BIOL 2150 Final Exam Review Dr. Harmych
Limits to the capacity of the _____ to store _____ can limit the rate of carbohydrate production in CAM leaves. vacuole; phosphoenol pyruvate leaf; HCO3- leaf; CO2 vacuole; organic acids
vacuole; organic acids
What would the flower of an angiosperm that relied on water to disperse pollen look like? The flower would be: colorful. small. large. odiferous.
small
In ferns, relative to the sporophyte, the gametophyte stage of the life cycle is: small and ephemeral. small and persistent. large and persistent. large and ephemeral.
small and ephemeral
In ferns, relative to the sporophyte the gametophyte stage of the life cycle is: small and persistent. large and persistent. small and ephemeral. large and ephemeral.
small and ephemeral.
When several possible phylogenetic trees can be produced from a data set, the MOST parsimonious tree is the one that shows the: smallest number of synapomorphies. largest number of analogous characteristics. smallest number of branches. largest number of nodes. smallest number of evolutionary changes.
smallest number of evolutionary changes.
Which of the following cell structures are present in mature sieve tube cells but not in mature vessel elements? (Select all that apply.) smooth endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm cell wall nucleus mitochondria
smooth endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm mitochondria
Which of the following are muscle cells that are active in vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels? smooth muscle cells cardiac muscle cells endocardium cells skeletal muscle cells
smooth muscle cells
With the proper stimuli, chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors are depolarized. This is a result of: sodium channels closing. potassium channels opening. sodium channels opening. potassium channels closing. chloride channels opening.
sodium channels opening.
Mutations in skin cells that result in melanoma are considered _____ mutations; a mutation that can be passed on from parent to offspring are referred to as a _____ mutation. deleterious; beneficial germ-line; beneficial deleterious; somatic somatic; germ-line germ-line; somatic
somatic; germ-line
Imagine that your uncle is a scientist who has found himself in possession of a time machine. The two of you travel back to the Paleozoic Era, and are perusing the oceans for microscopic life. What will you find? an array of photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, and diatoms radiolarians and other organisms with either silica or calcium-carbonate shells only organisms reminiscent of red algae some photosynthetic organisms, but these would be limited only to cyanobacteria and algae some photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria and green algae), and radiolarians and other heterotrophic protists
some photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria and green algae), and radiolarians and other heterotrophic protists
Although the FOXP2 amino acid sequence is highly conserved, humans have two unique amino acids that chimpanzees don't have. These unique amino acids are highly correlated with differences in _____ seen between chimps and humans. sight and language sight and fine motor control of the thumb speech and fine motor control of the thumb sight and speech speech and language
speech and language
Examine Figure 44.7 below, paying attention to the phylogenetic position of sponges in the two phylogenies presented. If the hypothesis represented by the tree on the right is correct, as some molecular evidence suggests, which of the following can you conclude? the common ancestor of all animals was spongelike in appearance. we don't know what the common ancestor of all animals looked like. None of the answer options is correct. sponges are paraphyletic. sponges are monophyletic.
sponges are paraphyletic. sponges are monophyletic
In plasmodial slime molds, what structure is responsible for producing the haploid cells that disperse into the environment? slug pseudopodium sporangium mucilage None of the answer options is correct.
sporangium
The complex mixture of polymers coating the spore that protects the spore from dessication and UV radiation is: sporophyte. sporangium. endosperm. sporopollenin. pollen.
sporopollenin
Which type of selection DECREASES overall variability in the specific trait? stabilizing selection directional selection natural selection disruptive selection
stabilizing selection
In ferns, some leaves are "fertile" in that they bear sporangia. What are the analogous structures to such fertile fronds in angiosperms? (Select all that apply.) petals stamens carpels sepals
stamens carpels
An undifferentiated cell in animals that can develop into any of several differentiated cell types is called a: reproducing cell. stem cell. feeding cell. single-celled organism.
stem cell
Which of the following would result in tetanus? stimulating a muscle fiber to contract immediately after it has relaxed stimulating the muscle fiber so frequently that it cannot relax at all allowing a muscle fiber to relax for several seconds between twitches stimulating a muscle fiber to contract when it has partially relaxed
stimulating the muscle fiber so frequently that it cannot relax at all
Predict which type of channel is associated with ion transport in stereocilia. ligand-gated channel stretch-gated channel voltage-gated channel stretch-gated channel and voltage-gated channel
stretch-gated channel
Which of the following pairs contain an error? stigma: captures pollen anther: produces pollen ovary: contains and protects ovules carpel: female portion of flower style: produces ovules
style: produces ovules
In what part of the ocean is denitrification likely to be MOST important? subsurface water masses that contain little or no oxygen deep within marine sediments surface waters of the open ocean shallow waters rich in oxygen
subsurface water masses that contain little or no oxygen
Which of the following are the deep crevices of the brain surface that separate the different lobes of the brain? topographical features cortexes thalamus sulci
sulci
All else being equal, selection should more strongly favor reinforcement of reproductive isolation among related species in: allopatric populations over sympatric populations. peripatric populations over allopatric populations. peripatric populations over sympatric populations. sympatric populations over allopatric populations. allopatric populations over peripatric populations.
sympatric populations over allopatric populations.
The specific types of homologies used to develop phylogenies are shared derived characters or: sister groups. convergent characteristics. synapomorphies. parsimonious branches.
synapomorphies.
Traits that are shared by more than one member of a group because of common ancestry are known as: synapomorphies. cladistics. analogies. alternative character states. homologies.
synapomorphies.
