Bio Final

Which of the following are outputs of the light reaction in photosynthesis? pick 4 A. ATP B. Carbon Dioxide C. NADPH D. Water (H2O) E. Oxygen (O2)

A. ATP B. Carbon Dioxide C. NADPH D. Water (H2O)

The greenhouse effect A. is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere. B. is due to gases forming a barrier around the earth and insulating the earth from the sun's rays. C. will lead to decreased sea levels. D. decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. E. increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

A. is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

Which of the following act as a natural carbon source (adds C) within the carbon cycle that has not been altered by human activity? A. respiration from humans and animals B. photosynthesis by plants C. carbon emissions, especially methane, from landfills and other decomposition sites D. the harvesting of fossil fuel from within the earth

A. respiration from humans and animals

Select all of the following that are components of DNA. A. a deoxyribose sugar B. a phosphate group C. the nitrogenous bases, thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine D. ribose sugar E. two carbohydrate rings with hydroxide groups attached F. All of the above

F. All of the above

A carbon atom can form up to three single covalent bonds with other atoms. True/False

False

A bilingual couple can speak English and Spanish. They have a child that is also bilingual and can speak English and Spanish. Has evolution occurred? Yes/No

No

Place the following levels of biological organization in order, with the smallest, least inclusive level first. Species, ecosystem, community, population, biosphere

1. species 2. Population 3. Community 4. ecosystem 5. Biosphere

Put the sequence of Protein Synthesis in order below begining in the nucleus. 1. mRNA travels to the ribosome 2. mRNA is modified in the nucleus (introns are cut out and exons put back together) 3. mRNA is formed from the desired gene in the DNA. 4. DNA unwinds and unzips. 5. mRNA codon is read and tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome 6. polypeptide (protein) is synthesized until the Stop codon is read.

4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 6

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs? A. A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamine amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended. B. The removal of several nucleotides cause the start codon to shift down several places. This causes RNA polymerase to bind in the incorrect spot so that several amino acids are left out of the polypeptide chain during translation. This results in a hemoglobin protein that is incorrectly formed, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended. C. The addition of several nucleotides cause the start codon to shift down several places. This causes RNA polymerase to bind in the incorrect spot so that several extra amino acids are included in the polypeptide chain during translation. This results in a hemoglobin protein that is incorrectly formed, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended. D. Three nucleotide mutations cause normal glutamine amino acids to be replaced with valine amino acids. This causes excess hemoglobin proteins to be synthesized, causing red blood cells to swell to the point of bursting, resulting in burst cells that have a sickle-shape.

A. A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamine amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended.

Which of the following describes a disadvantage of nuclear energy, especially compared to other alternative energy sources? A. Nuclear energy is not always safe because of the radioactivity involved. B. Nuclear energy is not feasible on a large scale and tends to be more efficient for powering individual homes. C. Nuclear energy releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. D. Nuclear energy does not actually produce much energy.

A. Nuclear energy is not always safe because of the radioactivity involved.

Reverse transcriptase does not have a high degree of fidelity. This means that A. RNA viruses tend to be more prone to evolution compared to DNA viruses. B. DNA viruses tend to be more prone to evolution compared to RNA viruses. C. vaccinations are more easily created for RNA viruses that use this enzyme. D. the immune system is more likely to recognize RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses.

A. RNA viruses tend to be more prone to evolution compared to DNA viruses.

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body? A. epithelial cells lining the respiratory system B. red blood cells that are exposed through breaks in the skin C. epithelial cells on the skin's surface D. osteoclasts within bone cells

A. epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

What molecule is an output of aerobic cellular respiration and used as an input of photosynthesis to make glucose? A. Water (H2O) B. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) C. Methane (CH4) D. Oxygen (O2)

B. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Which of the following is the most effective means of treating or even curing sickle-cell disease? A. Bone marrow transplants B. Gene therapy C. Blood transfusions D. Antibiotics

B. Gene therapy

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange. A. Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells into the kidney nephrons. B. Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs. C. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and oxygen diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

B. Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

At what level of biological organization does evolution take place? A. organism B. population C. community D. ecosystem

B. population

Variations in genes are called _____. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these. A. homeologues C. alleles C. polymorphisms D. traits

C. alleles

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because A. birds and insects did not evolve in the same region or live at the same time period. B. bird wings, but not insect wings, function on the physics principles of lift. C. the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin. D. insect wings are vestigial. E. there is no fossil link between these groups.

