BIOL 1407 Chapter 22

An adaptation is ________________

A trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of _________________

A vestigial trait

Which of the following, if discovered, could refute our current understanding of the pattern of evolution?

Diverse fossils of mammals in Precambrian rock

Which of the following is true?

Dogs evolved from wolves

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?

Heritability

DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have prevented this evolution of DDT resistance in insect pests?

None of the insect pests would have genetic variations that resulted in DDT resistance

How does natural selection act on beak length in soapberry bug populations?

The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment

You wish to research how genetics determine color of deer mice. How many genes should you focus on?

1

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

2 --> 4 --> 1 --> 3

Where are the Galapagos Islands located?

600 miles west of Ecuador, near the equator

Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought?

A and E

Mutations are always ______________

A change in an individual's DNA

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?

A cow that produces a large quantity of milk

Prior to the work of Lyell and Darwin, the prevailing belief was that Earth is _______________

A few thousand years old, and populations gradually change

The cow Bos primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related wild species of ungulates. These traits most likely arose by ________________

Artificial selection, because changes in these traits co-occurred with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

Adaptation

The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because ________________

All of the above are correct

Given what we know about evolutionary biology, we expect to find the largest number of endemic species in which of the following geological features, which have existed for at least a few million years?

An isolated ocean island in the tropics

Scientific theories ________________

Are supported by, and make sense of, many observations

Tourism on the Galapagos Islands is being restricted by requiring tourists to _______________

Be escorted by trained guides at all times

The Galapagos Islands were the first place on Earth to ______________

Be declared a world heritage site

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?

Bones in the flipper of a whale

What happened in the soapberry bug population in central Florida when the bugs began to feed on smaller goldenrain tree fruits?

Bugs with shorter beaks had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring

If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?

C

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

Characteristics acquired during an organisms's life are generally passed on through genes

The role that humans play in artificial selection is to ____________

Choose which organisms reproduce

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

Conditions 1 and 2

You are an evolutionary biologist interested in researching the domestication of cats following the same design as this study of dogs. Which of the following are you going to analyze?

DNA and bones

What is the meaning of Darwin's expression "descent with modification"?

Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time

Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should ______________

Determine if hair length is heritable

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _______________

Dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that ____________

Embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other

After the drought of 1977, researchers on the island of Daphne Major hypothesized that medium ground finches that had large, deep beaks, survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. If this hypothesis is correct, what would you expect to observe if a population of these medium ground finches colonizes a nearby island where Tribulus cistoides is the most abundant food for the next 1000 years? Assume that (1) even the survivors of the 1977 drought sometimes had difficulty cracking the tough T. cistoides fruits and would eat other seeds when offered a choice; and (2) food availability is the primary limit on finch fitness on this new island

Evolution of yet larger, deeper beaks over time

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____________ of a whale

Flipper

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

Genetic variation among individuals

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of _____________, an essential component of evolutionary theory today

Genetics

Which of the following is true?

Genotype determines phenotype

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _________________

Homology

DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that

Human and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor

Which species is threatening the natural wildlife on the Galapagos Islands?

Humans

If Darwin had been aware of genes and their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement?

If natural selection can change gene frequency in a population over generations, given enough time and genetic diversity, then natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones

Where are the Solomon Islands located?

In the South Pacific

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?

In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties

After the drought of 1977, researchers hypothesized that on the Galápagos island Daphne Major, medium ground finches with large, deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. A tourist company sets up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the finches. Which of these events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on this island?

Increased variation in beak size and shape over time

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that ______________

Island forms are descended from mainland forms

What must be true of any organ described as vestigial?

It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor

Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species?

Its call was unique

In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to increasingly colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of ____________

Lamarck

Which pair of scientists below would probably have agreed with the process that is depicted by this tree?

Lamarck and Wallace

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?