Cann's studies involving mitochondrial DNA showed that the two deepest branches of the human family tree are African. Which of the following observations explains this statement? that all humans evolved in Africa and only later migrated to other places that our closest ancestors moved out of Africa and then evolved into humans that our closest ancestors migrated to two other continents that all the humans that evolved in Africa only migrated to two continents None of the answer options is correct.
that all humans evolved in Africa and only later migrated to other places
The tree of human evolution is shallow. What does that mean? that only humans that have the same ethnicity will share a recent common ancestor that humans haven't evolved much that all humans, no matter how distantly related they are, share a recent common ancestor that only humans on the same continent will share a recent common ancestor None of the answer options is correct.
that all humans, no matter how distantly related they are, share a recent common ancestor
If ctenophores are sister to all animal taxa, excluding cnidarians and placazoans, then: (Select all that apply.) the anatomical complexity of ctenophores arose independently of what is found in other Eumetazoan groups. None of the answer options is correct. the nervous system of ctenophores evolved independently of other animals. radial symmetry lost in placozoans ancestral sponges exhibited morphologic complexity seen in other Eumetazoans.
the anatomical complexity of ctenophores arose independently of what is found in other Eumetazoan groups. radial symmetry lost in placozoans ancestral sponges exhibited morphologic complexity seen in other Eumetazoans.
Which of the following processes is responsible for the changes scientists observed in atmospheric concentrations of 12C, 13C, and 14C over the last 200 years? volcanism the burning of fossil fuels subduction chemical weathering the clearing of forests
the burning of fossil fuels
What part of the olfactory sensory neuron is located in the olfactory epithelium? axons the cell body interneurons dendrites
the cell body
Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback altering homeostatic control? a person's heart rate drops as she runs the concentration of salt in urine increases after eating a large bag of salty chips a person shivering as temperatures rise on a hot summer day the production of oxytocin (a hormone) increases as oxytocin levels rise in the body
the concentration of salt in urine increases after eating a large bag of salty chips
What part of a cell's cytoplasm is responsible for the diversity of nerve cell shape? the cytoskeleton the endomembrane system the nucleus All of these choices are correct.
the cytoskeleton
In seed plants the embryo develops inside the seed, which allows for: the dominance of the gametophyte generation. nutrient reserves for the developing embryo. less dispersal of the sporophyte generation. the development of dormancy as well as nutrient reserves and greater protection for the developing embryo. greater protection for the developing embryo. the development of dormancy.
the development of dormancy as well as nutrient reserves and greater protection for the developing embryo.
A researcher discovers a mutant pea plant that is missing the Casparian strip. What process will be affected in this mutant? the diffusion of CO2 into the leaves of the plant both the diffusion of CO2 into the leaves of the plant and the opening and closing of stomata the opening and closing of stomata the entrance of nutrients into the roots of the plant the ability of the plant to perform CAM
the entrance of nutrients into the roots of the plant
Which of the following organisms do NOT exhibit alternation of generations in their life cycles? angiosperms gymnosperms the green algae Chara and Choleochaete mosses ferns
the green algae Chara and Choleochaete
Hinge joints allow movement in two dimensions (flexion and extension). Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint? the joints between bones of the skull the shoulder joint the hip joint the jaw joint
the jaw joint
Your sense of taste and smell are similar in that: the ligands that bind to receptors must move through a fluid interface. stimulus of either sense, produces some stimulation in the other. stimulus of either sense is done through large molecules. the action potentials generated after stimulation go directly to the brain.
the ligands that bind to receptors must move through a fluid interface.
The limbic system is considered one of the older evolutionary regions of the forebrain. Which of the following characteristics of the limbic system gives the STRONGEST support to that assertion? the limbic system's interactions with the midbrain the association of the limbic system with the olfactory bulb the limbic system's role in feelings of reward the limbic system's control of emotional responses like crying
the limbic system's interactions with the midbrain
Structures used for bulk flow include all of the following EXCEPT: All of these choices are structures used for bulk flow. the mesoglea of jellyfish. the tubular cells of giant kelps. the vascular tissues of plants. the circulatory system of humans.
the mesoglea of jellyfish.
Trace fossils include all of the following EXCEPT: the feedings grooves made by grazing snails. the burrow of an extinct crab. the mineralized skull of an ancient mammal. the trail left by a crawling worm. a dinosaur footprint.
the mineralized skull of an ancient mammal.
he cellular changes associated with long-term potentiation are localized to: the presynaptic cell. the postsynaptic cell. both pre- and postsynaptic cells.
the postsynaptic cell.
What aspect(s) of a neuron is/are consistent in the diagram? the shape of the cell body the length of the axon the branching patterns of dendrites and axon terminals the presence of axons and dendrites the number of potential connections between that neuron and its neighbors
the presence of axons and dendrites
The strongest evidence that a meteor impact is responsible for dinosaurs becoming extinct is provided by: the detection of high levels of radioactivity in the fossilized remains of dinosaurs from the time period corresponding to extinction. the presence of significant levels of iridium in the rock layers corresponding to the time of dinosaur extinction. contamination of fossils from that time period with fragments of rock that penetrated the skeletons of many dinosaurs. high levels of particulate matter in the lungs of dinosaur specimens perfectly preserved in ice. None of the evidence presented supports a meteor impact being responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs.
the presence of significant levels of iridium in the rock layers corresponding to the time of dinosaur extinction.