C. the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied? A. A population of bacteria gain resistance to a specific antibiotic. B. Weeds within a farm develop resistance to select herbicides. C. HIV can become resistant to various drug treatments. D. All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

D. All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

As climate change continues, the prevalence of vector-borne disease has increased. Why is this? A. Diseases like the flu are more contagious in warmer weather, so as climates have warmed, vector-borne diseases spread faster. B. The bacteria and viruses that cause disease multiply more rapidly in warmer weather, so as climates have warmed, the pathogens that cause disease are more prevalent. C. Diseases that humans get can only be transferred by human to human contact. So a change in vectors doesn't impact humans. D. As climates have warmed and winters have become less severe, the range of mosquitos and ticks has increased, bringing with them the diseases they carry such as Zika and Lyme.

D. As climates have warmed and winters have become less severe, the range of mosquitos and ticks has increased, bringing with them the diseases they carry such as Zika and Lyme.

What process is common to both Aerobic Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis? Hint - it requires a membrane to make ATP. A. Calvin Cycle B. Glycolysis C. Fermentation D. Electron Transport Chain

D. Electron Transport Chain

What is the only process in the carbon cycle that removes inorganic Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and puts it back into the organic portion of an ecosystem for use by living organisms? A. Sedimentation B. Decomposition C. Aerobic Cellular respiration D. Photosynthesis

D. Photosynthesis

The activities of macrophages A. are part of the specific response against disease. B. stimulate lymphocytes to carry on specific immunity. C. stimulate phagocytic neutrophils. D. are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

D. are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

Is it possible that the carbon atoms in your body may have once made up the living tissues of another person or animal in earlier times? This is A. highly unlikely since carbon is always tied up in molecules in organisms or minerals. B. possible only if you are a cannibal. C. impossible since carbon can't enter a living system more than once. D. possible since carbon cycles through the biosphere.

D. possible since carbon cycles through the biosphere.

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the _____ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the _____ of the chloroplast. A. stroma; thylakoid B. thylakoid; outer membrane C. stroma; outer membrane D. thylakoid; stroma

D. thylakoid; stroma

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means A. the environment can alter the expression of recessive genes, meaning any combination of alleles can cause the disease if the right environmental conditions are encountered. B. only one copy of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed. C. at least one copy of each recessive allele must be present for each gene involved in sickle-cell disease in order for the disease to be expressed. D. two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

D. two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu. True/False

False

Hurricanes and other severe precipitation events have started becoming weaker and less intense as a result of climate change. True/False

False

In order to generate active immunity, individuals must be exposed to the actual pathogen itself. This is why vaccinations always contain live pathogens. True/False

False

The organelle where photosynthesis takes place is the _________________ and the pigment associated with this process is ______________________. A. Chloroplast, Chlorophyll B. Mitochondria, Carotenoids C. Mitochondria, Cristae D. Chlorophyll, Chloroplast

A. Chloroplast, Chlorophyll

Which of the following crosses would yield 100% Green Pea pods in the offspring? Green (G) is dominant to yellow (g). pick 4 A. Gg X GgGg X Gg B. GG X ggGG X gg C. GG X GgGG X Gg D. Gg X ggGg X gg E. GG X GG

A. Gg X GgGg X Gg B. GG X ggGG X gg D. Gg X ggGg X gg E. GG X GG

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen? A. Glaciers and snow coverage decrease. B. Sea surface temperatures and ocean heat content decrease. C. Temperatures and humidity decrease. D. Extreme weather events decrease.

A. Glaciers and snow coverage decrease.

Why is ocean acidification problematic for some marine life? A. It decreases the amount of carbonate in the oceans, making the creation of shells and other hard structures difficult for marine life. B. It decreases the availability of oxygen in the water for the respiration needs of aquatic organisms. C. It decreases the stratification of water temperatures, so that marine organisms have smaller ranges in which to survive. D. The acidification causes metals to precipitate out of the water and deposit on the backs of aquatic organisms.

A. It decreases the amount of carbonate in the oceans, making the creation of shells and other hard structures difficult for marine life.

Why is carbon dioxide considered to be one of the most important of the greenhouse gases? Pick 3 A. It is able to absorb infrared energy, allowing earth to be warm enough to support life. B. It is able to reflect infrared energy, preventing earth from heating up too much. C. It cycles through the carbon cycle, driving all life on earth. D. It absorbs other gases, preventing them from becoming greenhouse gases also.

A. It is able to absorb infrared energy, allowing earth to be warm enough to support life. B. It is able to reflect infrared energy, preventing earth from heating up too much. D. It absorbs other gases, preventing them from becoming greenhouse gases also.

Once in the respiratory tract, the flu virus targets cells based on specific glycoproteins on their surfaces. How does the virus gain entry into the target cell? A. The N spikes of the influenza virus help break down the plasma membrane of a cell, allowing entry of the virus into the cell. B. Viruses are made up of lipids and can therefore diffuse through the membrane of target cells, gaining entry. C. Glycoproteins within the virus structure bind with glycoproteins on the membrane of the target cell and the virus squeezes through the glycoprotein into the cell. D. The H spikes of the influenza virus break down the cell wall, allowing the virus to gain entry.

