BIOL 1060 Final

Low blood glucose is called ____________, whereas high blood glucose is called ____________. A. hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia B. metabolic syndrome; hyperglycemia C. hypoglycemia; polydipsia D. hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia

A

The energy value of dietary carbohydrates is _____ kcal per gram. A. 4 B. 7 C. 9 D. 15

A.

A person with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes has just been advised that he should begin a 2100 calorie diet with 45% of the energy coming from carbohydrate. How many grams of carbohydrate would that be? A. 236 B. 105 C. 337 D. 135

A. 1 g of carbohydrate would give 4kcal of energy. 45% of 2100 calories is (2100/100)x45 = 945 calories. 945/4 = 236 calories (approximately).

The intestinal enzymes and cells are protected from stomach acid by which of the following? A. Bicarbonate produced by the pancreas B. Mucus secreted by the stomach C. Bile from the gallbladder D. Fat that coats the microvilli

A. Acid secretions from the stomach are mixed in with the food that travels from the stomach into the small intestines. This acid will destroy the cells lining the small intestine and destroy (denature) the enzymes that are present unless it is neutralized. Bicarbonate is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize the acid.

A 5oz glass of red wine has 14g of alcohol in it. How many calories will it provide? A. 98 B. 118 C. 56 D. 126

A. Alcohol has 7kcals of energy per gram. So 7x14g = 98kcals.

The basic building blocks of protein are which of the following? A. Amino acids B. Polypeptides C. Enzymes D. Hormones

A. Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds make up a polypeptide chain called a protein.

Saliva contains which of the following enzymes? A. Amylase B. Pepsin C. Sucrase D. Maltase E. Lactase

A. Amylase, the enzyme that digests starch, is present in the saliva. It will break down the polysaccharide into smaller pieces - oligosaccharides, limit dextrins, free glucose, maltose, maltotriose.

In the body what happens to excess amino acids? A. They are stored as fat B. They are stored by the body in the form that they were consumed C. They are converted into fat-soluble vitamins D. They are converted into bone

A. Any macronutrient when in excess, will be converted by the liver into fat (triglyceride) for storage).

Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of which of the following nutrients? A. Fat B. Starch C. Protein D. Sugars

A. Bile serves as a "detergent" and dissolves fats, making them easier to digest.

You suspect that your new college roommate may have an eating disorder because, although she seems to have a normal body size, you have heard her frequently vomiting after a meal, and her tooth enamel is becoming corroded. She also will frequently eat 3 boxes of crackers at one time to relieve stress and will then feel guilty afterwards. These are most likely symptoms of which of the following disorders? A. Bulimia nervosa B. The female athlete triad C. Binge eating disorder D. Anorexia nervosa

A. Bulimia is characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating combined with a morbid fear of being fat; usually followed by self-induced vomiting or purging. Common symptoms include heart and teeth problems.

Where does chemical digestion by body's enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract begin and end? A. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine. B. Chemical digestion begins in the stomach and ends in the large intestine (colon). C. Chemical digestion begins and ends in the small intestine. D. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth and ends in the stomach.

A. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth. An enzyme in saliva starts rapidly breaking down starch (carbohydrates), and another enzyme initiates a little digestion of fat - especially the digestion of milk fat (important in infants). In the stomach, protein digestion begins. But despite all this, MOST of the digestion occurs in the small intestine and the products of digestion are absorbed there. Chemical digestion by our body's enzymes and absorption are complete by the time contents enter the large intestine (colon). Bacteria will break down some indigestible components of our food such as certain kinds of fiber and we may absorb some by-products of that process in the colon.

A high school athlete complains of stomach pain. Her physician finds out that she has been taking high doses of ibuprofen for a knee injury for a couple of weeks. How has this contributed to her stomach pain? A. The ibuprofen has given her stomach ulcers B. The ibuprofen has caused her to develop stomach cancer C. The ibuprofen has given her heartburn D. The ibuprofen has given her a viral infection

A. Chronic use of NSAIDs will cause the development of stomach ulcers.

Which of the following foods has the greatest energy density? A. Vanilla ice-cream that weighs 39 grams and is 155 calories B. French fries that weigh 50 grams and are 167 calories C. Baby carrots that weight 72 grams and are 31 calories D. Mushroom soup that weighs 65 grams and has 175 calories

A. Energy density refers to the amount of calories per gram that a food contains i.e. how much energy it can provide relative to its weight. A - 155/39 = 3.97; B - 167/50 = 3.34; C - 31/72 = 0.43; D - 175/65 = 2.69

An essential amino acid has which of the following characteristics? A. It cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body B. It is hydrophobic C. It can be synthesized if cells have an available source of nitrogen D. It can only be obtained by eating amino acid supplements

A. Essential amino acids cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body and therefore we have to obtain them in our diet. Nonessential amino acids however can be made by our body when there is a need.