Which one of the following induces multicellularity in a choanoflagellate species? the presence of predators in the environment the developmental signal molecules that induce differentiation the presence of the preferred prey/food source in the environment the cell migrations that take place in the developmental phases of growth
the presence of the preferred prey/food source in the environment
In seed plants, the union of sperm and egg does not require: germination of male spores on the tissues of the ovule-bearing sporophyte. the release of swimming sperm into the environment. aerial dispersal of male gametes. the growth of the male gametophyte through the tissues of the ovule.
the release of swimming sperm into the environment.
Where are postsynaptic cell receptor proteins synthesized? the rough endoplasmic reticulum the cytoplasm the lysosome the Golgi apparatus
the rough endoplasmic reticulum
The functional unit of a muscle cell is: actin. a muscle fiber. the sarcomere. myosin.
the sarcomere.
Endosperm is a tissue that is present in which of the following structures? the seeds of gymnosperms the spores of lycophytes the seeds of angiosperms the eggs of green algae the spores of bryophytes
the seeds of angiosperms
At which synapse in the knee-extension reflex would you expect to find an IPSP? the synapse between the sensory neuron and the extensor muscle motor neuron the synapse between the sensory neuron and the interneuron the synapse between the extensor muscle motor neuron and the extensor muscle the synapse between the interneuron and the flexor motor neuron
the synapse between the interneuron and the flexor motor neuron
The term "modern synthesis" refers to: the synthesis of Darwin's and Wallace's independently developed ideas about natural selection and adaptation. the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about evolution with Malthus's ideas about population growth. the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and Mendelian genetics. the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and modern DNA sequencing technology. All of these choices are correct.
the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and Mendelian genetics.
In vascular plants, water transport works only if: the water column is continuous between leaves and soil. roots are able to generate turgor pressure. xylem and phloem are in close proximity. the xylem has access to a constant source of ATP.
the water column is continuous between leaves and soil.
The multicellular sporophyte of bryophytes turns a single fertilization event into ____ new haploid individual(s), whereas fertilization in Chara and Coleochaete leads to _____new haploid individual(s). one; four a single; thousands of thousands; four four; one
thousands; four
Triploblastic organisms give rise to ______ germ layers, called the _______. two; ectoderm and endoderm three; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm two; endoderm and mesoderm three; ectoderm, metoderm, and endoderm
three; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Recall that Archaea and Bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaeons first distinguished from other prokaryotes? through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeons through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes through differences in cell size and shape through differences in ribosomal RNA sequences through the observation that archaea cell size is independent of diffusion
through differences in ribosomal RNA sequences
Imagine that a researcher has dissected out a single muscle bundle from a triceps muscle biopsy. She sections this bundle and stains it for a variety of muscle-associated proteins. After this staining, when she zooms in on a sarcomere, she notices that a certain protein always dots the periphery along the length of the thin filaments. This protein is most likely: actin. titin. tropomyosin. myosin. Z protein.
tropomyosin.
Consider the following hypothetical hominin lineage: Homo ergaster → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo sapiens. This is currently the accepted hypothesis because H. ergaster evolved into H. heidelbergensis. true false
true
If you were to analyze the deepest layer of a microbial mat along a coastline (i.e., the layer farthest away from the surface of the water), you would find that H2S levels sharply increase, as do the numbers of chemoautotrophic microorganisms. true false
true
Imagine that a researcher has created two possible phylogenetic trees for a group of organisms—one that hypothesizes that five character changes occurred in a given group, and one that predicts only two character changes occurred in the same group. If the researcher wants to choose a phylogenetic tree based on parsimony, she will pick the phylogenetic tree with two character changes as her working hypothesis. true false
true
Imagine that a taxonomist is provided with several flashcards that contain the names of different species. He would likely organize these flashcards to construct a phylogenetic tree. To do this, he would pay attention to which species belongs to which genus or class. true false
true
Imagine that you are comparing the teeth of a wolf to those of an elephant. As you probably know, a wolf's teeth are sharp, whereas an elephant's teeth are flatter and broader. Different tooth shapes likely evolved to meet organisms' different dietary requirements. true false
true
The differentiation of distinct cell types is a biological innovation that accompanied the evolution of complex multicellularity. false true
true
There is no known symbiosis between a heterotrophic host and a photosynthetic partner in mammals. true false
true
While in South America, you come across what you think are two groups of birds in the same location. They are nearly identical aside from their color. After years of observation, you conclude that the birds eat similar diets and share similar behaviors but do not reproduce with each other. These groups of birds appear to be an example of: a single ecological species. ring species. a single biological species. two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior. two different species on the basis of the ecological niche occupied.
two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior.
The human vestibular system is made up of: the pinna and the tympanic membrane. two statocyst chambers and three semicircular canals. the malleus, stapes, and incus. the cochlea.
two statocyst chambers and three semicircular canals.
Semicircular canals are associated with the: vestibular system. tympanic membrane in insects. cochlea. lateral line system.
vestibular system
Imagine that scientists have discovered annelid life on a new planet. Remarkably, these worms are large in size, lack mouths, and appear to form symbioses with certain bacterial species. These worms most resemble _____ on Earth. polychaete worms leeches earthworms vestimentiferan worms mollusks
vestimentiferan worms
Which of the following processes INCREASES the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) subduction volcanic eruptions respiration photosynthesis chemical weathering
volcanic eruptions respiration
Genetic sequence data from mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA agree that the human family is _____ and it arose _____. young; in Africa old; in many regions around the world old; in Africa young; in Europe old; in Europe
young; in Africa
How was the out-of-Africa hypothesis supported?
By using mtDNA and comparing restriction sites and organizing it all into a phylogenetic tree that supports common evolutionary origin
Which one of the following entities does not possess the ability to synthesize its own proteins? a virus a bacterial cell a human cell a viral particle and a bacterial cell a human cell, a virus, and a bacterial cell
A virus
What is gram staining?
