bio final

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamine amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended.

Which of the following are outputs of the light reaction in photosynthesis?

ATP, carbon dioxide, oxygen

Which of the following statements best describes how alkylating agents work as chemotherapy?

Alkylating agents work to prevent the cell from replicating its genetic material, preventing cell division.

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?

All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain a constant internal environment - homeostasis

In which of the following ways has climate change impacted weather patterns in the United States?

Average precipitation has increased by 4%; however, this has been a very regional change, with some areas seeing significant increases in rainfall and other areas seeing significant decreases in rainfall.

The following statements describe how cancer is staged. Which of the statements is true?

Cancer is described based on the size of the tumor, if the tumor has invaded nearby tissues, if it has spread to lymph nodes, and if it has moved to other organs of the body.

Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Cells with abnormal nuclei.

all of the following statements describe methods to scan the body for cancer except for one. Select the method that is mismatched

Computerized tomography (CT) scans use radio waves and magnets to obtain a detailed picture of organs within the body.

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called _____ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.

DNA sequencing

Put the sequence of Protein Synthesis in order below beginning in the nucleus.

DNA unwinds and unzips, mRNA is formed from the desired gene in the DNA, mRNA is modified in the nucleus (introns are cut out and exons put back together),mRNA travels to the ribosome, mRNA codon is read and tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome, polypeptide (protein) is synthesized until the Stop codon is read.

in most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen?

Glaciers and snow coverage decrease.

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Why is carbon dioxide considered to be one of the most important of the greenhouse gases?

It is able to absorb infrared energy, allowing earth to be warm enough to support life, It is able to reflect infrared energy, preventing earth from heating up too much, It absorbs other gases, preventing them from becoming greenhouse gases also.

Which of the following is true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

Which of the following is true about mutations?

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Which of the following describes a disadvantage of nuclear energy, especially compared to other alternative energy sources?

Nuclear energy is not always safe because of the radioactivity involved.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics. Correct

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

Which of the following statements relate to natural selection. Check all that may apply.

Populations experience differential reproductive success, Populations experience competition for resources, the variations in a population make no difference in terms of reproductive success.

Reverse transcriptase does not have a high degree of fidelity. This means that

RNA viruses tend to be more prone to evolution compared to DNA viruses. Correct

Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of radiation therapy?

Radiation damages the DNA within cancer cells, either slowing down cell division or stopping it altogether, Radiation therapy can be directed against specific cells and tissues within the body, Radiation therapy may shrink tumors, making them easier to remove surgically, Radiation therapy can be combined with other therapies, including chemotherapy

Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?

Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.

Which of the following best describes how the environment may play a role in the expression of our genes.

Some phenotypes, including skin color, can be influenced by the environment. The genotype still determines some aspect of skin color, but the interaction with the environment, in the form of sun exposure, can cause variations in the resulting phenotype.

How does climate change affect earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?

To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible

Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally

Select all of the following that are components of DNA.

a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, the nitrogenous bases, thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine, ribose sugar, two carbohydrate rings with hydroxide groups attached

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by...

a single mutation on a single gene.

Growth factors work as signaling molecules. When they bind to receptors on target cells, they function to

activate proto-oncogenes, stimulating cell division

Variations in genes are called _____. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these.

alleles

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur

alveoli

If cancer is discovered at an early stage, surgical removal is most likely used as a first means of treatment before chemotherapy. This is because chemotherapy agents

are not specific and can target all cells of the body, can cause negative side effects including nausea, and hair loss, can cause damage to other organs and tissues.

sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

Darwin was very interested in the observation that animals on distant and isolated landmasses appeared to be related to animals on the mainlands. However, despite their similar appearance, the animals were indeed not related. Which of the following types of evidence would help Darwin make sense of his observations?

biogeographical

What molecule is an output of aerobic cellular respiration and used as an input of photosynthesis to make glucose?

carbon dioxide

Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because it

causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor.

during prophase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called _____.

crossing over

The following list describes ways that CRISPR may be used to treat cancer. Which of the following describes immunotherapy instead of CRISPR therapy?

cytotoxic T cells may be stimulated , creating an immune response against cancer cells and shrinking tumors.

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection

directional selection

A mutation that causes an increase in function in a tumor suppressor gene would not likely cause cancer, because a tumor suppressor protein

does not promote cell division.

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

he cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA and "hideout" for a period time is called the _____ cycle.

evolution

unifying theory of biology

evolution

For the following pedigree, what does the green circle in the fourth generation represent?

female with the disease

A product of photosynthesis, _____ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms.

glucose

What process is common to both Aerobic Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis? Hint - it requires a membrane to make ATP.

glycolysis

The steps involved in a single PCR cycle, in the correct order, are

heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow primer to anneal, heat slightly to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA

Immunotherapy works on the basis of

helping the body to distinguish "self" cells from "non-self" cells and to destroy only the "nonself" cells. Correct

If blood sugar levels drop below normal, the digestive system is primarily responsible for returning levels to normal. This is an example of

homeostasis.

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been

increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

The most common types of influenza virus found in humans are...?

influenza a and b

During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?

interphase

The greenhouse effect

is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

There are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide. Of these three, which is responsible for the storage of genetic information?

its four nitrogen bases

Mendel's experiments led him to the conclusion that individuals have two factors for each trait that separate during gamete formation, resulting in gametes with one factor for each trait. In addition, fertilization results in a new individual with two factors for each trait again. He referred to this as the _____.

law of segregation

Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by

lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.

the cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA and "hideout" for a period time is called the _____ cycle.

lysogenic

Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

methane and carbon dioxide

At what level of biological organization does evolution take place?

population

Some of the drugs used in chemotherapy work by

preventing spindle formation.

Which type of genes, when abnormally activated so that protein is always present and active, can result in cancer?

proto-oncogenes

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis

results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

DNA replication is considered to be _____ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

Which of the following extreme weather events are strongly linked to human-caused climate change?

severe drought, extreme precipitation events, coastal flooding, heat waves, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?

the law of independent assortment

ways flu virus may affect the body

the restriction of blood vessels in the skin conserves heat and results in chills. the abundance of cytokines signals they hypothalamus to increase body temp, resulting in fever. Appetite centers in the brain show reduced action, resulting in a loss of appetite and nausea. Appetite centers in the brain show reduced action, resulting in a loss of appetite and nausea. a rapid loss of epithelial cells within the respiratory system results in shortness of breath and rapid heart rate

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the _____ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the _____ of the chloroplast.

thylakoid; stroma