiota?

all the microbes living on or in humans

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. In 2004, scientists announced the discovery of the fossil remains of some extremely short early humans on the Indonesian island of Flores. The new species has been named Homo floresiensis. One hypothesis is that H. floresiensis evolved from Homo erectus, another early human species. How did a population of H. erectus become isolated on this remote island? Early humans constructed boats and rafts, so perhaps they were blown far off course by strong winds during a storm. H. erectus averaged almost 6 feet in height, but the remains show that adults of H. floresiensis were only about 3 feet tall. It is hypothesized that limited resources on this hot and humid island (only 31 square miles) exerted selection pressure, and succeeding generations began to shrink in size. Small bodies require less food, use less energy, and are easier to cool than larger bodies. Evolution of small size in similar circumstances has been observed in many other species, but never before in humans. This find demonstrates that evolutionary forces operate on humans in the same way as on all other organisms. The evolution of H. floresiensis is an example of sympatric speciation. hybridization. adaptive radiation. allopatric speciation.

allopatric speciation

Miller was the first to show that the earliest forms of life had an RNA genome. the earliest forms of life were photosynthetic. eukaryotic life evolved from early prokaryotes. amino acids and other organic molecules could have formed under conditions thought to resemble those of early Earth.

amino acids and other organic molecules could have formed under conditions thought to resemble those of early Earth.

Of all of the chordate groups, why are there only two amniote groups (reptilia and mammalia)? Amniotes are the only chordate group that has successfully survived the transition to land. The vertebral columns of the other vertebrates were not strong enough to survive the transition to land. The other craniate groups had brains that were not developed enough to allow the organisms to develop tool-building survival skills. The other jawed vertebrates were not able to obtain enough food to survive the transition to land.

amniotes are the only chordate group that has successfully survived the transition to land

The tuatara is a lizard-like reptile found only in New Zealand today, the last surviving lineage of a large group of reptiles that were contemporaries of the dinosaurs. Which of the following traits would you expect the tuatara to possess? endothermy feathers absence of teeth amniotic egg and scaly skin

amniotic egg and scaly skin

Tiktaalik is an example of a transitional form linking __________ to ancestral __________. amphibians; fish birds; reptiles fish; reptiles aquatic mammals; land mammals

amphibians; fish

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because they ________.

amplify the original signal many times

The body shapes of porpoises and sharks are similar in appearance. Yet recent ancestors to the porpoise were four-limbed terrestrial mammals. Therefore, the streamlined shapes of these two animals are an example of _____. analogy (similarity due to convergent evolution) exaptation homology neutral variation

analogy

What types of mutations have occurred in the two cancer cell lines compared to the wildtype? aneuploidy horizontal gene transfer multiple inversions indel mutations

aneuploidy

What types of mutations have occurred in the two cancer cell lines compared to the wildtype?

aneuploidy (Cell ploidy chart 3 horizontal lines)

Give an example of an evolutionary missing link at the animal level and one at the cellular level.

animal - animal making the move from water to land cellular - a fused archaea and bacterium

Figure 15.15

anti-MHC IG antibody masked the protective MHC IG proteins and allowed the NK cells to attack the non-self cells

HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____. any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time AIDS should gradually become less variable with a lower mutation rate humans will develop weaker immune systems as an evolutionary response to natural selection individual humans will evolve to become immune to AIDS as long as they are exposed to it as young children

any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time

The frequency of a particular lethal recessive allele in a population is 0.02. Given this information, calculate the percentage of individuals who are carriers of the lethal recessive allele. approximately 2% approximately 4% 10% approximately 0.04%

approximately 4%

Adult human muscle cells...

are large with multiple nuclei

adult human muscle cells...

are large with multiple nuclei

According to this figure of the dry weight of genetically identical bacterial cells harvested at various times under different conditions, growth rate is

at least partially influenced by the environment.

The activity of rubisco is dependent on pH and Mg++ concentration. Which of the following describes this relationship? Rubisco activity of 50 nmol min-1 mg -1 occurs

at pH 8 and 20 mM Mg++

the fact that the venus fly trap closing is affected by the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere is due to....

atp production in the mitochondria, which require oxygen

Table 14.1 Experiment results testing for the presence of chemical quorum sensing signal from two strains of V. fischeri. nt, not tested. What new insight is provided from the data in Table 14.1?

autoinducer 1 is structurally different from autoinducer 2

Table 14.1 Experiment results testing for the presence of chemical quorum sensing signal from two strains of V. fischeri. nt, not tested. What new insight is provided from the data in Table 14.1? strain 1 and strain 2 are really different species, not different strains autoinducer 1 is structurally different from autoinducer 2 strain 1 autoinducer works better than strain 2 autoinducer all of these answers are correct

autoinducer 1 is structurally different from autoinducer 2

Bacteria can sense the presence of other bacteria using an ______________ in a phenomenon called _________________.

autoinducer, quorum sensing

Which of the following statements is most true ? a) Eukaryotes are most closely related to bacteria. b) Eukaryotes include DNA that is most closely related to both Archaens and Eubacteria.

b) both

absorbs blue

b-carotene, chlorophyll b, lutein

If a parent has the genotype YySs, how many types of genetically different gametes can that parent make (assuming no mutation or crossing over)? a. 2 b. 4 c. 16 d. 8

b. 4

Which is the correct order for mitosis? a. prophase > anaphase > metaphase > telophase b. prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase c. prophase > anaphase > metaphase > telophase d. anaphase > prophase > metaphase > telophase

b. prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase

The Galapagos Islands were the first place on Earth to _____. be declared off-limits to all humans be declared a world heritage site be invaded by human-introduced species suffer the complete extinction of all native species

be declared a world heritage site

Tourism on the Galapagos Islands is being restricted by requiring tourists to _____. view the islands only from the water stay at least 100 feet away from all animals on the islands be escorted by trained guides at all times visit each island in groups of only ten individuals at a time

be escorted by trained guides at all times

high affinity

bind to oxygen in the lungs

When a horse and a donkey mate, they produce infertile hybrids called mules. According to the _____ species concept, horses and donkeys are _____. ecological ... different species biological ... the same species biological ... different species ecological ... the same species

biological.. different

Which of the following plays a major role in recognizing when a cell is infected with a virus? both of these are important T cell receptor MHC I

both of these are important

Figure 15.25

box plot revealed that leptin levels are not the same all day long which indicates more emergent properties probably exist in leptin gene regulation.

One cell undergoing MEIOSIS starts off as diploid and produces ___ cells that are ______. a. 2, haploid b. 4, diploid c. 4, haploid d. 2, diploid

c. 4, haploid

When quantifying the amount of DNA in a band, Meselson and Stahl did which of the following?

calculated the area under the curve of the DNA intensity plots

Kinase activity

can either activate or inhibit reactions.

Most plants have a variety of chemicals, spines, and thorns because the plants are camouflaged into their surroundings. feed on the organisms that try to eat them. must rely on photosynthesis for food. cannot run away from herbivores.

cannot run away from herbivores.