A man presents to his primary care physician complaining of a burning sensation in his chest several hours after eating large fatty meals. His physician diagnoses him with gastroesphogeal disease (GERD). The primary cause of his symptoms is due to which of the following? A. Acidic contents from his stomach entering the esophagus B. Alkaline secretions from his esophagus entering his stomach C. Reduced mucus secretions from the cells lining his stomach D. Infection of his stomach cells by Helicobacter pylori E. Intestinal gas from the overgrowth of bacteria in his colon

A. GERD is a form of chronic heartburn where stomach acid backwashes into the esophagus, throat, mouth or airway. Left untreated, this could damage the cells in those locations leading eventually to cancer.

A tall thin female athlete is brought to the emergency room and examined. Her rings have to be removed as they were cutting off circulation to her swollen fingers and her shoes once removed have left marks upon the skin of her swollen feet. her clothes are damp from perspiration. She complains of a severe headache and seems mentally confused. Upon questioning, it is revealed that she has been participating in a day-long track and field event. Her coach says she has been taking ibuprofen and hydrating heavily in preparation for this event. Her temperature and heart rate are normal. You suspect which of the following causes for her symptoms? A. Hyponatremia B. Mild dehydration C. Heat stroke D. Severe dehydration

A. Her symptoms all point to water intoxication as opposed to dehydration or heat stroke.

What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis? A. LDL B. HDL C. Chylomicrons D. VLDL

A. LDL levels are predictive of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) i.e. high LDL levels mean a greater chance of CVD.

Which of the following does not directly contribute to the caloric needs of the body (i.e. act as a fuel molecule) through the breakdown of its macromolecular structure? A. Vitamins B. Ketone bodies C. Glucose D. Fatty acids E. Amino acids

A. Macronutrients (Proteins, carbohydrates, fats/lipids) and their derivatives (e.g. fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, ketone bodies, etc.) are either ingested or created in amounts to provide significant calories and act as fuel molecules for the body. Micronutrients such as vitamins, minerals, phytochemical, zoochemicals are only ingested in minute amounts and do not contribute to a body's calorie and energy supply - although minerals and vitamins can aid in the actual energy producing reactions (i.e. indirectly).

"Low in fat" represents which kind of label claim that is closely regulated by the Food and Drug Administration? A. Nutrient claim B. Health claim C. Qualified health claim D. Structure claim E. Function claim

A. Nutrient claims are claims using FDA approved wording to describe the nutrient values of foods, such as the claim that a food is "high" in a desirable constituent, or "low" in an undesirable one.

Which one of the following individuals may need to take a vitamin E supplement? A. "I am allergic to nuts and live on a super low-fat diet." B. "I eat very little." C. "I avoid all fruits and vegetables." D. "I wear a lot of sunscreen and am lactose intolerant." E. "I am a vegan."

A. Option A - this individual could be at risk for a vitamin E deficiency due to the fat-free or low-fat diet. You need fat in the diet to be able to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E, & K. Option B - this individual could be at risk for a B6 deficiency. Option C - this individual could be at risk for a vitamin C deficiency. Option D - this individual could be at risk for a vitamin D deficiency. Option E - this individual could be at risk for a B12 deficiency.

Which one of the following does not contribute to the development of an atherosclerotic plaque? A. HDL B. LDL C. Macrophages D. Foam cells E. Cholesterol

A. Plaque formation occurs when LDL particles filled with cholesterol start to get trapped and be deposited in the blood vessel walls. These LDL particles can be come damaged (oxidized) and cells of of immune system (macrophages) will recognize and engulf them. When these cells are filled with LDL particles, we call them foam cells and they contribute to the atherosclerotic plaque. HDL on the other hand works against plaque production by being involved in the transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver.

Which of the following people would not be covered by the DRIs, based on assumptions made by the DRI committee? A. Robert, a 20 year old with cystic fibrosis B. Joann, a 35-year-old female vegetarian C. Harry, a 35-year-old healthy businessman D. Cindy, a 21-year-old college athlete

A. Remember that DRIs are created for "healthy" people belonging to a specific gender and age group. Therefore someone with cystic fibrosis may not have their needs met in a certain gender and age category.

Which is the major electrolyte in the extracellular fluid? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Iron

A. Sodium is high in extracellular fluid, potassium is high in intracellular fluid.

Which one of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin A C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin E E. Vitamin D

A. The C and B vitamins are water-soluble. Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat-soluble.

The largest component of energy expenditure is which of the following? A. Basal metabolism B. Physical activity C. Thermic effect of food D. Thermogenesis

A. The largest component of daily energy expenditure by an individual is one's basal metabolism followed by physical activity and the thermic effect of food. Basal Metabolism is comprised of all the involuntary activities that are necessary to sustain life e.g. circulation, respiration, nerve activity, etc.