A. The N spikes of the influenza virus help break down the plasma membrane of a cell, allowing entry of the virus into the cell.

Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription? A. To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus. B. To unpackage and unwind DNA so that enzymes can access the individual genes. C. To edit the mRNA strand and make it ready to leave the nucleus. D. To retrieve amino acids and bring them to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide.

A. To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.

Desertification is an example of a biome level change that is associated with climate change. Which of the following is associated with desertification? A. associated with poor agricultural practices, including the overgrazing of cattle B. associated with the conversion of deserts to grasslands C. increases in precipitation D. decreases in temperature

A. associated with poor agricultural practices, including the overgrazing of cattle

Which of the following is considered to be the unifying theory of biology? A. evolution B. the genetic code C. germ theory D. theory of relativity

A. evolution

Which of the following groups is suspected of causing climate change? A. fossil fuel usage, deforestation, and agriculture B. overfishing and hydropower usage C. fossil fuel and hydropower usage D. ocean acidification and desertification

A. fossil fuel usage, deforestation, and agriculture

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks that have been largely untouched until the industrial revolution? A. fossil fuels deep underground B. All of the answer choices are correct. C. the atmosphere D. oceans

A. fossil fuels deep underground

Which of the following is an example of an alternative energy that uses renewable resources? A. geothermal energy B. burning petroleum C. burning coal D. burning oil

A. geothermal energy

Human society in its current form is unsustainable because A. important natural resources are being consumed more quickly than they can be replenished. B. renewable energy sources are consuming land and resources more quickly than they can be replenished. C. recycling has eliminated the need for the mining of some mineral resources. D. freshwater is being effectively preserved through conservation.

A. important natural resources are being consumed more quickly than they can be replenished

Meiosis is DIFFERENT from mitosis in that in meiosis: A. results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical. B. results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical, whereas mitosis results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse. C. results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically identical, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse. D. results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

A. results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells? A. Red blood cells swell up, allowing fewer to flow through tiny capillaries and reducing blood flow. B. Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries. C. Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, resulting in them carrying increased oxygen to body cells. Hyperoxia results. D. Red blood cells shrivel up, causing too many of them to flow through capillaries at once, increasing blood pressure.

B. Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season? A. The vaccination cannot contain enough preservatives to last in the body longer than a year. B. The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains. C. The flu virus can become latent, meaning it can hide from the immune system within the body, so new vaccinations are important to allow for continuing immunity. D. The vaccination does not contain enough antigens to create a lasting immune response, so boosters are required every year.

B. The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (a) _____ and females have (a) _____. A. two X chromosomes; X and Y chromosome B. X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes C. two Y chromosomes; two X chromosomes D. two X chromosomes; two Y chromosomes

B. X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by... A. a collection of mutations on a single gene. B. a single mutation on a single gene. C. a collection of mutations that span several different genes. D. a collection of genetic mutations and environmental factors.

B. a single mutation on a single gene.

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene? A. a collection of polypeptides that fold to form a complex protein B. genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA C. a section of DNA that produces a single protein product D. the protein product that genetic material produces

B. genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels? A. natural events, including fires and volcanic activity B. human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation C. normal fluctuations in the natural levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere D. respiration from the earth's many living organisms

B. human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

Human society in its current form is unsustainable because A. freshwater is being effectively preserved through conservation. B. important natural resources are being consumed more quickly than they can be replenished. C. diverting agricultural yield for feeding livestock supplies enough protein to fulfill a community's dietary needs. D. recycling has eliminated the need for the mining of some mineral resources. E. renewable energy sources are consuming land and resources more quickly than they can be replenished.

B. important natural resources are being consumed more quickly than they can be replenished.

Which of the following are greenhouse gases? A. nitrogen and carbon dioxide B. methane and carbon dioxide C. oxygen and methane D. carbon dioxide and oxygen E. oxygen and nitrogen

B. methane and carbon dioxide

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain? A. RNA polymerase B. tRNA C. rRNA D. mRNA

B. tRNA

Climate can best be described as A. how hot or cold a location is based on its distance from the equator. B. the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time. C. the temperature and rainfall of a specific area over the course of a year. D. how hot or cold a location is based on its altitude.

B. the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

In humans freckles (F) are dominant to no freckles (f). What is the expected phenotypic ratio if two people that are heterozygous for freckles have a child? A. All Freckled (100%) B. 2 Freckled : 2 non-freckled C. 3 Freckled : 1 non-freckled D. all non-freckled

C. 3 Freckled : 1 non-freckled

How do invasive species impact ecosystems? A. They are more capable of adapting to rapidly changing climates. B. They outcompete with other organisms for limited resources C. All of the answer choices are correct. D. They occupy niches that other organisms traditionally occupy.