Glucose is a... nucleic acid carbohydrate protein lipid

carbohydrate

Why type of molecule is the first to be formed by plants during carbon fixation as shown in Figure 11.13?

carbohydrates

Homeostasis of carbon fixation is visible in which of the following aspects of photosynthesis?

carbon fixation is maximum when light is absorbed by the chloroplast

When you eat bread, the carbon in the wheat that is in the bread came from where?

carbon in the air

Which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy?

casein

Exocytosis

causes cells to secrete molecules to the extracellular environment because the vesicle membrane fuses with the plasma membrane. During exocytosis, the secretory vesicles release their contents to the outside of the cell. At the termini of axons, neurons accumulate secretory vesicles that contain neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers that started the electrical signal you have been studying

cell structure defines

cell function

What is 'mosaic' about the fluid mosaic membrane?

cell membranes contain a mosaic of macromolecules

What is 'mosaic' about the fluid mosaic membrane?

cell membranes contain a mosaic of macromolecules (lipids, protein, etc.)

telomeres shorten

cells less able to divide and regenerate

Dictyostelium

cellular slime mold cellulose for rigid stem do not move continuously, but in waves refractory period that prevents them from chasing the cAMP wave that's behind them

On of the main rules seen in biology is "change in structure- ____________"

change in function

Sunlight excites ____________ molecules to cause electron transport in chloroplasts.

chlorophyll

Sunlight excites ____________ molecules to cause electron transport in chloroplasts. cytochrome NADPH chlorophyll oxygen

chlorophyll

absorbs red

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b red has long wavelengths but carries less energy

since Darwin, systematics has tried to keep classification and naming as a practical science, separate from controversies involving evolution. organize species into groups based on logical categories. prove the existence of evolution using laboratory experiments. classify species in groups that reflect evolutionary relationships.

classify species in groups that reflect evolutionary relationships.

In wild populations, individuals most often are found near available resources and show a _____ pattern of dispersion. density-dependent random uniform clumped

clumped

The pattern of distribution for a certain species of kelp is clumped. The pattern of distribution for a population of snails that live on the kelp would be random. uniform. clumped. homogeneous.

clumped

A series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptations in two species is called _____. coevolution interspecific competition community diversity predation

coevolution

V. fisheri

coevolved with hawiian squid grow inside its light organ so that the cells can reach the quorum density and induce bioluminescence -use communication for species recognition, determination of population density, and cooperation.

Which of these events occurred during the Paleozoic? origin of Earth colonization of land by plants origin of eukaryotes origin of multicellularity first humans

colonization of land by plants

The secondary immune response...

comes from memory B cells, and is typically faster and stronger than the primary response.

An owl and a hawk both eat mice. Which of the following describes the relationship between a hawk and an owl? competition mutualism predation parasitism

competition

Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark? mutualism competition predation parasitism

competition

Robin Hill

confirmed van Niel's proposal that energy from the light reactions fuels carbon fixation determined the green colored chloroplasts were sub cellular organelles that used sunlight to produce oxygen Hill found that the amount of oxygen produced is proportional to the amount of light striking the purified chloroplasts. He also confirmed that chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis.

choroid plexus

contains highest concentration of leptin receptor protein

The process through which species not closely related may come to resemble one another if they live in a similar environment is known as paedomorphosis. convergent evolution. coevolution. homology.

convergent evolution

_____ evolution leads to _____ structures. Divergent; homologous Convergent; homologous Convergent; analogous Gradual; analogous

convergent.. analogous

In natural selection, _____ determine which phenotypes are successful. future (anticipated) environmental conditions current conditions in the local environment catastrophes that reduce the population to a very small number of survivors chance events

current conditions in the local environment

Kaic protein

cyanobacterial circadian clock 3proteins (kai a,b,c) phosphorylates at dusk, loses phosphates by dawn The KaiC protein is similar in sequence, structure, and function to which of the following eukaryotic clock proteins

Which of the following shows the correct order of events in a growing population of eukaryotic cells?

cytokinesis, G1, S, G2, mitosis

Which of these is NOT evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living organisms? a) They have their own DNA. b) They have multiple membranes. c) They can reproduce independent of the cell they are in. d) All of the above

d) All of the above

You have an original piece of DNA, and both strands of the DNA are made of radioactive nucleotides. It has 1000 units of radioactivity per 1 gram of DNA. Now that DNA undergoes replication to make 2 strands of DNA (1 double-stranded piece becomes 2 double stranded pieces). All the nucleotides that you use to make the new DNA are not radioactive. When you weigh the 2 grams of DNA after replication, how much radioactivity do you get? a. 0 units/g b. 500 units/g c. 2000 units/g d. 1000 units/g

d. 1000 units/g

This diagram shows the signal transduction pathway that can alter lifespan in worms and other species. Use this diagram to determine which of these statements is true.

daf-16 protein is functional when PI3 is not active. (The figure was missing for this question so I gave credit for every answer. See fig 15.34 in the text.)

due to speed of electrical signal

diffusion does not constrain the length of neurons

The primary reason cells are small, even in large organisms, is...?

diffusion of cell components would be too slow in a large cell.

disruptive selection stabilizing selection genetic drift directional selection

directional selection

opposums Figure 15.4

disposable soma true -short-lived individuals would produce more offspring sooner because these mainland opossums allocated less energy to longevity than island opossum -Island opossums allocated more energy to long-term survival because the reduced island predation means they enjoy the possibility of living four years instead of only two

When someone says that a scientist "proved a hypothesis", they really should have stated that the scientist proved the hypothesis within statistical chance is no more likely to be correct about the hypothesis than any typical citizen disproved all reasonable alternative hypotheses discovered a theory

disproved all reasonable alternative hypotheses

A large population of mice is isolated on an island. There are two varieties of the mice, brown and gray. Their fur colors closely match the gray rock outcrops and brown soils of the island. Hawks are their main predators. This situation most likely reflects the outcome of __________. stabilizing natural selection disruptive natural selection directional natural selection genetic drift

disruptive

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat,which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails? Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection Directional selection

disruptive

A rabbit population consists of animals that are either very dark on top or very light on top. The color pattern is not related to sex. No rabbit shows intermediate coloration (medium darkness). This pattern might result from sexual selection. directional selection. disruptive selection. stabilizing selection.

disruptive selection.