A way of identifying the thickness of the wall of peptidoglycan. The thicker the wall, the better the bacteria retains the dye.
What functions as the supportive component of the skeleton in an animal with a hydrostatic skeleton? a fluid-filled body cavity the longitudinal muscles the body wall the circular muscles the circular and longitudinal muscles
a fluid-filled body cavity
What is the second type of skeleton to develop?
Exoskeleton
Humans are considered to be the most genetically diverse organisms on Earth, and possess considerably more genetic variation compared to any insect or avian species. True False
False
Humans have a negative impact on all species with which they interact. true false
False
Increased rate of photosynthesis is the most likely explanation as to why atmospheric CO2 levels appear lowest during glacial periods of Earth's history. False True
False
Which of the following is not an advantage of cephalization? ability to quickly produce a suitable behavioral response to stimuli ability to sense stimuli from the environment toward which an organism is moving ability to better detect and capture prey ability to sense changes in environmental temperature
ability to sense changes in environmental temperature
Does natural selection always lead to speciation?
No
Chloroplasts are thought to have originated from a symbiotic relationship between an ancient eukaryotic cell and: a proteobacterium. algae. an archaeal cell. a cyanobacterium.
a cyanobacterium
What structure is found in all members of the superkingdom Stramenopila? a chloroplast a second, smooth flagellum a flagellum with stiff hairs a cell wall None of the answer options is correct.
a flagellum with stiff hairs
The olfactory nerve is made up of: axons of interneurons from the olfactory bulb. chemosensitive hairs. axons of olfactory sensory neurons. dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons.
axons of interneurons from the olfactory bulb.
H2S is absorbed from the environment by bacteria, algae, and plants; however, this molecule is quickly reduced by organisms to form SO4-. true false
false
The evolution of pollen can be thought of as the repurposing of the sporopollenin-coated wall of spores to disperse _____ by air and protect them from desiccation. male gametophytes female gametes ovules sperm
male gametophytes
Which of the following is the chemical substance that allows the transmission of an impulse from a sensory neuron across a synapse to another neuron? hormone sodium neurotransmitter receptor
neurotransmitter
MOST genetic variation in a population is: neutral. obvious. deleterious. beneficial. harmful.
neutral.
Animals are distinguished from other groups of eukaryotic organisms in that they: (Select all that apply.) are mobile. produce collagen. are multicellular heterotrophs lacking cell walls. have embryos that include a gastrula stage.
produce collagen. are multicellular heterotrophs lacking cell walls. have embryos that include a gastrula stage.
Competition among members of one sex for access to the other sex is called _____ selection. directional stabilizing sexual disexual disruptive
sexual
Which of the following is an example of a ball-and-socket joint in the human body? elbow joint knee joint shoulder and hip joints finger joint jaw joint
shoulder and hip joints
Which of the following organisms can DIRECTLY utilize inorganic sulfur? decomposers primary producers both secondary consumers and tertiary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers
primary producers
The half-life of 14C is 5,730 years. Archaeologists dig up a seed that contains 0.25 parts per trillion 14C. If it originally contained 1 part per trillion 14C, how old is the archaeological specimen? 5,730 years 11,460 years 17,190 years 22,920 years 28,650 years
11,460 years
The half-life of 14C is 5,730 years. If a sample contained 100 percent 14C and 0 percent 14N at a point in time 17,190 years ago, then what percentage of 14C would it contain today? 12.5 percent 25 percent 50 percent 75 percent 100 percent
12.5 percent
How long does the follicular phase last?
14 days
How long does the luteal phase last?
14 days
Given the molecular clocks in Figure 21.15 below, you can conclude that reptiles and mammals should have approximately _____ amino acid differences between them in cytochrome c. 20 10 15 5
15
If a gene has two alleles, and allele A has a frequency of 83 percent, then allele a has a frequency of: 17 percent. 7 percent. 117 percent. 41.5 percent. 166 percent.
17 percent.
Match the following nerve locations or functions with the correct division of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) by selecting an "S" or "P". 1. decrease heart rate 2. inhibit activity of stomach and intestines 3. nerves branch from the brain and the posterior region of the spinal cord a. P b. S
1a 2b 3a
At which point on the phylogenetic tree shown above did each of the following evolve? The numbers above may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 1. airborne spores 2. seeds 3. alternation of generations 4. ovules 5. fruits 6. dominant sporophyte generation 7. pollen 8. multicellular sporophyte 9. flowers a. 5 (lycophytes) b. 2 (liverworts) c. 7 (gymnosperms and angiosperms) d. 8 (angiosperms)
1b 2c 3b 4c 5d 6a 7c 8b 9d
Correctly match each group of mollusks with the descriptions below. The mollusk groups may be used once, more than once or not at all. a.gastropods b.cephalopods c.bivalves 1. snails and slugs 2. obtain food by filtering particles from seawater using siphons 3. are able to learn visual patterns and solve puzzles 4. most of the 80,000 described species of mollusks fall into this one group a. c b. b c. a
1c 2a 3b 4c
Think about the organization of a food web, and then classify each of the following organisms as a primary producer, a primary consumer, or a secondary consumer. More than one label may apply to each organism. 1. Herbivore 2. Tyrannosaurus rex 3. Brown algae 4. Venus flytrap a. primary producer and secondary consumer b. secondary consumer c. primary producer d. primary consumer
1d 2b 3c 4a
If 8 alleles exist in a population, what is the maximum number of copies a normal individual is expected to have? 3 5 8 2 4
2
Which of the following numbered statements describes what phylogenetic trees help us understand? 1 : the genetic relationships among a species. 2 : the evolutionary relationships among a species. 3 : the relationships of symmetry among related species. 4 : the level of complexity among related species. 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 4 3 and 4
2 and 4
How many chambers does a fish heart have?