C. All of the answer choices are correct.

About 12,000 years ago, a mass extinction event occurred and 75% of the world's large mammal species were eliminated. While a small number of cheetahs managed to survive and restore the world's population of cheetahs, this event caused an extreme reduction of the cheetah's genetic diversity. Based on the principles of natural selection, which of the following is a consequence of their reduced genetic diversity? A. Cheetahs within the same population do not vary in their reproductive success. B. Cheetahs are unable to effectively compete with each other for resources. C. Cheetahs have very little heritable variation, which will make it difficult for them to adapt as the environment changes. D. Cheetahs have never fully adapted to the current environment.

C. Cheetahs have very little heritable variation, which will make it difficult for them to adapt as the environment changes.

In which of the following ways are coral reefs impacted from climate change? A. Cooling ocean temperatures are preventing the growth of new coral reefs. B. Coral reefs are dying as oceans become more basic. C. Invasive species are making their way into coral reef ecosystems, displacing existing populations. D. Water oxygen levels are decreasing, preventing coral from being able to survive.

C. Invasive species are making their way into coral reef ecosystems, displacing existing populations.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection? A. It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes. B. It assures the survival of every fit individual. C. On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics. D. It always selects for more complex forms. E. All of the answer choices are correct.

C. On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.

Which of the following describes an example of how ocean acidification impacts aquatic communities? A. Shellfish over-calcify their shells, meaning those organisms that depend on them for food must find other food sources. B. Shellfish cannot reproduce in acidic waters, meaning their population sizes have decreased, negatively impacting others in the community that depend on their presence. C. Shellfish cannot calcify their shells, meaning they are at an increased risk of predation, negatively impacting others in the community that depend on their presence. D. Plankton cannot survive in overly acidic waters, so the shellfish that depend on their presence begin to die off as well, causing a chain reaction in the community.

C. Shellfish cannot calcify their shells, meaning they are at an increased risk of predation, negatively impacting others in the community that depend on their presence.

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible? A. Type A blood is co-recessive with Type B blood, so as long as there is not a dominant blood type present, both recessive alleles will be expressed equally. B. This is not possible. The child cannot be their biological child. C. Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally. D. Type A blood is incompletely dominant to Type B blood. This means that individuals with alleles for both Type A and Type B will express a blended intermediate between these two blood types.

C. Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

Which of the following statements relate to natural selection. pick all that apply A. Populations experience differential reproductive success. B. Breeding is done intentionally with the intent to increase the frequency of desired traits. C. Variation within a population is heritable. D. Populations experience competition for resources. E. The variations in a population make no difference in terms of reproductive success.

C. Variation within a population is heritable. D. Populations experience competition for resources.

Major regional groups of interacting terrestrial ecosystems, characterized by climate and geography, are called A. taigas. B. tundras. C. biomes. D. biospheres. E. estuaries.

C. biomes.

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection? A. stabilizing selection B. disruptive selection C. directional selection D. artificial selection

C. directional selection

Agricultural crops are being genetically engineered to be more tolerant of climate change. Which of the following describes a change that would help crops be more tolerant of climate change? A. engineer crops that are less nutritious B. engineer crops that require extra water C. engineer crops to withstand extremely hot temperatures D. engineer crops to be intolerant of colder temperature ranges

C. engineer crops to withstand extremely hot temperatures

A product of photosynthesis, _____ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms. A. oxygen B. sucrose C. glucose D. All of the answer choices are correct.

C. glucose

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been. A. cyclical periods of warming and cooling, known as global climate change. B. decreases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global cooling. C. increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming. D. a gentle trend towards colder winters and hotter summers, which averages out to be very little overall global temperature changes.

C. increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

In humans, male gametes are called _____, while female gametes are called _____. A. eggs; sperm B. eggs; pollen C. sperm; eggs D. pollen; eggs

C. sperm; eggs

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions? A. The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and convert it to glucose. B. The light-dependent reactions use energy to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate molecules. C. The light-dependent reactions convert high-energy molecules into carbohydrates. D. The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.

D. The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of _____ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned. A. phosphorus B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. carbon

D. carbon

Which kind of T cell is most important in the removal of virally-infected cells from the body? A. memory T cells B. suppressor T cells C. helper T cells D. cytotoxic T cells

D. cytotoxic T cells

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks? A. conjugation B. asexual reproduction C. denaturation D. evolution

D. evolution

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle. A. retroviral B. lysogenic C. lysozyme D. lytic

D. lytic