What evolutionary adaptation lead to the origin of multicellularity as seen in algae?

division of labor

photographic memories

dominant alleles of PKA, MAPK, CREB-1 or the protease, and perhaps two recessive alleles of CREB-2, the phosphatases, or the enzyme that destroys cAMP

Which of the following DNA alterations would produce parallel lines in a dot plot with a sliding window of 9?

duplication of more than 9 bases

The frequency of blue eyes is less now than it was one century ago. what can you conclude? Either genetic drift or natural selection could explain the change It could be due to genetic drift This is not an evolutionary change The change could be caused by natural selection

either genetic drift or natural selection could explain the change

Imagine a Bird of Paradise jumping around and actively cleaning its"dance" area. The energy that is used to do all of this work is stored in the cell as

electrons in covalent bonds

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans? elephants cats oysters robins grasses

elephants

cooperative binding

emergent property caused by allosteric interactions initiated by one heme group each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each successive oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits -allosteric -o2 binds to concave side of heme, heme flattens

circadian rhythm

emergent property of ATP, KaiA, and KaiB

accessory pigments

energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll carotenoids and xanthophyll

The development that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the _____. evolution of the amniotic egg formation of the placenta origin of a jelly that maintains the moisture of egg strings and egg masses burial of eggs underground

evolution of the amniotic sac

The flight of a bee and the flight of a hummingbird are similar in many ways, such as in speed of wing movement, ability to hover, and ability to back up. Also, both hummingbirds and bees eat nectar, a diet shared by few other birds. In these respects, hummingbirds are more similar to bees than they are to other birds, such as robins and ducks. Yet no one would classify hummingbirds with bees because their similar flight capabilities and diet __________. evolved independently in hummingbirds and bees are homologous rather than analogous do not change the fact that hummingbirds and bees are genetically isolated from one another are ancestral in bees but derived in hummingbirds

evolved independently in hummingbirds and bees

According to the Scientific American article, "the Naked Truth", which is NOT an adaptation by mammals that helps to prevent overheating? naked skin panting being nocturnal longer leaner limbs to increase surface area excessive urination

excessive urination

Experiments and observations indicate that natural selection acts _____. slowly to create new species when the environment changes quickly and decisively, permanently optimizing the organism's traits to the local environment extremely slowly, requiring thousands of years to have an appreciable effect on an organism's phenotype fairly quickly in some circumstances (within a few generations), and often temporarily in response to changes in the immediate environment

fairly quickly in some circumstances (within a few generations), and often temporarily in response to changes in the immediate environment

*** Figure12.16 true/false this experiment shows that venus flytraps require less than 12 uc to trigger closing

false

****GLUCOSE PATHWAY the molecules at the end of this chemical reaction (all of them together) contain the same potential energy as the starting glucose molecule due to the first law of thermodynamics. t/f

false

An action potential is generated when neurostransmitters bind to ligand-gated potassium channels at the synapse. t/f

false

Cell size increases with body size across most multi-cellular eukaryotes. T/F

false

Cells are small mostly because cell membranes are too fluid to support larger masses. t/f

false

Mothers prevent rejection of their fetuses by reducing the activity of their own immune system.

false

NADH is oxidized to produce NAD+ in the electron transport chain. t/f

false

Racial categories are clearly defined by a combination of phenotypes and genotypes.

false

Viruses are not considered to be living organisms because they lack membranes. t/f

false

We breathe oxygen because O2 is consumed as a part of citric acid cycle in the mitochondria. t/f

false

all bacteria are smaller than eukaryotes

false

bigger cells have bigger genomes. t/f

false

high concentration of citric acid promotes cellular respiration through a positive feedback loop. t/f

false

memory formation is independent at each synapse within a neuron.

false

plants do not require oxygen to make atp because oxygen is produced as a by-procedure during photosynthesis

false

research on lizards is unlikely to every produce a practical application that will benefit humans. t/f

false

Which term means deliberate manipulation of data to generate a desired outcome?

falsification

Which of these events occurred most recently in the history of Earth? formation of oxygen first humans evolution of land plants, fungi, and land animals origin of eukaryotes origin of multicellularity

first humans

Which of the following options lists major events in the history of life on Earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent? first eukaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi, first prokaryotes first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi, first eukaryotes first prokaryotes, first eukaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, first eukaryotes, colonization of land by plants and fungi

first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, first eukaryotes, colonization of land by plants and fungi

Which of the options places major events in the history of life on Earth in the proper chronological order from earliest to most recent? first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; first multicellular eukaryotes; first multicellular life on land photosynthesis; first prokaryotes; first multicellular life on land; first multicellular eukaryotes photosynthesis; first multicellular eukaryotes; first multicellular life on land; first prokaryotes first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; first multicellular life on land; first multicellular eukaryotes

first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; first multicellular eukaryotes; first multicellular life on land

What was the significance of the discovery by the Olins couple? (electron micrograph of chromatin's "pearls on a string")

first to discover DNA wrapped around proteins, first evidence of DNA compaction

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to lead to allopatric speciation? mountain lions in the canyons of Colorado and in the canyons of neighboring parts of Utah fish living in two different spring pools separated by a large expanse of desert whales of the same species on opposite sides of the Atlantic ocean fleas in a doghouse and fleas in a veterinarian's office

fish living in two different spring pools separated by a large expanse of desert

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. flipper blowhole tail baleen rib cage

flipper

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Which of the following study methods is LEAST likely to lead to understanding core concepts and retaining the information longer.

focusing on many aspects, especially the details

Which of the following is thought to have been the first step in the origin of life? formation of organic monomers such as amino acids replication of primitive genes formation of lipid membrane-bound spheres formation of proteins

formation of organic monomers such as amino acids

Which of these events occurred earliest in the history of Earth? formation of oxygen first humans evolution of land plants, fungi, and land animals origin of eukaryotes origin of multicellularity

formation of oxygen

The existence of nest-building in crocodiles and birds led to a prediction that this behavior was also present in ________. fossil dinosaurs invertebrates Komodo dragons fossil lizards

fossil dinosaurs

Benzer experiment

fruit flies behavioral traits had genetic components alleles and their encoded proteins were responsible for circadian behaviors in flies and humans If a species never had circadian rhythm, you would predict no change in the number of cell divisions during alternating light and dark periods.

slime molds

fungus-like protists eat bacteria when food is low: aggregate into multicellular organism, then differentiates into different tissues and grows upward like plants

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the reptile clade? gas exchange through moist skin over majority of body possesses an amniotic egg tetrapod less dependent upon water than amphibians

gas exchange through moist skin over a majority of body

The Illinois populations of the Greater Prairie Chicken benefited when managers brought in prairie chickens from other populations. This restored genetic variation to the Illinois populations through the process of __________. gene flow mutation a bottleneck effect a founder effect

gene flow

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by a migratory animal mating with a new population?

gene flow

without t-tubules, muscle contraction would probably not happen at all generate less force as actin and myosin closest to the interior of the muscle cell contract after those closest to the cell membrane occur sporadically, without control from motor neurons

generate less force as actin and myosin closest to the interior of the muscle cell contract after those closest to the cell membrane

ortholog

genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation

The evolution of populations due to chance is genetic drift. genetic variation. gene flow. natural selection. has more effect in large populations than in small populations.

genetic drift

What is the first step in allopatric speciation? formation of a reproductive barrier polyploidy genetic drift geographic isolation

geographic isolation

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters? cats robins humans elephants grasses

grasses

Volvox cells in a colony vs. Volvox cells alone (unicellular)...

grow faster (in a colony)

In general, cells of the same volume...

grow faster in colonies

Thanks to a new conservation program, a population with only 200 individuals at the beginning of the year is growing exponentially. The population has a per capita birth rate of 0.5 per year and a death rate of 0.2 per year. What is the growth rate during the year? What will the population be at the end of the year? growth rate = 60 per year; population = 260 growth rate = 260 per year; population = 60 growth rate = 6 per year; population = 206 growth rate = 30 per year; population = 230

growth rate = 60 per year; population = 260

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift always increases the frequency of brown alleles in the population. has more effect on the evolution of a large population. causes populations to become better adapted to their environments. has more effect on the evolution of a small population. occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, changing the allele frequencies in the population.