2-chanbered
When was our last ice age and what did it do?
20,000 years ago and it formed the Great Lakes
When did the common ancestor all living humans come about and where they originate?
200,000 years ago in Africa
Which of the following radioisotopes could be used to accurately date a fossil that is thought to be over 750 million years old? 238U 14C 235U 235U or 238U 14C or 235U
235U or 238U
Assuming the same pressure gradient, flow through a xylem conduit with a diameter of 100 μm is _____ times faster than a similar conduit with a 25-μm diameter. 256 64 16 4
256
What are requirements for multicellularity?
3-D organization Advanced adhesino molecules Structures that allow cells to communicate Differentiated cells and tissues
How long does pregnancy last?
38-40 weeks
Neuron _____ in the figure is a motor neuron; its function is _____. 2; receiving incoming information or "sensing" 3; connecting different types of neurons 2; stimulating muscles or glands 3; stimulating muscles or glands 1; connecting different types of neurons
3; stimulating muscles or glands
In an action potential what is the voltage change as membrane potential changes?
-70mV-+50mV
Based on comparisons of many human DNA sequences, the amount of DNA variation among individuals in the human population is: 0.1%. 1%. 10%. 0.5%.
0.1%.
If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype be? 0.49 0.09 0.3 0.42 The genotype frequency cannot be calculated from the information provided.
0.42
A researcher is studying the color of grasshopper exoskeletons. Assume that this phenotype is caused by the action of two alleles. Green grasshoppers have the genotype AA and brown grasshoppers have the genotype aa. If the frequency of the A allele in this population is 0.2, what is the frequency of the a allele? 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.8
If the allele frequency for the recessive single allele that causes a particular rare hair color is 0.02, how frequently would you expect the hair color to be present in humans? 1 in every 2500 individuals 1 in every 50 individuals 1 in every 5000 individuals 1 in every 2000 individuals
1 in every 2500 individuals
The five steps listed below are involved in excitation-contraction coupling. Which of the following lists the steps in the correct order of events? 1 - A wave of depolarization passes through the T-tubules. 2 - Ca2+ binds to and causes a conformational change in troponin. 3 - Tropomyosin moves to expose myosin-binding sites on the actin. 4 - Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 5 - Cross-bridges form and produce a contraction. 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
1, 4, 2, 3, 5
How old is the fossil record of protists?
1.3-1.4 million years old
Approximately 85% of human genetic variation occurs between individuals within a population (e.g., the Yoruba in West Africa), whereas _____% occurs between races. 25 85 0 7
7
How much nitrogen is found in the atmosphere?
70%
What pregnancies end in miscarriage?
70-80%
What is nitrogenous waste produced as?
A by-product of protein and nucleic acid breakdown
Which of the following statements about cartilage is FALSE? A cartilage model precedes bone formation of all types of bone. Much of the embryonic skeleton of humans is made up of cartilage. Articular cartilage lines the surface of bones at a joint. Cartilage within the growth plate of bones allows for growth during adolescence. All of these choices are correct.
A cartilage model precedes bone formation of all types of bone.
What is the definition of evolution in relation to allele or genotypes frequencies?
A change in allele or genotype frequency within a population over time
What is a homologous characteristic and give an example
A characteristic that has similar structure but a different function since it is found in a common ancestor. For example, the amniotic egg found in sauropsids and mammals
What is an analogous characteristic and give an example
A characteristic that occurs by convergent evolution, not through a common ancestor and it has a similar function but a different structure. For instance, the presence of wings in birds and bats
What are tunicates?
A chordate and it is closely related to vertebrates. Similar to sponge but they have a pharyngeal basket and a complete gut
Select the BEST set of data for constructing the type of diagram shown below. anatomical, physiological, and developmental studies of extant species in the fossil record morphological data of extant species molecular data A combination of all of the other answer options would yield the best data set.
A combination of all of the other answer options would yield the best data set.
Select the BEST set of data for constructing the type of diagram shown below. morphological data of extant species anatomical, physiological, and developmental studies of extant species in the fossil record molecular data A combination of all of the other answer options would yield the best data set.
A combination of all of the other answer options would yield the best data set.
What does the node indicate in a phylogenetic tree?
A common ancestor
What is a membrane potential?
A difference in voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron
What is founder event?
A few members of a population move and establish a new population
What is the Messel Shale?
A lake in Germany that fossilized many animals 50 million years ago. It is believed that gases from the lake killed the animals and lead to mass fossilizations
What is bottleneck?
A large population is cut down to a small population which severely decreases genetic diversity
Which of the following plants is/are known to reproduce through vegetative reproduction? spider plants grasses bamboo All of these choices are correct. certain aspen species
All of these choices are correct
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding microbial mats? They contain archaeons. All of these choices are correct. Sunlight does not reach microbial mat levels inhabited chiefly by chemoautotrophs. They contain anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. They contain oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria.
All of these choices are correct
. Imagine that a student studies all night for an exam the next day. The student remembers (almost) everything for her test, but within a week she forgets most of what she studied. Why? All of these choices are correct. The student's short-term memories regarding the test material were not successfully transformed into long-term memories. New neural circuits were not formed (or strengthened) in the student's brain. The student has not studied the material she was tested on repeatedly.