If no glucose is available from dietary carbohydrate, which one of the following molecules would be directly contributing to blood glucose levels? A. Liver glycogen B. Triglyceride breakdown C. Muscle glycogen D. Ketone bodies

A. The stored form of glucose in the body is glycogen. When blood glucose levels drop glucose is released from liver glycogen stores. Muscle glycogen stores are used to provide glucose for exercising muscle only.

Energy-dense foods are high in which of the following? A. Calories B. Water C. Fiber D. Volume

A.Energy density is a measure of energy provided by a food relative to its weight i.e. how many calories per gram. Foods high in fat for example will be high in energy density. Foods high in fiber and water such as food and vegetables will rank lower in energy density. Note that the energy density of a food does not necessarily reflect its nutrient density.

Which of the following combinations of foods would provide the most dietary fiber? A. Kidney bean salad, turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, fresh apple, milk B. Ham sandwich on white bread, potato chips, iced tea C. Roast beef, mashed potatoes, coffee with sugar D. Cheeseburger (white bun, lettuce, mustard, catsup, slice of tomato, 3 oz ground beef, processed cheese slice), french fries, soft drink

A.Soluble fibers are found in high levels in oats, barley, legumes, okra, citrus fruits. Insoluble fibers are present in the outer layers of whole grains, strings of celery, hulls of seeds and skins of corn kernels. Overall legumes provide biggest bang of the buck but whole grains, vegetables and fruits are also good sources of fiber.

The principal sugar found in milk is which of the following? A. Sucrose B. Lactose C. Dextrose D. Maltose

B

"Scientists compare individuals that have a disease condition to those that don't. They study all kinds of factors that differ between the groups - such as past fruit and vegetable intake - in an effort to discover factors that influence the cause, progression and prevention of the disease." This scenario describes which kind of research study? A. A controlled clinical trial B. A case control study C. A prospective cohort study D. An ecological study

B.

During digestion, protein denaturation (unfolding) takes place in which one of the following locations? A. Mouth B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine

B.

Which one of the following scenarios could lead to hypoglycemia? A. A healthy person eating small, frequent meals six times a day B. A type I diabetic on medication who overestimates carbohydrate consumption C. An untreated type I diabetic injecting himself with glucagon D. A type II diabetic forgetting to take his prescribed medication

B. A. This person would be unlikely to experience very low glucose levels (hypoglycemia). B. A type I diabetic would be injecting themselves with insulin as treatment for their condition. If such a person were to inject themselves with too much insulin relative to the amount of carbohydrate they were eating they could become hypoglycemic. This is because they used too much insulin for the amount of sugar they were actually bringing into their body, leading to an effective sugar shortage. Remember the function of insulin is to lower blood glucose. C. An untreated type I diabetic would be hyperglycemic (blood sugar levels are too high). Injections of glucagon would only worsen the hyperglycemia as the function of glucagon is to mobilize sugar from storage and increase gluconeogenesis. D. An untreated type II diabetic would also be hyperglycemic.

The principal element present in amino acids and proteins but absent from carbohydrates and lipids is which of the following? A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. Sulfur D. Phosphorus

B. Amino acids contain nitrogen and therefore contribute to maintaining nitrogen balance in the body. If a person is in nitrogen balance it means that their nitrogen gains (from the diet to build proteins in the body) equal their nitrogen losses (protein and amino acid destruction with nitrogen being passed out of the body as urea in the urine).

Secretions from the pancreas include which of the following? A. Acid and digestive enzymes B. Bicarbonate and digestive enzymes C. Bile and bicarbonate D. Acid and mucus E. Amylase and bile

B. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder for secretion into the small intestine. Digestive enzymes are secreted by the cells of the stomach, small intestine but the majority of them are secreted by the pancreas. The pancreas also secretes bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize acid that is being secreted by the stomach cells. Mucus is secreted by stomach cells to prevent them from being damaged by the stomach acid.

Which of the following is the best source of polyunsaturated fats? A. Butter B. Corn oil C. Coconut oil D. Palm oil

B. Butter, coconut oil and palm oil are all high in saturated fat. Corn oil is high in polyunsaturated fat.

Celiac Disease is caused by which of the following? A. An affected person eating uncontaminated gluten-free oats B. An immune reaction to proteins gliadin and glutenin C. Genetic modifications of ancient grains D. Strict adherence to the paleo diet

B. Celiac Disease is caused by an immune reaction to gluten. Gluten is a matrix of two proteins (gliaden and glutenin) that provides elasticity to bread dough. It is found in wheat, barley, rye and their close relatives but not oats. Oats are frequently processed in facilities that processed wheat and are often contaminated with gluten - unless certified as gluten-free.