has more effect on the evolution of a small population.

fetal cells

have MHC IG molecules: if not, NK would attack - MHC IG inhibits the rejection of non-self paternal MHC I proteins as well as the non-self peptide fragments the fetus displays

What evidence of aneuploidy is present in cancer cell line AB98 shown in Figure 5.5?

he data between diploid and tetraploid

Which of the following situations would most likely lead to a uniform distribution of organisms? the distribution of dung beetles that feed on freshly deposited dung in a cattle pasture the distribution of rooted, aquatic plants that grow to a height of about 1 meter in a large, deep pond the distribution of male beta fish defending their territories the distribution of wolves in Yellowstone National Park

he distribution of male beta fish defending their territories

Figure 13.3 The effect of pH on oxygen solubility in a hemoglobin solution. Oxygen concentration was measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg); 100 mm of mercury equals about 13.3 kPa; 30 mmHg equals about 4 kPa. Which of the following can you conclude from these data?

hemoglobin releases oxygen more easily as pH drops

figure 13.3 which of the following can you conclude from these data?

hemoglobin releases oxygen more easily than does myoglobin

obesity

high BP high insulin high leptin

What form of potential energy contributes directly the production of ATP during cellular respiration?

higher pH in the mitochondrial matrix

Structures that evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor are convergent adaptations. homologous. heterologous. analogous.

homologous

Paralogs

homologous/duplicate genes within a single species

What is the term used to describe the movement of DNA from one species to another?

horizontal gene transfer

Which of the following most accurately and directly measures an organism's Darwinian fitness compared to other individuals in the same population? its ability to withstand environmental extremes how successful it is when pitted against others in contests of strength or endurance how many fertile offspring it produces its mutation rate

how many fertile offspring it produces

Which species is threatening the natural wildlife on the Galapagos Islands? mountain lions Asian carp zebra mussels humans

humans

Plants capture the energy in light and produce what form of potential energy that will be used to produce ATP?

hydrogen ion accumulation in thylakoid space

ATP is __________ to ADP + inorganic phosphate releasing 32 kj/mole of energy.

hydrolyzed

The mammalian circadian pacemaker is located in the

hypothalamus

ring of life

hypothesis that lateral gene transfer between bacteria and archaea gave rise to eukaryotes

An important reason that human birth rates today far outstrip death rates in developed countries is _____. increased health care maximum sustained yield demographic transition life history

increased health care

A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is resistant to malaria, but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all these birds were suddenly eliminated by hunters, which of the following would be an immediate observable consequence? emergence of malaria-resistant strains in monkey species B increased mortality in the malaria-carrying mosquitoes increased mortality in monkey species B increased mortality (death rate) in monkey species A

increased mortality in monkey species B

Which of the following would likely decrease the Earth's human carrying capacity? delaying the age of first reproduction increasing meat production reducing fossil fuel consumption improving agricultural technology to increase sustainable crop yields

increasing meat production

epinephrine...

inhibits glycogen synthase

Oxygen consumption takes place ______.

inside the mitochondria.

Mate-attracting features such as the bright plumage of a male peacock result from intrasexual selection. disruptive selection. stabilizing selection. intersexual selection.

intersexual selection

What does the green diagonal line indicate in Figure 5.3?

inversion

Cro protein

involved in regulating lytic cycle genes, blocks synthesis of lambda repressor

The prevailing scientific hypothesis for the origin of the human species ...

is that all humans are descended from a population that originated in Africa.

the sodium channel in neurons...

is voltage gated

A geyser erupts from a bottle of Coca-Cola when you drop a Mentos candy into it. This geyser is an emergent property because

it could not be predicted by studying the soda or the candy individually

The first test of translation added a UUUUUU nucleotide polymer to an in vitro mixture of chemicals necessary for translation. This was important because... it excluded the hypothesis that DNA was directly translated into proteins it ensured that two codons were translated identically uracil was the easiest nucleotide to polymerize

it excluded the hypothesis that DNA was directly translated into proteins

A motor molecule that 'walks' on microtubules is called...

kinesin

The regulation of glycolysis occors on the enzyme phosphofructose kinase (PFK). Which of the following molecules would inhibit this enzyme?

large concentrations of ATP relative to ADP

The amount of energy in the carbon dioxide and water produced from burning wood is _______ the amount of energy that was originally in the wood.

less than

hormonal changes

levels change as individuals age, but it is not clear if these are the cause or consequence of senescence

Carbon fixation occurs during the dark reaction and is therefore highest at night.

light is required for photosynthesis including carbon fixation dim light, psII

which of the following is most likely to be non-polar? lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate

lipid

The first vertebrates to live on land were most likely derived from _____. cartilaginous fish lobe-finned fishes ray-finned fishes agnathans

lobe-finned fishes

Which of these requires protein synthesis?

long-term memory

which of these required protein synthesis

long-term memory

Which of these statements is/are true?

long-term memory physically changes the neuron.

What common medical test has a racist history according to the TED talk?

lung capacity

Which of these common medical measurements has a racist origin?

lung capacity

Cro protein leads to

lysis

In the lambda phage molecular switch, UV light causes the switch from __________ to _____ phase by activating a ___________.

lysogenic, lytic, protease

Exam 4 (end) - Figure 15.30 Comparisons of island versus mainland opossum mortality and reproductive success. Survivorship (A) and age-specific (B) mortality rates for island and mainland opossum populations. The p value in B indicates that the slopes of the two lines are significantly different. First and second year offspring total litter weights for island (C) and mainland (D) populations. The teal line in D is the second year line from C to facilitate comparison between island and mainland trends. These data support the disposable soma hypothesis because

mainland opossums had higher first year reproduction but lower survival

What is a good working definition for homeostasis?

maintain internal conditions within a range of acceptable extremes

When they were first sold, certain insecticides were highly effective in killing mosquitoes. Today, dozens of mosquito generations later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed with the same chemicals. Fewer insects are killed today because _____. mosquitoes that survive spraying develop an immunity to the insecticide mosquitoes are deliberately adapting themselves to this man-made change in the environment many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics the original spraying has caused a permanent mutation, giving the insects genetic resistance to the spray

many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics

Which of the following increases human population growth? medical advances that decrease infant mortality the increased availability of birth control delayed age at first reproduction an increase in the death rate, perhaps due to war or epidemics

medical advances that decrease infant mortality

Sexual recombination occurs when chromosomes are shuffled in _____ and fertilization. genetic drift mitosis meiosis natural selection

meiosis

closing requires

membrane depol 2 trigger hairs change in osmalarity ion changes ATP

What is the term for a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population over several generations? microevolution independent assortment gene pool macroevolution

microevolution

transitional species

missing links; Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants

MHC I

molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy

CI monomer vs dimer

monomer: nonfunction dimer: transcription factor positive feedback loop

Genetic drift is _____. an important microevolutionary mechanism in large populations the mechanism by which new alleles originate more likely to have an impact on small populations adaptive

more likely to have an impact on small populations

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. In the North Pacific Ocean, two groups of the same species of killer whales (Orcinus orca) appear to be forming two different species based on what they eat. One group eats fish and the other eats mammals such as seals. Scientists can tell what they eat based on their teeth, because whales that feed on fish have significantly different wear patterns. One of the finest available sequences of fossils shows how horses have changed slowly and by subtle steps from small shrub-browsing ancestors to the large, grass-grazing modern horse. A large number of fossil species have been named, and it is often difficult to decide on the identity of a fossil horse because transitional forms are common. The species concept most applicable to these organisms would be the biological species concept. the phylogenetic species concept. the ecological species concept. the morphological species concept.

morphological

The _____ species concept is the most applicable to classifying species from the fossil record. morphological biological phylogenetic ecological

morphological

*** what can you conclude about this FRAP experiment

most of the fluorescent proteins in the cells are mobile.

