BIO201: SB2 Assignment
Which are true regarding metabolism?
-It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body. -It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized. -It includes reactions where molecules are broken down.
Indicate which statements are true of proteins. Select all that apply.
-They catalyze chemical reactions. -They act as receptors on cells' surfaces. -They make up molecules that can transport oxygen.
Identify the components of a triglyceride below. Choose all that apply.
-Three fatty acids -Glycerol
an enzyme associated with its substrate is referred to as an enzyme-substrate ______________
complex
Which term can apply to a molecule composed of two or more different elements?
compound
A peptide bond is formed through ______.
dehydration synthesis
A carbohydrate composed of two covalently-bonded simple sugars (monosaccharides) is called a(n) _______
disaccharide
groups of atoms that are added to carbon backbones and that give organic molecules a variety of unique properties are generally known as _______________ groups
functioal
Which of the following terms refers to common arrangements of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties?
functional groups
Name the monosaccharide (C6H12O6), also known as blood sugar.
glucose
Which monosaccharide is the monomer that forms glycogen and starch?
glucose
Identify the polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals.
glycogen
a glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide is a _____________ molecule
glycogen
a ________________ is a phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it. it can be found in the plasma membranes of cells
glycolipid
What term can be used to describe any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water?
hydrophobic
To a certain point, increasing the concentration of reactants in a solution will ______ the rate of the reaction.
increase
When a sodium atom loses an electron, it becomes a sodium ______.
ion
a(n) ______________ is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons
ion
the number of molecules of a chemical that is equal to its molecular weight in grams, is a(n) ______________
mole
Adding together the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule gives a value known as its _________ weight.
molecular
a(n) ______________ is composed of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds
molecule
Which term is used to refer to a simple sugar, or sugar monomer?
monosaccharide
Disaccharides can be broken down into ______.
monosaccharides
Triglycerides are also called ______.
neutral fats
Isotopes differ from one another by containing different numbers of which subatomic particle?
neutron
The uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom is a(n)
neutron
Which is an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom?
neutron
What is the active site of an enzyme?
where it binds its substrate
Name the level of protein structure that is determined by the amino acid sequence of the protein.
primary
the ___________ structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence
primary
Amino acids are the subunits of larger molecules called _________.
proteins
Polypeptides over 100 amino acids long are generally classified as which of the following?
proteins
Which of the following best defines an acid?
proton donor
In general, a process that involves the formation or breakdown of molecules is called a chemical _________.
reaction
A fatty acid contains the maximum number of hydrogens possible. It is ______.
saturated
Name the level of protein structure that is determined by the folding of the protein into alpha helices and beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids.
secondary
the ___________ level of protein structure is determined by the folding of the protein due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids to form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets
secondary
Which of the following is a definition of energy?
the capacity to do work
____________ is the study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells.
Biochemistry
Peptide bonds are used to join two of these together.
amino acids
Which of the following are the monomeric subunits that make up a protein?
amino acids
Salt on a watermelon is an example of a ______.
mixture
a(n) _______________ consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound
mixture
Which three functional groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid?
- amino group - carboxyl group - radical (R group)
Which of the following statements about the molecular weight of a molecule are true?
- it is equal to the sum of the atomic weights - it is measured in atomic mass units - it is useful for calculating concentrations
which are examples of lipids?
- phospholipids - fatty acids - triglycerides - steroids
choose the lipids in the list below
- triglycerides -eicosanoids - steroids - phospholipids - fatty acids
Fatty acids contain ______ groups.
-Carboxyl -Methyl
which of the terms below can be applied to glucose (C6H12O6)?
-compound -molecule
Which of the following will, in general, increase the rate of a reaction?
-increasing temperature -increasing concentrations of reactants
Which of the following best describes a glycolipid?
A phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a carbohydrate
Which is an example of a nucleotide?
ATP
Which molecule, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, functions as an energy-transfer molecule?
Adenosine triphosphate
Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction?
Anabolic
Which term means the study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells?
Biochemistry
The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following?
Build large molecules from small molecules.
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all examples of which type of macromolecule?
Carbohydrates
Which element is the foundation of biological molecules? Hint: it is able to form a wide variety of compounds because it has four valence electrons.
Carbon
the element that is the foundation of biological molecules is _________________. this element has four valence electrons and can form a wide variety of bonds
Carbon
Which type of reaction is always exergonic?
Catabolic
Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy?
Catabolism
Which term defines the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties?
Element
Which term is used to describe the structure formed by the combining of the enzyme and its specific substrate?
Enzyme-substrate complex
Catabolic reactions release energy. Because of this, they can be classified as which of the following?
Exergonic
A molecule consisting of a carbon chain, with 4 to 24 carbons, with a methyl group on one end and a carboxyl group on the opposite end is which of the following?
Fatty acid
Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction?
Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.
Which of the following would give you the molarity of a solution?
Moles/liter
Which type of fatty acid has two or more double bonds within its carbon chain?
Polyunsaturated
Name the family of macromolecules that plays a role in cell structure, communication (hormones and neurotransmitters), membrane transport, catalysis (enzymes), recognition and protection (immune factors), movement (contractile molecules), and cell adhesion.
Proteins
HCl is a compound that releases hydrogen ions when put into water. Therefore, it is a(n) ______.
acid
the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction is called its ______________ energy
activation
Which term refers to the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started?
activation energy
the substrate-binding site of an enzyme is known as the _______________ site
active
Which molecule combines with an inorganic phosphate to form ATP?
adenosine diphosphate
The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is ______.
adenosine triphosphate
nucleotides contain a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous ________________.
base
Which of the following is another term for enzyme?
biological catalyst
The ______ family of macromolecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.
carbohydrate
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen are examples of ___________ bonds
chemical
Which term refers to an attractive force caused by the sharing or transfer of electrons?
chemical bond
A pure chemical substance that consists of one type of atom is called a(n) ________.
element
an input of ____________ is required for a system to perform work
energy
a(n) ___________ is a protein that functions as a biological catalyst.
enzyme
True or false: Saturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.
false
True or false: Unsaturated fatty acids do not have double bonds.
false
which is a hydrophobic substance? Water or fats?
fats
A molecule with the chemical formula C57H110O6 is an example of which type of organic molecule?
lipid
Hydrophobic organic molecules, such as fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins, are classified as what type of molecule?
lipid
any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein or starch, is known as a _____________.
macromolecule
molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of ________________ because they are made up of many repeating subunits
macromolecules
the term _____________ refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
Name the type of bond that holds amino acids together in a protein molecule.
peptide bond
a(n) _____________ is a lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acids tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head.
phospholipid
Which of the following molecules are the major component of the plasma membrane?
phospholipids
In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what?
solvent
Saltwater is a solution of NaCl dissolved in water. In this example, NaCl is the solute and water is the _______.
solvent
Which of the following is the only plant polysaccharide that humans can digest?
starch
________ is an energy-storage polysaccharide in plants.
starch
Which term refers to the substance upon which an enzyme acts?
substrate
a _____________ is the substance that an enzyme acts upon
substrate
Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. What is different about them?
they have a different number of neutrons
A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is broken or formed.
true
A molecule may be composed of one element or more than one element.
true
True or false: Formation of adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate molecule requires the input of energy.
true
Disaccharides are composed of how many covalently-bonded simple sugars?
two
How many double covalent bonds are in the carbon chain of a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
two or more
A fatty acid has a double bond in its carbon chain. It is a(n) ______ fatty acid.
unsaturated