The reference calorie intake for calculating percent Daily Values on Nutrition Facts labels is which one of the following? A. 1500 kcal B. 2000 kcal C. 2300 kcal D. 3000 kcal

B. Daily Values are nutrient standards that are printed on food labels. Based on nutrient and energy recommendations for a general 2000 calorie diet, they allow consumers to compare foods with regards to nutrients and calorie contents.

After a person has fasted for about a week, the brain adapts to using _______ for some of its fuel needs. A. Glycerol B. Ketone bodies C. Fatty acids D. Amino acids

B. Explanation: While the brain and nervous tissue prefer glucose as a fuel source, in times of starvation, these organs/tissues can adapt to use ketone bodies made from fat as fuel. Glucose still needs to be made available though and protein is broken down to make it via gluconeogenesis pathways.

An example of two incomplete protein foods eaten together to produce a complete protein meal is which of the following? A. Bread and butter B. Red beans and rice C. Cereal and milk D. Hamburger with a bun

B. High-quality proteins - provide enough of all of the essential amino acids needed to make new proteins. You find these in animal sources of protein. Low-quality proteins - do not provide all the essential amino acids. Plant sources are often low-quality (incomplete) proteins i.e. they are missing some essential amino acids. Legumes (e.g. red beans) and grains (e.g. rice) however will complement each other to provide all the essential amino acids.

Insulin and glucagon are examples of which of the following? A. Digestive enzymes B. Hormones C. Zymogens D. Gall bladder secretions

B. Hormones are signaling molecules that are produced from cells that then travel in the blood to target organs far away to coordinate metabolic processes. Insulin and glucagon are hormones that have opposing actions to regulate blood sugar concentrations. Insulin acts to lower blood glucose levels and glucagon acts to raise blood sugar levels. Both are secreted by the pancreas into the blood.

Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include which of the following? A. Digesting carbohydrates by increasing enzymatic action B. Destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods C. Initiating the mixing contractions of the stomach D. Enhancing the action of the bicarbonate ions produced in the colon

B. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the stomach and has a couple of functions. It aids in the chemical digestion of proteins by causing the proteins to become denatured and unravel, thus making them more susceptible to cleavage by enzymes. The acid also works to destroy viruses and bacteria that come into the gastrointestinal tract with food.

After digestion, most dietary triglycerides will do which of the following? A. Be converted to short-chain fatty acids for absorption with other water-soluble nutrients B. Enter the lymphatic system inside chylomicrons C. Enter the colon and become "food" for bacteria D. Be converted to bile in the lumen of the intestine

B. Long chain fatty acids are very hydrophobic and would be difficult to travel in the blood. The intestinal cells instead assemble them into triglycerides and put them into lipoprotein particles known as chylomicrons. These are exported into the lymphatic vessels as they are too large to fit into the small blood vessels (capillaries) located near the intestinal cells. The chylomicrons travel through the lymphatic system before entering larger blood vessels later on.

Which one of the following individuals is likely to be experiencing a negative nitrogen balance? A. A 25 year old pregnant woman B. A 95 year old man C. An 8 year old boy D. A 15 year old girl

B. Rapidly growing fetuses and children will be in positive nitrogen balance. Elderly individuals will be losing muscle mass as they age and will be in negative nitrogen balance.

A friend says, "My diet contains no sucrose because I don't eat table sugar." Is this likely to be true? A. Yes, because sucrose is only found in table sugar B. No, because sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables C. No, because sucrose is generated by breaking down starch D. No, because sucrose is found in milk

B. Table sugar is obtained by refining the juice from sugar beets or sugar cane, but also occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables.

A diet that contains an average intake of 4000mg sodium and 1500mg potassium daily is likely to have which of the following effects? A. Decrease the risk of hypertension B. Increase the risk of hypertension C. Have no effect on blood pressure

B. The amounts given are way too high of a sodium intake (UL = 2300mg/day) and too low of potassium (DRI = 4700mg/day). Too high of a sodium intake could lead to hypertension and a potassium imbalance could only worsen the situation.

The blood supply (hepatic portal system) delivers nutrients from the digestive tract to which one of the following organs/systems first before all the other organs? A. Heart B. Liver C. Kidneys D. Lungs E. Lymphatic System

B. The blood supply will deliver blood carrying digested nutrients from the gastrointestinal system to the liver. The liver gets first pass as it controls the fate and distribution of these nutrients. For example if nutrients are in excess of body needs, it will be responsible for converting them to fat and storing them.