The original source of all genetic variation is _____. meiosis mutation recombination natural selection

mutation

Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet? predation mutualism competition parasitism

mutualism

The ecological relationship between termites and the wood-digesting protozoans that live in their gut is an example of __________. mutualism predation parasitism competition

mutualism

In tropical forests, there are plants known as ant-plants. These plants host ant colonies. When the ant colony is the species Petalomyrmex phylax, the presence of the ants protects the ant-plants from predation by herbivores. However, the ant species Cataulacus mckeyi takes advantage of the nesting place and nectar the plants provide without affording any protection to the plant. The interspecies interaction between the ant-plants and P. phylax is an example of __________ whereas the interaction between the ant-plants and C. mckeyi is an example of __________. mutualism; parasitism herbivory; predation competition; parasitism mutualism; competition

mutualism/parasitism

*** Figure 8.10 visual evidence supporting the discovery of nanobacteria. A, nanobacteria-like objects found on martian meteorite called ALH84001. Arrows point to cell-like structures about 0.05 to 0.1 um long. B, large nanobacterium appears to be dividing. Figure 8.10 contains the first published images of a completely new type of organism called nanobacteria. what was the final conclusion about nanobacteria?

nanobacteria are not real, they are chemical crystals

When a stressed vesicle grows at the expense of a relaxed vesicle, a portion of what biologically important mechanism is exhibited?

natural selection

venous fly trap

need ATP and photosynthesis to close threshold to close

When ATP is converted to ADP + inorganic phosphate releasing 32 kj/mole of energy, the change in free energy (deltaG) is

negative

One argument AGAINST viruses being alive is that viruses neither of the other answers is correct can't regulate their internal environment because they lack lipid membranes don't evolve through natural selection

neither of the answers is correct (TEST)

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Facilitation

new protein formation MAPK moves to nucleus to stimulate cascade of genes

O2 dissolved in water

no cooeprativity -linear solubility

For a biologist studying a small fish population in the lab, which Hardy-Weinberg condition is easiest to meet? no selection no gene flow no mutation no genetic drift

no gene flow

The difference between DNA and RNA synthesis is that _____ (select all that apply)

only a portion of the genome is transcribed to RNA, but all of the DNA is replicated during cell division

***Figure 15.4 Humans are endothermic, meaning we regulate our metabolism to maintain a narrow range of body temperatures. use the data from figure 15.4 to reach a logical conclusion given that per proteins normally accumulate at dusk

our body temperature increases when we wake, which would lower per2 protein at dawn

factors of aging

oxidation, cross linking, DNA errors, telomeres shorten, hormonal changes telomere shortening, chronological age, oxidative stress, glycation

The coenzyme shown in the figure above is in the________state and would __________ electrons to/from the substrate.

oxidized; accept

Which of the following was virtually absent from the atmosphere at the time life is thought to have originated? methane (CH4) carbon dioxide (CO2) water (H2O) oxygen (O2)

oxygen

The terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (stage 4) is _______, and the terminal electron acceptor in the chloroplast electron transport chain is __________.

oxygen, NADP

Imagine that you are studying a very large population of moths that is isolated from gene flow. A single gene controls wing color. Half of the moths have white-spotted wings (genotype WW or Ww) and half of the moths have plain brown wings (ww). There are no new mutations, individuals mate randomly, and there is no natural selection on wing color. How will p, the frequency of the dominant allele, change over time? p will decrease because of genetic drift. p will increase; the dominant allele will eventually take over and become most common in the population. p will fluctuate rapidly and randomly because of genetic drift. p will neither increase nor decrease; it will remain more or less constant under the conditions described.

p will neither increase nor decrease; it will remain more or less constant under the conditions described.

If the number of H+ ions doubles in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 0.3

If the number of H+ ions is reduced to 1/10 the original number of H+ ions in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 1

If the number of H+ ions changes 100-fold in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 2

Which of these is required by ATP synthase?

pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

which of these is required by ATP synthase?

pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Humans have multiple versions of an enzyme that breaks down lactic acid, called LDH. Each of those versions would be considered a ...?

paralog (not ortholog)

The prokaryotes that cause tooth decay have a ________ relationship with humans. predatory mutualistic competitive parasitic

parasitic

Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick? predation parasitism competition mutualism

parasitism

Amphiphilic molecules are molecules that are

part hydrophobic and part hydrophilic

In the models that describe population growth, r stands for _____. per capita rate of increase carrying capacity population density total number of individuals in the population

per capita rate of increase

FRAP is a method that measures which physical properties of cells?

percent mobile proteins and their rate of movement

If you feed your experimental canine subjects a high dose of a fatty acid with 24 carbons in the chain, which of the molecules shown in the figure above would be found in dog's urine after time for complete metabolic digestion to take place?

phenylacetic acid

CHAPTER 11 - The ability to split water into H+, e-, and O2 is a function of

photosystem II (P680)

In accordance with the principle of parsimony, scientists prefer phylogenetic trees in which adaptations repeatedly arise, disappear, and reappear. phylogenetic trees with many small clades to those with a few major clades. the Linnaean system of nomenclature to the use of common names. phylogenetic trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes.

phylogenetic trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes.

In the Ted Talk, the speaker argues that...

physicians should not assume medical conditions based on race

In the past, herbicides were very effective as a pigweed killer, but today _____. farmers prefer a greener, more natural solution to battle pigweed pigweed is allowed to grow, then pulled by hand to use as a biofuel farmers prefer newer, more effective chemical control of pigweed pigweed is taking over fields of cotton and soybeans

pigweed is taking over fields of cotton and soybeans

Priestly

places a glass dome over a candle and mint leaf; flame went out; placed in sunlight and relit if dark or no leaf, candle could not be lit again. Light and leaves combined to replenish what the flame had consumed

Which type of organism is most likely to undergo sympatric speciation by polyploidy? plant species that are capable of self-pollination and some degree of asexual reproduction plant species that are incapable of asexual reproduction and do not self-pollinate animals, particularly those with highly selective females that select mates based on exaggerated traits animal species with poor dispersal abilities whose populations exist in widely separated, small patches of habitat

plant species that are capable of self-pollination and some degree of asexual reproduction

Which type of DNA mutation is the most difficult to detect in a dot plot comparison of two alleles?

point mutation or SNP

The smallest unit that can evolve is a _____. species population gene genotype

population

What emergent property is critical to quorum sensing as illustrated in Figure 14.4?