All of these choices are correct.
A man sees his doctor complaining that he has a very hard time smelling things. What could be the cause of this patient's poor sense of smell? His olfactory sensory neurons lack chemosensitive hairs. He has insufficient mucus production in his nasal cavity. His olfactory-associated interneurons cannot fire action potentials. Connections may not have developed between his olfactory-associated interneurons and sensory neurons. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
A researcher notices that the migration patterns of butterflies have changed over the last several decades, with butterflies migrating earlier in the season and over shorter distances. What are possible explanations for this observation? Through agricultural practices, humans have altered the geographic range of the butterflies' food sources (i.e., certain flowers). Through agricultural practices, humans have altered the geographic range of the butterflies' predators (i.e., birds). Humans have increased Earth's temperature by releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, altering the flowering times of the butterflies' food sources. Through agricultural practices, humans have introduced additional food sources for the butterflies. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Cephalization is: the development of a "head end" in an organism. concentration of sensory organs within the head end of an animal. development of a brain within the head of an animal. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Lateral inhibition requires: production of an EPSP on the center interneuron. production of an IPSP on the adjacent interneurons. hyperpolarization of adjacent interneurons. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Migration, genetic drift, and mutation are like natural selection in that they: may alter the allele frequency in a population. result in evolution of a population. are all methods of evolutionary change. may alter the genotype frequency in a population. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following is a main function of cartilage? forming bone's articular surfaces at a joint forming much of the embryonic vertebrate skeleton All of these choices are correct. forming growth plates within bones for rapid growth in adolescence
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following research questions would a population geneticist be MOST likely to ask? How can we explain the amount of genetic diversity in Adelie penguins? All of these choices are correct. Why do some species have more genetic diversity than others? How much genetic variability is found in sperm whales?
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following research questions would a population geneticist be MOST likely to ask? Why do some species have more genetic diversity than others? How can we explain the amount of genetic diversity in Adelie penguins? All of these choices are correct. How much genetic variability is found in sperm whales?
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding molecular clocks? Rates of molecular clocks can be very different for different genes. Pseudogenes usually have very fast molecular clocks. All of these choices are correct. Molecular clocks correlate the genetic divergence between specific species to the time back to their evolutionary "separation." Negative selection can play a role in the "rate" of a molecular clock.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following would be considered characters? claws All of these choices are correct. lungs wings petals
All of these choices are correct.
A boy observes a robin outside of his window. He notices the robin repeatedly cocks its head to one side before pecking the ground. The boy suspects that when the robin cocks its head it is actually listening for worms or insects underground. How could the boy test his hypothesis about robins and worms? He could count how many times a single robin catches a worm after it cocks its head and pecks the ground. He could catch a robin and place it in an enclosure without worms or insects, and observe whether the robin still cocks its head. He could observe several robins, and see if they all exhibit the same head-cocking and worm-catching behavior. All of these experiments would test the boy's hypothesis.
All of these experiments would test the boy's hypothesis.
Which one of the following statements about the laws of thermodynamics is incorrect? Highly organized living organisms like animal cells are exceptions to the second law of thermodynamics. The addition of energy increases the disorder of a system. In order to comply with the first law of thermodynamics, the conversion of energy from one form to another in biological reactions is 100% efficient. All of these statements about the laws of thermodynamics are incorrect.
All of these statements about the laws of thermodynamics are incorrect.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the carbon cycle? It cycles both carbon and H2O. It evolved before plants appeared on Earth. It was based on microbes during the early stages of Earth's history. It involves both long- and short-term processes. All of these statements regarding the carbon cycle are true.
All of these statements regarding the carbon cycle are true.
How are fossils useful in creating phylogenies?
Allow us to calibrate phylogenies in terms of time, provide a record of extinct species, and place evolutionary events in context with the Earth's history
What is lateral inhibition?
Allows your nervous system to know where the signal is coming from by reducing excitatory stimulus of adjacent interneurons
The five steps listed below are part of the cross-bridge cycle. Which of the following lists the steps in the correct order? 1 - The myosin head binds to actin. 2 - The myosin head is cocked back through the hydrolysis of ATP. 3 - The actin filament slides relative to the myosin filament. 4 - The myosin head binds ATP. 5 - The myosin head detaches from the actin. 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
4, 5, 2, 1, 3
If there are 100 individuals in a population and 20 are homozygous for B, 60 are heterozygous, and 20 are homozygous for b, what is the allele frequency of B? 20 percent 40 percent 50 percent 80 percent The frequency of B can't be calculated with the provided information.
50 percent
What are some properties of asexual reproduction?
Do not have to find a mate. Fast generation times. All offspring can produce more offspring.
What is the order of classification?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
Dodos were flightless birds that have been extinct for about 300 years. Imagine that biologists found two surviving dodos on present-day Earth and mated this pair of birds. What would you expect of the resulting dodo population? Adaptations will occur in this population as a result of genetic drift. Due to a population bottleneck, the frequency of alleles in this new dodo population may be very different from the frequencies expected in larger (now nonexistent) populations. Certain neutral mutations in this dodo population could become fixed, given the small population size. The maximum number of alleles present for any gene in the new population is two.
Due to a population bottleneck, the frequency of alleles in this new dodo population may be very different from the frequencies expected in larger (now nonexistent) populations.
Which of the following statements is true of both mollusks and annelids? The adult body plans of mollusks (especially gastropods) and annelids are remarkably similar. Both mollusks and annelids possess mantles and gizzards. During development, both annelids and mollusks form trochopore larvae. Both annelids and mollusks lack a "flow-through" gut. All of these choices are correct.