Villi and microvilli increase the absorptive capacity mainly in which one of the following segments of the gastrointestinal tract? A. Large intestine B. Small intestine C. Esophagus D. Stomach E. Pancreas

B. The cells of the small intestine are arranged in finger like protrusions called villi. Each cell on the surface of the individual villus have infoldings of the cell membrane call microvilli. The villi and microvilli have the net effect of increasing the surface area so much though that if they were all spread out flat, they will cover the area of a couple of tennis courts.

Which one of the following foods would you want to avoid if you were trying to reduce your saturated fat intake? A. Grilled Fish B. Grilled Steak C. Fresh strawberries D. Eggplant fried in olive oil E. Roasted chicken

B. Vegetables and fruit are very low in fats. Olive oil is high in monounsaturated fats. Fish have a lot of heart healthy oils including omega-3s. Chicken has less saturated fat than red meat such as steak.

A 5 year old boy develops a skin infection. The doctor provides him with some strong antibiotics. After 5 days on the antibiotics he develops some gastrointestinal issues that persist even after his course of antibiotics is over. His doctor then advises that his mother to feed him some probiotics. What is the doctor hoping to achieve by this course of action? A. Kill the bacteria that caused his skin infection B. Reinfect his skin with healthy bacteria C. Reinfect his gastrointestinal tract with healthy bacteria D. Provide his gut bacteria with nutrients to help them grow E. Prevent his skin infection from infecting his gastrointestinal system

C.

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are which of the following? A. Disaccharides B. Soluble fibers C. Monosaccharides D. Polysaccharides

C.

The liver is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as amino acids, by a process referred to as which of the following? A. Glycogenesis B. Glycolysis C. Gluconeogenesis D. Ketosis

C.

Triglycerides are stored primarily in which of the following tissues/organs? A. Muscle tissue B. Brain C. Adipose tissue D. Liver E. Lung

C.

Judy's dietary intake provides 90 grams of protein. Her total energy intake is 2000 kcal. Approximately what percentage of her energy comes from protein? A. 8% B. 11% C. 18% D. 28%

C. 1 gram of protein = 4 kcal's of energy. Therefore 90g x 4 = 360kcals. To get the percentage of energy derived from protein.... 360/2000 x 100 = 18%

In lactose intolerance, the main cause of intestinal gas formation is which of the following? A. A lack of bacteria in the large intestine B. An infection from drinking unpasteurized milk C. The breakdown of undigested carbohydrates by bacteria in the large intestine D. Insufficient bile production for fat digestion and absorption

C. A deficiency of the enzyme lactase in the small intestine causes the lactose sugars to pass into the large intestine undigested. Once in the large intestine, the lactose will be fermented by the bacteria present producing small molecules and gas byproducts. The small molecules will draw water from the cells into the large intestine causing diarrhea.

A research study followed a large group of health professionals for 10 years. Their eating and exercise habits and health status were surveyed at the beginning of the study and at regular yearly intervals for the duration of the study. An especially detailed health survey was conducted at the end of the 10 years. This scenario describes which kind of research study? A. A controlled clinical trial B. A case control study C. A prospective cohort study D. An ecological study

C. A prospective cohort study is one where a group of individuals is followed for a long period of time (sometimes even for decades) and many aspects of their lives are studied. Questions that then be asked of the data collected such as - did a sub-group of individuals eat avocados every day and did that impact their health positively 10 years later?

Parents of a healthy newborn child refuse all medical interventions after birth due to their personal beliefs. Unfortunately their child develops a brain hemorrhage 2 days after birth and results in partial paralysis of the child. The medical care team informs the parents that this situation could have been avoided if the child had received which one of the following medical interventions at birth? A. Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine B. Vitamin C oral dose C. Vitamin K shot D. Iron transfusion

C. Babies are lacking the intestinal bacteria that produce vitamin K. Vitamin K is important for the correct functioning of the blood clotting factors. Without a vitamin K inoculation at birth newborns are at risk for hemorrhage and stroke.

Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________. A. Stomach; pancreas B. Duodenum; kidney C. Liver; gallbladder D. Ileum; colon

C. Bile is a detergent that is made by the liver and it is stored in the gallbladder until it is needed. Its function is to aid in the digestion of fats in our diet and it helps dissolve the fat, making it more easily digested by the digestive enzymes.

Which of the following could be a result of chronic diarrhea experienced by a child living in poverty and unsanitary conditions? I. Malnutrition II. Decreased pathogen load III. Physical Stunting IV. Cognitive Stunting V. Stronger immune systems VI. Death A. I and II B.II and V C.I, III, IV & VI D. I, II, IV & VI

C. Diarrhea and increased infections (pathogens) tend to set children in the third world into a viscous cycle of malnutrition and then increased predisposition to diarrhea and infection (and damage to their immune systems). The end result is often physical stunting, cognitive impairment if they survive. Child death rates tend to be high in situations of poverty and unsanitary conditions.