positive feedback loop

A community consists of _____. all of the members of the same species found in the same general area potentially interacting populations organisms that potentially or actually interbreed both biotic and abiotic components

potentially interacting populations

A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer? parasitism mutualism predation competition

predation

Camouflage typically evolves as a result of mutualism. interspecific competition. predation. herbivory.

predation

Three species of frogs—Lithobates pipiens, Lithobates clamitans, and Lithobates sylvatica—all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _____. prezygotic ... behavioral isolation postzygotic ... behavioral isolation prezygotic ... temporal isolation postzygotic ... hybrid breakdown

prezygotic ... behavioral isolation

B cells

produce antibodies

Dopamine

produced during the day produced in retinal cells

Crossing over occurs during...? prophase of mitosis metaphase of mitosis anaphase of meiosis prophase of meiosis

prophase of meiosis

MHC IG

protects fetal cells from their mother's immune response by suppressing T cell and natural killer cell activity. -similar in shape to MHC I -presents peptides from proteins translated inside fetal cells -float freely, not anchored to membrane of cells - 8 exons

Leptin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger -produced in fat cells, circulates through the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid every tissue produces some leptin receptor mRNA, some produce more than others

True

protein's shape was determined by its amino acid side chains and its primary structure. Fold in how aa interact with each other and their environment

Why is a membrane's fluidity important to its function?

proteins must be able to move laterally within the plane of the membrane

natural killer cells (NK cells)

pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)

Glycolysis is an oxidation reaction. Which of these products of glycolysis is the most oxidized relative to the others?

pyruvate

glycolysis is an oxidation reaction. which of these products of glycolysis is the most oxidized relative to the others?

pyruvate

Not all proteins have ______ structure.

quaternary

Rank the relative abundance, from most to least, of the 3 types of RNA in cells

rRNA > tRNA > mRNA

The figure below indicates that the northern cod fishery of Newfoundland was eliminated due to poor management practices. Resource managers could have prevented this and the decline of other fish populations by _____. integrated pest management lowering the carrying capacity (K) increasing the variety of abiotic factors influencing the population raising the carrying capacity

raising the carrying capacity

Neuron

receives the chemical input and converts the signal to an electrical current that races down the axon to its terminal adjacent to the muscle cell

Diatoms evolved from...

red algae and a non-photosynthetic eukaryote

Two species that sometimes mate and produce vigorous but sterile offspring are affected by gametic isolation. reduced hybrid fertility. reduced hybrid viability. hybrid breakdown.

reduced hybrid fertility.

parabiotic

referring to a surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply

tropomyosin and troponin

regulatory subunits bound to actin (thin & sprialled) tropomyosin: block myosin sites Troponin: calcium sensor, pulls tropomyosin away off the sites

CREB protein

regulatory transcription factor that becomes activated in response to cell-signaling molecules that cause an increase in the cytoplasmic concentration of cAMP

First set rejection

rejection of a foreign tissue graft due to antibodies and activated cells formed in response to the graft; usually occurs 1-2 weeks after the tissue is transplanted

low affinity

release oxygen into muscles

photooxidation

removal of electron from chlorophyll

Which of the following is not an important mechanism regulating gene expression in eukaryotes? transcription factors helping RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter repressor proteins binding to the operator region enhancer regions of DNA far from the promoter DNA bending proteins moving control elements closer to the promoter

repressor proteins binding to the operator region

learned reflex (acquired)

requires practice and/or repetition circuit siphon->dendrite->sensory neuron->motor neuron->gill-> release Ca to contract

The scientists who produced the herbicide warned against overuse, saying that over time, ____. resistant weeds would increase in number crops would start to become less resistant to insect pests the soil would become contaminated and affect future planting crops would start to be affected by the herbicide

resistant weeds would increase in number

Speciation, or the formation of new species, is an event that has occurred only a few times in the history of the planet. responsible for the diversity of life. a form of microevolution. necessary for natural selection and adaptation.

responsible for the diversity of life.

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span? humans elephants robins grasses oysters

robins

Memory B cells are involved in the ____________ immune response.

secondary

learning takes place in

sensory neuron

The 3 processes of photosynthesis are regulated by ____________

separate processes

What is the neurotransmitter identified in the Aplysia experiments? nitric oxide glutamate serotonin calcium

serotonin

what is the neurotransmitter identified in the aplysia experiments?

serotonin

A protein's function is most closely related to its...

shape

Organisms that possess homologous structures probably __________. share a common ancestor that also had this structure live in a similar environment have a common ancestor by chance had similar mutations in the past

share a common ancestor that also had this structure

The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____. oysters maple trees wheat rose bushes sharks

sharks

autoinducer

signaling molecule secreted by bacteria to communicate with other bacteria of its kind and others same head structure different tail lengths

similarities and differences between chloroplast and mitochondria

similarities: produce a pH gradient across a phospholipid bilayer Dark: stroma pH > lumen Light: stroma pH >>> lumen 1.82 fold difference differences: light is the source of energy in chloroplasts, not NADH or FADH2 (mito)

Transcription begins...

six to eight bases downstream of the promoter

ligand-gated Na+ channels

skeletal muscle nerve receptors

Look at the ranges of skin color for the 10 populations of Africans in Figure 6.29. Use these data to explain why it is impossible to produce objective phenotype-based racial definitions.

skin color varies within and between populations in a gradual cline. There are not sharp divides in skin color that objectively separate the human races. All skin color alleles found outside Africa are also present within Africa.

autograft

skin graft from a person's own body -display MHC I molecules on their surfaces with peptide fragments to inform the recipient's T cells that the skin graft is self

Which of the following is an example of mutualism? Twisting about like a high-flying acrobat, the gray flycatcher plucks moths from the air. Some biologists have observed Egyptian Plovers, a type of bird, land on the open mouth of a Nile crocodile without being eaten and remove leeches stuck firmly to the crocodile's gums. On the bird feeders of many residents of southern Illinois, people can watch the fox squirrels and gray squirrels fight with each other for the bird seed, while the birds get scared away by the activity! Scratching with great vigor, the chipmunk tried to knock loose the tick stuck firmly to its ear.

some biologists have observed Egyptian Plovers, a type of bird, land on the open mouth of a Nile crocodile without being eaten and remove leeches stuck firmly to the crocodile's gums.

The biological species concept is applicable to all forms of life, past and present. applicable to all present life-forms but not to fossil organisms whose reproductive behavior cannot be observed. sometimes difficult to put into practice even for present sexual organisms and useless for asexual organisms and fossils. easy to apply to all present sexually reproducing organisms but harder to apply to asexual organisms and fossils.

sometimes difficult to put into practice even for present sexual organisms and useless for asexual organisms and fossils.