Large hen, large rooster

Fossils of Thrinaxodon, a species that lived during the Triassic period, have been found in both South Africa and Antarctica. Thrinaxodon had a reptile-like skeleton and laid eggs, but small depressions on the front of its skull suggest it had whiskers and, therefore, fur. Thrinaxodon may have been warm-blooded. The fossils of Thrinaxodon are consistent with the hypothesis that _____________

Mammals evolved form a reptilian ancestor

What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?

Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals

Identify the pair of homologous structures

Maple and oak leaf

When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species?

Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time

Darwin and Wallace were the first to propose ________________

Natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?

Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy

Pseudogenes are _________________

Nonfunctional vestigial genes

When Cuvier considered the fossils found in the vicinity of Paris, he concluded that the extinction of species ______________

Occurs, but that there is no evolution

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that ____________

Organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species

Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation--the process by which one species splits into two or more species?

Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows

Charles Darwin ________________

Proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of large, adult algae-eating fish (in other words, they locate their prey by sight). The population of algae-eaters experiences predatory pressure from pike-cichlids. Which of the following is least likely to occur in the algae-eater population in future generations?

Selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young

Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?

Simple morphologies convey some advantage in most parasites

You are a paleontologist and discover a canine skull. Which of the following pairs of characteristics will best help you determine if it is a wolf or dog skull?

Snout length and skull width

Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained?

Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?

South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true?

Species X and Y share a greater other of homologies with each other than either does with species Z

In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of Staphylococcus aureus, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge?

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common

Which of Darwin's ideas had the strongest connection to his reading of Malthus's essay on human population growth?

Struggle for existence

A biologist studied a population of squirrels for fifteen years. During that time, the population was never fewer than thirty squirrels and never more than forty-five. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of both competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to eighty. Which inference(s) about this most recent surge in the population size might be true?

The amount of available food may have increased and/or the predators that prey upon squirrels may have decreased

Which observations led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals?

The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils. The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live.

You are an animal behaviorist observing wild dogs that roam the streets of McAllen, Texas. Which of the following is most likely?

The dogs do not live in packs

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences?

The first and fourth answers are correct

Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of __________________

The fossil record

Which of the following is an example of the pattern of evolution?

The fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans

Which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms _______________

Use essentially the same genetic code

Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?

The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population?

The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin ____________

The second and fourth answers are correct

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology instead of convergent evolution?

The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical

As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution?

The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other

With what other idea of his time was Cuvier's theory of catastrophism most in conflict?

Uniformitarianism

Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies?

There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators

If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, what would happen in environments that lack antibiotics?

These bacteria would be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes

What is unique about deer mice?

They are the most populous mouse found in North America

Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice?

They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color

If dogs are like pigs, which of the following occurred?

They were domesticated twice

The three-spine stickleback typically lacks armor in fresh water. Why?

To allow for faster growth

Which of the following sets of animals are likely to be found on the Galapagos Islands?

Tortoises, finches, blue-footed boobies

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best explains what happened?

Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce

If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata?

Two strata

Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits

Researchers discovered that a new strain of bacteria that cause tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) taken from a dead patient has a point mutation in the rpoB gene that codes for part of the RNA polymerase enzyme. This mutant form of RNA polymerase does not function as well as the more common form of RNA polymerase. A commonly used antibiotic called rifampin does not affect the mutant rpoB bacteria. A researcher mixes M. tuberculosis with and without the rpoB mutation and adds the bacteria to cell cultures. Half the cell cultures contain only standard nutrients, while the other half of the cell cultures contain rifampin and the standard nutrients. After many cell generations, the researcher finds that _____

Very few M. tuberculosis in the standard nutrient cell cultures carry the rpoB gene mutation, but almost all of the M. tuberculosis in the cell cultures with rifampin carry the rpoB mutation

Which of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's?

Wallace

Which of the following scientists argued that variation among individuals allows evolution to occur?

Wallace

Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the 'poster child' for the biological species concept?

White-eye bird

For this project, which of the following are scientists studying?

Wild mice