During development, both annelids and mollusks form trochopore larvae.
Recall that over the last 400,000 years, atmospheric CO2 levels have fluctuated, with the lowest levels occurring during glacial periods and the highest levels occurring during interglacial periods. Why might atmospheric CO2 levels be lower during glacial periods? During glacial periods, there are more volcanic eruptions. During glacial periods, more carbon is stored in ocean reservoirs. During glacial periods, there are fewer photosynthesizing plants. During glacial periods, chemical weathering stops.
During glacial periods, more carbon is stored in ocean reservoirs.
When are nocturnal animal's melatonin levels the highest?
During the day
What is consistent about the structure of all four types of neurons shown in the figure? Each type has a region, called the cell body, that contains the nucleus; each type has a series of projections, called the dendrites, specialized for receiving information; each type has a region, called the axon, specialized for transmitting information, but not all aspects of neuronal structure are completely consistent in the diagrams. All aspects of neuronal structure are completely consistent in the diagrams. Each type has a region, called the axon, specialized for transmitting information. Each type has a series of projections, called the dendrites, specialized for receiving information. Each type has a region, called the cell body, that contains the nucleus.
Each type has a region, called the cell body, that contains the nucleus; each type has a series of projections, called the dendrites, specialized for receiving information; each type has a region, called the axon, specialized for transmitting information, but not all aspects of neuronal structure are completely consistent in the diagrams.
Are Eukarya more related to Archaea or Bacteria?
Archaea
Prokaryotic cells found in extreme, harsh environments often belong to the domain _____.
Archaea
What are Lucy and Ardi
Ardi is one of the oldest hominims from 4.4 million years ago found in Ethiopia and partially bipedal. Lucy is an older hominim from 3.2 million years ago found in Ethiopia and the first fully bipedal hominim of her time
What delivers blood to th cells?
Arteries carry blood aay from the heart and split off into arterioles. They have thick muscular walls with collagen and elastin.
What are the protostomes?
Ecdysozoans and Lophophtochozoans
What two concepts broaden and generalize the BSC?
Ecological species concept and evolutionary species concept
What are the two types of mycorrhizae?
Ecto and endo
Imagine that a researcher has discovered a 500 million-year old leaf fossil from the Cambrian Period. He notices that the leaf had very few stomata compared to present-day leaves. What does this tell the researcher about atmospheric CO2 levels during the Cambrian Period? Atmospheric CO2 levels were lower during the Cambrian Period compared to today. Atmospheric CO2 levels during the Cambrian Period were equal to present-day levels. Atmospheric CO2 levels are not correlated with numbers of stomata. Atmospheric CO2 levels were higher during the Cambrian Period compared to today.
Atmospheric CO2 levels were higher during the Cambrian Period compared to today.
A population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is evolving. FALSE TRUE
FALSE
Consider a population of killer whales. The gene pool of this population would only contain alleles harboring beneficial or neutral mutations, as deleterious mutations are efficiently eliminated from the gene pool of a species. TRUE FALSE
FALSE
You can use Hardy-Weinberg to calculate allele frequencies but not genotype frequencies. FALSE TRUE
FALSE
What the FOXP2 gene and its importance?
FOXP2 gene is a transcription factor that is important in developing proper speech and language. If the gene is mutated or deficient, then an individual has trouble with language
When calculating the allele frequency of allele A in a population, why do you multiply the frequency of individuals who are homozygous for A by 2? Because if A is dominant, it will show up twice as much. Because individuals homozygous for A will be twice as likely to survive. Because there are always twice as many homozygous individuals as heterozygous individuals. Because each individual who is homozygous for A has two copies of the allele. Because individuals homozygous for A will produce twice as many offspring.
Because each individual who is homozygous for A has two copies of the allele.
What is one reason why many mutations may be deleterious? Because if a mutation changes the primary structure of a protein, the protein may no longer work. Because the genetic code has redundancy built in. Because the body has no way to detect or correct mutations. Any change in the DNA sequence means that DNA no longer functions properly. Most mutations are actually beneficial, not deleterious.
Because if a mutation changes the primary structure of a protein, the protein may no longer work.
Why do muscles need a skeleton to contract?
Because need something to exert their forces on
Why do hormones not require a large concentration to do their job?
Because of the amplification process that hormones undergo
Why do action potential only move in one direction?
Because of the refractory period
Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have small genomes? Because their bacterial ancestors did. Because they lack noncoding DNA. Because over time, much of their DNA has migrated to the host cell nucleus. Because they do not need many genes to function.
Because over time, much of their DNA has migrated to the host cell nucleus.
HOw does an open circulatory system work?
Blood flows thorugh a vessel with thick muscular thickiening that acts as a pump. Blood empties into an open open body cabity to supply the tissues with nutrients and its returned to circulation.
How does a closed circulatory system work?
Blood flows through connected blood vessesl pumped by musclar hearts. The blood flows hrough bessels to supply tissues with nurtients.
What are the vasa recta?
Blood vessels of the nephron. Reabsorptin of water and any solutes. Also called the pertubular capillaries
Which of the following statements is TRUE about moss and fern reproduction? Both mosses and ferns have a dependent sporophyte generation. Both mosses and ferns require wind for gamete dispersal. Mosses require water for fertilization, but ferns do not. Both mosses and ferns disperse spores aerially. Both mosses and ferns have a dominant gametophyte generation.
Both mosses and ferns disperse spores aerially.
What is explained by the process of evolution?
Both the unity and diversity of life
What are the two types of genetic drift?