T cells (T lymphocytes)

specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity

Species A, B, and C are in the same phylum. Species A and species B are in the same order. Species C is in a different order. From this information you can conclude with certainty that __________. species A and B are in the same class species B and C share a more recent ancestor than do species A and B all three species are members of the same genus species A and B are in the same family

species A and B are in the same class

An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation? directional selection a high rate of gene flow stabilizing selection a bottleneck effect that resulted in low genetic diversity

stabilizing

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions? Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection Directional selection

stabilizing

Which of these produces the most ATP per glucose molecule?

stage 5 (ATP synthase)

carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product in which of these stages?

stage II and III

Which part of the flower functions to recognize pollen from the same species?

stigma

CO2 enters plants through

stomata

CO2 enters plants through...

stomata

In plants, guard cells surround the ...

stomata

In plants, guard cells surround the ... Calvin cycle stomata Venus Fly trap chloroplasts

stomata

Myoglobin

stores oxygen in muscle cells -different function than hemoglobin -serves as an O2 buffer or reservoir -binds only one O2 -lacks coopertivity -lacks sigmoidal

A practical application of population ecology is harvesting crops or fish at a level that does not damage the resource. This concept is called __________. boom-and-bust cycles sustainable resource management K-selection maximum sustained yield

sustainable resource management

Speciation without geographic isolation is called ________ speciation. diversifying sympatric allopatric incomplete

sympatric

Which of the following is most important in recognizing self from non-self tissue?

t cells

Exam 3 (start) - In skeletal muscle...

t tubules are part of the plasma membrane

In skeletal muscle...

t tubules are part of the plasma membrane

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. The first fossil of Archaeopteryx, which lived about 150 million years ago, was found in the Solnhofen Quarry in Germany. Archaeopteryx has an interesting collection of characters that led to the hypothesis that it represented an evolutionary transition between modern-day birds and small bipedal dinosaurs. The fossil reveals the imprint of feathers, which connect Archaeopteryx to birds, although they do not present direct evidence of flight. Unlike birds, however, Archaeopteryx was shown by the fossil record to have had teeth, functional claws on the wings that may have been used for climbing trees or holding prey, and a long, bony tail. Birds have a fused collarbone, which was found in Archaeopteryx as well. However, the structure of the sternum differed between the two. In birds, the sternum is keeled (raised and slightly concave); the keel of the sternum serves as an attachment site for the flight muscles. Archaeopteryx had a flat sternum, similar to that found in reptiles. If you were constructing a phylogenetic tree for the evolution of birds, which characters found in Archaeopteryx might provide evidence that birds and dinosaurs had a common ancestor? teeth, feathers, keeled sternum feathers, wings, wishbone keeled sternum, claws, long forelimbs teeth, flat sternum, claws

teeth, feathers, keeled sternum

Two species of clams inhabit the same marine habitat along the Atlantic coast. One releases gametes into the water in early spring, and the second species releases gametes into the water in late summer. Which type of reproductive barrier is at work between these species? habitat isolation reduced hybrid viability gametic isolation temporal isolation

temporal

which protein is responsible for maintaining the ion gradients across the membrane in a neuron?

the Na+/ K+ ATPase

Free energy is...

the ability to do work resulting from a reaction

The main regulation of Beta-oxidation is

the availability of CoA.

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow. Desert pupfish live in springs of the American Southwest. Today there are about 30 species of pupfish, but they all evolved from a common Pleistocene ancestor. The southwestern United States was once much wetter than it is now, and the Pleistocene pupfish flourished over a wide geographic area. Over thousands of years, however, the Sierra Nevada mountain range was pushed upward by geological forces, blocking rainfall from the Pacific Ocean. As the large lakes dried up, small groups of pupfish remained in springs and pools fed by groundwater seepage. Now, although many of these small springs still have pupfish, each population, through evolution, has become very different from populations of pupfish in other springs. The variation in gene pools among the 30 pupfish populations occurred through an evolutionary mechanism called Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. directional selection. the bottleneck effect. random mating.

the bottleneck effect

what causes a pair of guard cels to close their stoma

the cells reduce osmotic pressure as they lose water

What conclusion can you draw from these four replicated analyses of Avery's "transforming factor"? samples 38B and 44 were errors the transforming factor protected itself with an outer coating of nitrogen DNA was produced at a constant rate in each of the four replicates the constant N/P ratio supports DNA as the heritable information

the constant N/P ration supports DNA as the heritable information

*** GFP Protein table. What can you conclude from this table?

the cytoplasm of the cell is more viscous (less runny) than water

what happens after the PSII reaction center loses its energized electrons?

the entire photosystem stops because light is not strong enough to remove more electrons from an oxidized chlorophyll a molecule

In artificial selection, humans provide the selective pressure for species to change and shape the evolution of various breeds. What provides the selective pressure in natural selection? disease the degree of natural genetic variation in a population scientifically trained humans the environment

the environment

the idea that energy in the form of sunlight can be converted by plants into ATP is consistent with which of these?

the first law of thermodynamics

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, this causes the population to evolve due to genetic drift. the frequency of the brown allele will increase. the frequencies of the brown and green alleles will not change. this causes the population to evolve due to gene flow. the frequency of the green allele will increase.

the frequency of the green allele will increase.

Lipostat

the homeostatic mechanism that uses leptin to maintain a consistent amount of fat.

neuromuscular junction

the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies converts electrical signal back into chemical message

This figure shows two overlaid graphs of total RNA (blue) and recently synthesized RNA (red). Which of the following conclusions is NOT valid from this experiment? mRNA has a very short lifespan in cells the large subunit of the ribosome is rapidly synthesized in cells mRNA comes in many different sizes newly synthesized RNA is present throughout the cell, but highly concentrated at ribosomes

the large subunit of the ribosome is rapidly synthesized in cells

What does the slope of a Hill plot tell you about hemoglobin? It tells you...

the level of cooperativity in hemoglobin.

Figure B graphs the pH of the matrix before and after adding a H+ ion channel that allows the protons to flow. Use figure B to compare the H+ concentration of the matrix of the mitochondria relative to the cytoplasm before the drug was added.

the matrix has fewer H+ ions

FRAP demonstrates...

the mobility of membrane-bound proteins in living cells

Figure 15.8 A, After raising her offspring, mother a receives two more skin grafts, one from her bxc offspring and one from unrelated female e. Unrelated rabbit d receives two equivalent allografts. B, Quantified results showing the average number of days skin grafts survived on recipient rabbits. * indicates significant difference between 4.0 and 6.0 for foster mother The faster rejection of skin grafts from its own offspring faster compared to grafts from an unrelated rabbit suggests what about foster mother A's immune system?

the mother's immune system had learned to recognizd her offspring's cells as non-self

***Figure 15.8 A, After raising her offspring, mother a receives two more skin grafts, one from her bxc offspring and one from unrelated female e. Unrelated rabbit d receives two equivalent allografts. B, Quantified results showing the average number of days skin grafts survived on recipient rabbits. * indicates significant difference between 4.0 and 6.0 for foster mother The faster rejection of skin grafts from its own offspring faster compared to grafts from an unrelated rabbit suggests what about foster mother A's immune system?

the mother's immune system had learned to recognize her offspring's cells as non-self

Why is pigweed so difficult to control? Select all that apply. the number of seeds it produces its thick, woody stem the number of inches it grows daily the way it spreads like a vine on the ground and is hidden from view

the number of seeds it produces its thick, woody stem the number of inches it grows daily the way it spreads like a vine