George is a 35-year-old athlete who eats a healthy balanced diet and takes nutrient supplements in the hope of giving himself a competitive advantage. Which of the following types of nutrient intake recommendations would you suggest that George become familiar with? A. Estimated Average Requirements B. Adequate Intakes C. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels D. Recommended Dietary Allowances

C. George is most likely meeting his RDAs due to his increased food intake to meet his high calorie needs as an athlete. We would be much more concerned about his supplementing his diet and, for safety's sake, it is much more urgent that he pay close attention to the ULs.

If glucagon levels are high, which one of the following is also likely to be true? A. Glycogen synthesis is occurring in the liver B. Glucose is being broken down by the liver for energy C. Fatty acids are being broken down for energy in the liver D. Glucose is being broken down by non-exercising muscle for energy E. Triglyceride synthesis is occurring in adipose tissue

C. Glucagon levels are high in the fasting state. During the fasted state, most organs like the liver and non- exercising muscle will switch from using glucose for energy to using fatty acids instead. The adipose tissue will release fatty acids from storage (triglyceride breakdown) to keep a ready supply of fat for energy available to the body tissues. The liver will use fatty acids for energy as well as convert some of the fatty acids to ketone bodies. Ketone bodies will be released by the liver into the blood for energy use by tissues including the brain. The liver will also be breaking down glycogen to supply glucose to the blood and the brain.

Drinking too much water can result in dilution of sodium in the blood, a condition known as which of the following? A. Hypernatremia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hyponatremia D. ADH Syndrome

C. Hyponatremia = too little sodium in the blood.

Kwashiorkor develops from which of the following situations? A. Too much fat in the diet B. Megadoses of amino acid supplements C. Inadequate protein intake D. Diarrhea leading to excessive fluid loss

C. Kwashiorkor is the result of a protein deficiency though the diet itself may contain enough calories. Symptoms include edema, weight loss, growth impairment.

The major component of the Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) is which of the following? A. Amino acids B. Protein C. Cholesterol D. Triglycerides E. Fatty Acids

C. LDL particles are formed from VLDL after VLDLs deliver triglycerides to adipose tissue. LDL particles contain mostly cholesterol and their function is to deliver cholesterol to those tissues that need them (e.g. for structural purposes or to make steroid hormones, etc.).

The leading cause of peptic ulcer disease is which of the following? A. Consumption of spicy foods B. A malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter C. Helicobacter pylori infection D. Alcohol consumption

C. Most ulcers are caused by bacterial infection (H. pylori) and can be treated by antibiotics.

Which one of the following meals will fulfill MyPlate recommendations? A. A cup of three bean chili in a bread bowl, topped with cheese B. Grilled fish and chips, strawberries and cream C. A bean burrito with melted cheese and a side salad topped with apples D. Swordfish with grilled vegetables and couscous, topped with feta cheese E. Lamb skewers with a watermelon, tomato and feta cheese salad

C. MyPlate recommends that a plate be filled with protein, grains, fruit and vegetables and that there should also be a dairy component. A&D are missing fruit. B&E are missing the grains.

A food manufacturer has included the following claim on the container label for a product: "Helps maintain normal iron levels." If you were evaluating the claim, you would: A. know that the manufacturer has done extensive research on the claim B. know this is an accurate statement because it was reviewed before being put on the label C. be suspicious because this is a structure-function claim requiring no advance approval D. be aware that the FDA has done research on the manufacturer's claim

C. Unlike nutrient and health claims, structure-function claims are exempt from regulation by the FDA.

The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as which of the following? A. Glycogenesis B. Glycolysis C. Gluconeogenesis D. Ketosis

C. When carbohydrates are lacking in the diet, the body will need to replenish blood glucose from other sources. Amino acids and some other substances can be processed to make glucose through a series of metabolic reactions collectively referred to as gluconeogenesis.

Which of the following would be the "best" dietary advice for someone who needs to lower her blood cholesterol levels? A. You need to drastically limit the amount of cholesterol-containing foods in your diet B. Try to increase HDL levels in your blood by eating more grains, fruits, and vegetables C. Reduce the saturated and trans fats in your diet to lower LDL levels in the blood D. Don't bother - dietary changes will not help if you have a genetic tendency toward high blood cholesterol

C. While A may help slightly, the largest decreases in cholesterol levels (LDL levels) will be due to decreases in saturated fat and trans fat consumption.