Bottleneck and founder event
What are the two hormones that are essential in the growth and development of insects?
Brain hormone which stimulates the release of ecdysone. Ecdysone which coordinates the growth and reorganization
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
Brain, main nerve cord, and centralized ganglia
Why are our brains very large for our bodies?
Brains are "expensive" and it takes a lot of energy to maintain and used to develop social skills and tool use. Additionally our consumption of fish (high in protein and fat) may have lead to larger brain size.
What is the function of the osteoclasts?
Break down the bone
What is fragmentation?
Breaks off and grows into an adult
Which of the following statements concerning complex multicellular organisms is TRUE? Plants and animals use bulk flow systems to move gasses and nutrients, but fungi and algae do not. Bulk flow systems move substances faster than simple diffusion. Bulk flow systems require specialized organs like a heart to pump nutrients and dissolved gasses deep into tissues that are not in contact with the external environment.
Bulk flow systems move substances faster than simple diffusion.
What are myofibrils made up of ?
Bundles of actin and myosin
How is the prokaryotic phylogeny assembled?
By DNA sequencing because it is hard to culture and grow in a lab
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
By binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin
FOXP2 is the name of a gene that may be important to language, as mutations in this gene are implicated in many speech pathologies. Why does FOXP2 have such a broad impact on the development of speech? FOXP2 is a gene encoding a transcription factor that controls the expression of many genes involved in the development of speech. FOXP2 is a gene that codes for multiple transcription factors, each that regulates the expression of a different gene associated with the development of speech. FOXP2 is a gene that specifies how syntax is learned. FOXP2 is a gene that specifies how syntax is understood.
FOXP2 is a gene encoding a transcription factor that controls the expression of many genes involved in the development of speech.
What is Vitamin A used for?
FOund in carrots and used to better eyesight. Retinal is a derivative of Vitamin A.
A benefit of starch being the storage molecule in plants is that starch is easy for plants to move throughout the plant body. False True
False
A high degree of genetic variability among individuals of the same species means that these individuals will always appear morphologically different. For example, as all Adélie penguins look alike, this species must have a low degree of genetic variation. True False
False
All members of a species can in principle mate with members of the same species but of the different sex. Two populations would not be considered part of the same species if they do not actively breed (even if they potentially could). True False
False
All of the genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees are responsible for making us human. False True
False
Bacteria contain neither organelle-associated membranes nor a cell membrane. True False
False
Based on your understanding of genome and organismal complexity, is the following statement true or false? Complex multicellular organisms have a genome similar in scope and size to their single-celled predecessors. True False
False
Because water is so abundant on Earth, oxygen and hydrogen make up a majority of the known matter of the universe. true false
False
Consider a single orange tree. All of the seeds in the oranges of that tree would be considered genetically identical, given that the same plant produces them. true false
False
Currently, atmospheric CO2 levels are the highest they have ever been in Earth's 4.6-billion-year history. False True
False
Even without the nitrogen cycle, life on Earth would continue with minimal interruption due to compensation by the carbon and sulfur cycles. True False
False
Given the high degree of "order" living organisms demonstrate, the second law of thermodynamics can never be applied to life. true false
False
Hinge joints are inherently more stable than ball-and-socket joints. The primary reason is that a larger number of muscles are associated with movement around a hinge joint than around a ball-and-socket joint. True False
False
Not all eukaryotes contain a dynamic cytoskeleton―or even a cytoskeleton at all. The smallest eukaryotes actually possess rigid cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, much like bacteria. True False
False
Only the inorganic compounds O2 or NO3- may be used as terminal electron acceptors in respiration. False True
False
Phylogenetic methods based on DNA sequences and data from the fossil record both show that the evolutionary link between birds and crocodiles runs through dinosaurs. True False
False
Plasmid DNA generally contains genetic information critical for the survival of a bacterial cell. True False
False
Post-zygotic reproductive isolation may be due to temporal or ecological separation. False True
False
Respiration is strictly an aerobic process. True False
False
Root activities are all passive, requiring no additional energy. False True
False
Seasonal respiration rates fluctuate in a similar manner as seasonal photosynthesis rates. True False
False
Some biologists suggest that human activities may result in the loss of reef ecosystems. This would be unprecedented, as reef ecosystems have an unbroken history stretching over hundreds of millions of years. False True
False
The Cambrian explosion refers to a massive explosion that occurred on Earth 65 million years ago, which resulted from an asteroid impact (and consequently led to the extinction of most dinosaurs). True False
False
The division of bilaterians into coelomate, acoelomate, and pseudocoelomate groups is supported by molecular studies. False True
False
The only known eukaryotic-bacterial symbioses are the two that explain the development of the chloroplast and mitochondria. True False
False
The order of groups along the tips of a phylogenetic tree indicates how closely those groups are related. True False
False
The stems of all plants, whether they reproduce asexually or sexually, are vertical; there is no such thing as a horizontal stem. True False
False
The terms algae and protozoa have significant phylogenetic meaning. False True
False
The terms algae and protozoa have significant phylogenetic meaning. True False
False
Theories typically rely on a single hypothesis tested several times; theories do not take into consideration multiple hypotheses. true false
False
Which of the following statements is false? Fast-twitch fibers are white, whereas slow-twitch fibers appear red. Fast-twitch fibers generate more force per unit cross-sectional area than slow-twitch fibers. Most skeletal muscles consist of mixtures of fast- and slow-twitch fibers. Fast-twitch fibers obtain energy through glycolysis, whereas slow-twitch fibers obtain energy through oxidative phosphorylation. