BIO2514 Midterm
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
What is the regional term for the hip region?
coxal
Caveolae are closely associated with all of the following except
enzymes involved in cell metabolism
Which tissue type arises form all three embryonic germ layers?
epithelial tissue
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers?
epithelial tissue
The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called __ anatomy
gross
Which of the following are subdivisions of anatomy?
gross, macroscopic, visual, and microscopic
Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?
microvilli
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except __
palms turned posteriorly
Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together?
glycolipids in the glycocalyx
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?
Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength
Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body
Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses?
Na
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?
sagittal
Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) __ reaction
synthesis
The RNA responsible fro bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is
tRNA
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
tactile corpuscle
In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?
telophase
The chemical symbol O-O means
the atoms are double bonded
The reason the hypodermic acts as a shock absorber is that
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
What happens in redox reactions?
the organic substance that loses hydrogen is usually reduced
If a tRNA has an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) __ mRNA codon
UCG
Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue
chondrocytes
The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?
brain
Which of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli?
nervous
The heart lies in the __ cavity
pericardial
Vernix caseosa is a
whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands
Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue
"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells
An atom with a valence of 3 may have a total of __ electrons
13
The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
2,8,1
Average body temperature is __ degrees centigrade
37
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats?
3:1
Atom X has 17 protons. How Manu electrons are in its valence shell?
7
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?
7
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
Once solid material is phagocytize and taken into a vacuole, which of the following a statements best describes what happens?
A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material
Once solid material is phagocytize and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens?
A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule
CH4
Which glands produce ear wax?
Ceruminous glands
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched
Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched
Dendritic cells- activate the immune system
Which of the following is true about epithelia?
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes?
Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
Fibers are not normally visible
What is the most important role of the arrector pili muscles in humans?
Force sebum out of the hair follicle to the skin surface
Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair?
Formation of new stem cells
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?
Golgi bodies
Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?
HCI+NaOH -> NaCI+H2O
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable
Select the correct statement about isotopes
Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a Vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism
Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane?
It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue
Its primary function is nutrient storage
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts
Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses
Na
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
Lamellar granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces
Which of the following statements is false?
Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully
Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain?
MRI
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?
Meissner's corpuscles
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to precent them from metastasizing
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process
Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?
Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis
What moves cell organelles from one location to another inside a cell?
Motor proteins
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure
Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules
__ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaved the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires
Porphyria
__ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires
Porphyria
Which of the following statements indicated the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen
__ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane
Pseudostratified columnar
__ cavities are spaces within joints
Synovial
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?
The cells will lose water and shrink
Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?
The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate
Select the most correct statement
The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system
Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation?
The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential?
The resting membrane potential is maintained by solely by passive transport processes
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostasis imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?
The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which fo the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?
The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance
What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?
There are 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms
What dies CH4 mean?
There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms
Which of the following is not true of proteins?
They appear to be the molecular carries of coded hereditary information
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person
If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis us ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?
UGCAA
Choose the following statement the is not completely correct regarding serious membranes
Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and partial pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart
__ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal Boone growth and function
Vitamin D
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-
a bicarbonate ion
In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have
a high degree of unsaturated bonds
Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in
a hypertonic solution
Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?
a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
What is a dipole?
a polar molecule
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
A gene can best be defined as
a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes
accumulated the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
Which of the following is not a role of molecular chaperonins?
act as a platform for assembling primary protein structure
The function of the root hair plexus is to
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
Peroxisomes
are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
Edema occurs when
areolar tissue seals up excess fluid in an inflamed area
The anatomical position is used
as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
basale
Which of the following is an example of a suspension?
blood
Which of the following is not fond in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone?
blood vessels
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated
by hormones, especially androgens
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. how do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
by using the "rule of nines"
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart of blood vessels?
cardiovascular physiology
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
catastrophic fluid loss
The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cells consists of pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a
centriole
Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to
changes in the environment
Stress proteins are a type of protein called
chaperones
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is
collagen
You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this?
colloid
Mitochondria __
contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the
control center
Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life?
decay
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic?
dense microvilli
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structure called
dermal papillae
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structure called:
dermal papillae
Which type of cell junction acts as anchors and distributes tension through a cellular sheet and reduces the chance of tearing when it is subjected to great mechanical stress?
desmosomes
An oblique cut is one that is cut
diagonally between vertical and horizontal planes
Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?
dorsal
The shape of the external ear is maintained by
elastic cartilage
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in __ connective tissue
embryonic
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as
endocrine
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be
enhancement of labor contractions
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be __
enhancement of labor contractions
An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of __
excretion of metabolic waste
Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is
false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way
Connective tissue matrix is composed of
fibers and ground substance
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cells types are likely to be found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?
forming acid hydrolyses which are necessary to help form cell membranes
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
goblet cells
The blast cell for blood production is the
hemocytolast
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
high heat of vaporization
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
highly cellular and well vascularized
Which bonds after bond different parts of a molecule into a specific three-dimensional shape?
hydrogen
Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three-dimensional shape?
hydrogen
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
in the Hillary and anogenital area
The first step in tissue repair involves
inflammation
The first step is tissue repair involves
inflammation
Which of the following is NOT a role of cell adhesion molecules:
initiators to cell-to-cell signaling for muscle contraction
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without
intercalated discs
Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?
intestines
Salts are always __
ionic compounds
Mitosis
is division of the nucleus
In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?
left upper quadrant
Pseufostratified columnar epithelium ciliated variety
lines most of the respiratory tract
The parietal pleura would represent a serious membrane
lining the thoracic cavity
The integumentary system is protected but the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cell serve this function?
macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)
Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?
melanin
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane
messenger RNA
Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances?
molecular chaperones
Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
molecular transport through the membrane
Passive membrane transport processes include
movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
Which of the following are survival needs of the body?
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
nutrition and hormones
The cavities housing the eyes are called __ cavities
orbital
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to person specific functions for the body is a(n)
organ
The functions of centrioles include
organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
osseous tissue
The single most important risk for skin cancer is
overexposure to UV radiation
Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?
phagocytosis
Which of the following does not describe uses for ATP molecule?
pigment structure
In which body cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic
The posterior knee area is called
popliteal
Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes
Some hormones enter cells via
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blacks by the
removal of a water molecule between each two units
Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division?
repressor genes
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its function include
resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include
resident macrophage-like cells whose functions is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
Acne is a disorder associated with
sebaceous glands
One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to __
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
simple columnar
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serious membranes?
simple squamous
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
sodium
The epidermis consist of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
stratum basale
The epidermis consists of five layers of cell, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
stratum basale
A red blood cell placed in pure water would
swell and burst
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with
the release of energy
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
the reticular layer
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in
the smooth ER
Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?
thoracic cavity
The term polled refers to the
thumb
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n)
tissue
Histology would be best defined as a study of
tissues
In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves
to hold the molecular backbone together
What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?
to maintain homeostasis
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
usually contains a large amount of matrix
The main component of the cytosol is
water