What is the best way we can raise our HDL levels without medication? A. Eating diets high in carbohydrates B. Eating diets high in monounsaturated fat C. Eating diets high in vitamins D. Exercising more

D. High HDL levels are correlated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). HDL levels can be increased by medication and by exercise.

Which one of the following, if present in your blood, would increase the deposition of plaque in your arteries? A. A high HDL level B. A low LDL level C. A low cholesterol level D. A high sugar level E. A low triglyceride level

D. High sugar levels will damage blood vessels and allow for the initial deposition of fat and the formation of fatty streaks. The other options would be indicative of low cardiovascular disease risk.

The hormone produced by adipose tissue in response to a gain in body fatness and makes it difficult to maintain weight loss is which of the following? A. Epinephrine B. Insulin C. Ghrelin D. Leptin E. Gastrin

D. Leptin is produced proportionally by fat cells (i.e. more fat = more leptin) and sends a satiety signal which decreases the urge to eat. If you lose weight, and therefore fat cells, leptin levels will decrease, therefore causing hunger to increase.

Which of the following could reduce blood pressure? A. Drinking a couple of glasses of red wine before bed B. Putting on ten pounds by snacking on energy dense food items C. Decreasing the amount of physical activity experienced during the work week D. Adding a thirty minute walk in the mornings before work/school E. Decreasing the intake of food items rich in potassium

D. Physical activity, weight loss, decreasing sodium in the diet, adopting the DASH diet plan and limiting alcohol consumption can help reduce blood pressure.

Which one of the following would NOT increase the amount of phytochemicals in one's diet? A. Eating more fruit B. Increased vegetable portions C. Using more herbs and spices in cooking D. Eating more meat

D. Phytochemicals are non-nutrient components of plants that are thought to be bioactive food components i.e. food constituents that alter body processes beyond the actions of the nutrients. All of the options will increase the amount of phytochemicals ingested but for eating more meat. Rather to increase phytochemicals, one would want to replace some meat with grains, legumes and vegetables.

When amino acids are broken down for energy generation, the nitrogen component is primarily disposed of in which of the following ways? A. The generation of nitric oxide which is exhaled from the lungs B. The generation of gaseous nitrogen which is exhaled from the lungs C. The generation of ammonia that excreted in the feces D. The generation of urea that is excreted in the urine

D. The disposal of nitrogen from amino acids primarily occurs by the formation of urea in the liver. Urea diffuses into the blood from the liver and is filtered into the urine by the kidneys.

In what form and where do we store fat in our body? A. Glycogen and muscle B. Glycogen and liver C. Ketone bodies and the brain and nervous system D. Triglycerides and adipose tissue

D. The storage form of fat are triglyceride molecules (3 fatty acids joined to 1 molecule of glycerol) which are deposited in fat cells in adipose tissue.

In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted from the body via which of the following organs? A. Small intestine B. Stomach C. Liver D. Kidneys

D. Water-soluble vitamins when present in excess are excreted from the body (blood) by the kidneys. This means that they are filtered out by the kidneys into the urine.

If blood glucose rises, which one of the following hormones is released in greater quantities? A. Secretin B. Cholescystokinin C. Glucagon D. Insulin E. Norepinephrine

D. When blood glucose rises (e.g. after a meal), insulin is released in greater quantities from the pancreas. The function of insulin is to reduce glucose levels back to its original level i.e. to keep blood glucose levels constant. Insulin causes organs like the muscle and liver to remove glucose from blood circulation and to use the glucose for energy production and to store it as glycogen. Excess glucose will be turned by the liver into fat (triglycerides) and sent to adipose tissue for storage.

The locations of fat deposits around the body has implications for one's health. Which one of the following locations would be expected to have the highest adverse health risk? A. Mammary glands B. Hips C. Thighs D. Subcutaneous (under the skin) E. Visceral (internal organs)

E. A collection of data indicates that fat collected deep within the central abdominal area of the body, called visceral fat, poses greater risks of major chronic diseases than does excess fat lying just below the skin (subcutaneous fat) of the abdomen, thighs, hips, and legs. In fact, this central obesity elevates the risk of death from all causes.

Which of the following enzymes will cleave a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose? A. Sucrase B. Maltase C. Pepsin D. Lipase E. Lactase

E. A disaccharide made out of glucose and galactose would be the milk sugar lactose. The enzyme that cleave the bonds between glucose and galactose is lactase.

A fatty acid with a single double bond between two carbon atoms would be categorized as which one of the following? A. A phospholipid B. A steroid hormone C. A polyunsaturated fat D. A triglyceride E. A monounsaturated fat

E. A saturated fat would contain no double bond between carbon atoms, a polyunsaturated fat would have two or more double bonds. A triglyceride is three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. A phospholipid has a similar structure to a triglyceride but one of the fatty acids has been replaced by a phosphate group. A steroid hormone has a complicated ring structure similar to that of cholesterol.