β-carotene

the orange photosynthetic pigment that gives carrots their color

copy number variation

the phenomenon of duplication or deletion of segments of DNA within a genome, so that different individuals have different numbers of copies of a particular DNA segment

Which of these properties of a neuron make the action potential only move in one direction?

the refractory period of Na+ channels

Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light. Which of the following statements describes a relationship that Engelmann's experiment helped to determine?

the relationship between wavelength of light and the rate of photosynthesis

long-term memory

the relatively permanent storage of information from repetition -requires new protein production -pka initiates long-term -repition=> increased cAMP -> increased PKA 1) PKA covalently modulates to MAPK kinase 2) MAPK & PKA diffuse into nucleaus and phosphorylate regulatory proteins (CREB-2) and transcription factor CREB-1

Figure 11.2 Priestley's 1774 experiment showing that plants in the sunlight can replenish depleted air. What controls are missing from this figure? the same setup but no candle to demonstrate that heat did not deplete the air the same setup but kept in the dark to demonstrate that sunlight, not time, replenished the air an empty jar to demonstrate that the air did not change all of these are correct answers

the same setup but kept in the dark to demonstrate that sunlight, not time, replenished the air

The key derived character of the lobe-finned fish is the series of rod-shaped bones in their pectoral and pelvic fins. the lateral line system. the flattened scales covering their skin. the operculum.

the series of rod-shaped bones in their pectoral and pelvic fins

To determine the density of a rabbit population, you would need to know the number of rabbits and _____. their pattern of dispersion their birth rate the size of the area in which they live the factors that limit population growth

the size of the area in which they live

If an ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1,000 individuals for a given species and 2,000 individuals of that species are present, we can predict that the population size will decrease. size will remain at equilibrium. size will slowly increase. will show a clumped dispersion pattern.

the size will decrease

In Figure 6.9 (separation of DNA fragments from chromatin, in units of one, two, three, or four beads), what happened to the DNA spacer between the beads when the chromatin was in quadruplets?

the spacers must have wound up in some way to compact the DNA even more

sarcoplasmic reticulum

the specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells stores calcium AP enters muscle through t tubule to the sarcoplasmic reticulum which floods muscle cytoplasm with calcium

Grana

the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

the synthesis of ATP and reduced NADP involving photosystems I and II.

chlorophyll a (CH3), chlorophyll b (COH)

the two most abundant photosynthetic pigments in green plants

The niche of an animal is _____. the way the animal fits into its environment the same as its habitat the number of individuals of the species the environment will support its den or nest

the way the animal fits into its environment

An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms, such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales, have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that __________. advantageous changes can be passed along to offspring these seemingly dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor only the best-adapted organisms can survive most evolution occurs rapidly following a mass extinction

these seemingly dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor

Why don't the oxygen and hydrogen at the bottom middle form hydrogen bonds? They are not pointing straight at one another They are too far apart to strongly interact No nucleotides can form three hydrogen bonds They do bond, this is simply an error in the figure

they are too far apart to strongly interact

The catabolic reactions that breakdown fatty acids and proteins are similar in that

they result in 2 carbon molecules

pigment molecules are embedded within the

thylakoid membrane

Where are PS1 and PS2 located

thylakoid membrane PSI: unstacked PSII: stacked

Antenna complexes are located in the

thylakoid membranes

Why do bobtail squid glow?

to hide from prey and predators

Which of these is an example of a biofilm?

tooth plaque

Which of the following sets of animals are likely to be found on the Galapagos Islands? beaver, snakes, armadillos tortoises, finches, blue-footed boobies ostriches, cougars, porcupines frogs, lungfish, mountain goats

tortoises, finches, blue-footed boobies

If whales evolved from land-dwelling mammals, one would expect the fossil record to include intermediate forms, creatures more whale-like than land-dwelling mammals yet still possessing hind limbs and a pelvis lacking in modern whales. Such intermediates are termed __________. transitional forms hybrids vestigial features homologous structures

transitional forms

allograft

transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft -display MHC I plus peptides from proteins made inside genetically non-self cells and thus are recognized as foreign by the recipient's T cells

*** 13.2 True/ false the low affinity molecule would deliver more oxygen to the muscles than the high affinity molecule.

true

*** figure 12.16 true/false the experiment shows that multiple small depolarization can sum to cause the trap to close

true

*** figure 13.1 true/false the rapid decline in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin solution at oxygen concentrations below 7kpa is important because it allows oxygen to easily escape hemoglobin molecules when the body tissues are starved for oxygen

true

A skin graft is more likely to be rejected when a rabbit's mother and father had very different MHC I genes compared to parents with nearly identical MHC I genes.

true

ATP synthase converts potential energy from a pH gradient into potential energy in a covalent bond. t/f

true

After prolonged exercise, muscles grow larger in part because existing muscle cells produce more actin and myosin. t/f

true

Cro protein regulates its own transcription through both positive and negative feedback loops.

true

During a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one chemical to another and covalent bonds are formed. t/f

true

Flies and mammals use orthologous proteins to regulate circadian rhythm.

true

Homeostasis is the ability of a system to maintain internal conditions within a range of acceptable extremes. t/f

true

In a positive feedback look during the formation of long-term memory, protein kinase A (PKA) activation leads to the production of a protease that destroys the regulatory proteins of PKA. t/f

true

Individual slime mold cells coordinate their activity through periodic waves of cAMP and refractory periods when they do not respond.

true

MHC IG protects fetal cells from their mother's immune response by suppressing T cell and natural killer cell activity.

true

Sister chromatids are genetically identical at the beginning of Meiosis I. True or false:

true

True or False- only eukaryotes are multicellular.

true

We breathe oxygen because electrons cannot move through the electron transport chain without oxygen as the final electron receptor. t/f

true

a synapse is the smallest unit of memory formation.

true

all cells have a membrane potential

true

cells are small because diffusion is faster over smaller distances. t/f

true

during a redox reaction, one chemical is reduced when it receives an electron

true

mammalian circadian rhythm incorporates positive and negative feedback loops

true

neurons consume energy to generate ion gradient

true

prokaryotes share DNA via horizontal gene transfer

true

the three-dimensional shape of a functional enzyme results in large part from its primary amino acid sequence. this is an emergent property

true

true/False Biofilms allow microbes to alter their habitat and exclude oxygen.

true

true/false oxygen binding flattens hemoglobin's shape, increasing its affinity for additional oxygen molecules

true

**** figure 9.17 Actin and myosin interactions provide contractile function. A sarcomere is the length of a contractile unit that spans from one actin anchor to the next. Squint your eyes to see the light and dark bands of the sarcomere in this image. After muscle contraction, the actin molecules in this diagram would have changed position while the myosin molecules would still be stationary. t/f

true.

T tubules

tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell into muscle fiber AP enters muscle through t tubule to sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which proteins reverse membrane potential after a neuron has been depolarized?

voltage-gated potassium channel

It suggests that humans evolved from a chimpanzee ancestor in a linear fashion

what does this cartoon get wrong about evolution?

*** figure 14.3 when does the luminescence of v produce light as measured in figure 14.3

when the luciferase is gene is transcribed

Cd 2+

which is the most mutagenic ion tested?