If blood glucose drops, which one of the following hormones is released in greater quantities? A. Insulin B. Progesterone C. Leptin D. Testosterone E. Glucagon

E. As blood glucose drops in-between meal times, glucagon will be released by the pancreas into the blood. The function of glucagon is to mobilize fuel stores and raise blood glucose levels up again to normal levels.

Which one of the following is not a function of indigestible carbohydrates such as fiber? A. Preventing constipation B. Reducing risk of obesity C. Enhancing blood glucose control D. Reducing cholesterol absorption E. Providing energy to the body's cells

E. Fiber can't be digested by our body and broken down for energy (although the bacteria in our gut can).

Glycogen is stored primarily in which of the following organs? A. Brain and red blood cells B. Muscle and adipose tissue C. Pancreas and liver D. Liver and adipose tissue E. Muscle and liver

E. Glycogen is the stored form of sugar (glucose). Glycogen stores in the liver are for releasing sugar during fasting in order to keep the blood sugar levels up in-between meals. Glycogen is also stored in muscle for use during exercise. When exercising muscle needs energy, it will preferentially release glucose from its glycogen stores and break down that glucose to release energy.

The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for women aged 45-60 years for Micronutrient X is 350mg. Which of the following is most likely to be true? A. If a 48 year old woman consumes 345mg of Micronutrient X, she is likely to experience toxic effects B. If a 25 year old man consumes 350mg Micronutrient X, he is likely to be deficient in Micronutrient X C. If a 65 year old woman consumes 360mg of Micronutrient X, she is likely to be deficient in Micronutrient X D. If a 75 year old man consumes 180mg of Micronutrient X, he is likely to experience toxic effects E. If a 55 year old woman consumes 350mg of Micronutrient X, she is likely to have her Micronutrient X needs met

E. The RDA is the Recommended Dietary Allowance and is defined as the average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of nearly all (97-98%) healthy people in a particular life stage and gender group. Option A - The individual described fits the defined age and gender group but is still under the RDA. Options B&C&D - The individuals described do not fit the defined age and gender group and therefore conclusions would be hard to draw. Option E is correct as the individual described fits the defined age and gender group. While she is eating the RDA, it is likely that her needs are being met (approximately 97-98% of the group are having their needs met at this level).

A friend complains of blurred vision, fatigue, excessive thirst and frequent urination. These symptoms are suggestive of which of the following? A. Female athlete triad B. Hypoglycemia C. Anorexia nervosa D. Lactose intolerance E. Diabetes

E. These are symptoms of high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and are indicative of diabetes.

Which of the following compounds does not facilitate efficient processing of dietary lipids in the small intestine? A. Colipase B. Pancreatic lipase C. Bile D. Bicarbonate E. Acid

E. We need bile to help dissolve lipids in the small intestine and aid enzymes to digest them. Bile however coats lipid droplets and makes it hard for the enzymes to contact the fats. We need collapse to act as a bridge over the bile i.e. to help the enzymes interact with the fat. Pancreatic lipase is one of the main enzymes that cleaves triglycerides in the small intestine and it needs a neutral pH to work. Bicarbonate will help neutralize the acidic contents arriving from the stomach into the small intestine. Acid on the other hand will harm the enzymes that work in the small intestine.

Which one of the following will trigger feelings of hunger/appetite? A. An increase in gastrin levels B. An increase in secretin levels C. A decrease in leptin levels D. A decrease in ghrelin levels

Explanation: Gastrin is a hormone that triggers acid secretion from stomach cells. Secretin is a hormone that triggers bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas. Leptin is a satiety hormone that is produced by fat cells. A decrease in fat storage (cells) will cause a drop in leptin and reduce the feelings of satiety and induce hunger/appetite. Ghrelin is the hunger hormone produced by the stomach when it is empty.

Which one of the following described eating behaviors does MyPlate encourage? A. Drinking fruit juice to obtain more micronutrients faster rather than eating whole or cut-up pieces of fruit B. Use solid fats rather than oils, where possible C. Avoiding calcium-rich food if you do not consume milk D. Choose seafood as a protein choice once or twice a week

MyPlate encourages the following eating behaviors - 1. Consume a variety of fruits, and choose whole or cut-up fruits more often than fruit juice. 2. Consume a variety of vegetables each day, and choose from all the five subgroups several times a week. 3. Make most (at least half) of the grain selections whole grains. 4. Choose a variety of protein foods from the three subgroups, including seafood in place of meat or poultry twice a week. 5. Make fat-free or low-fat choices re milk and milk products. Choose other calcium-rich foods if you don't consume milk. 6. Use oils instead of solid fats, when possible.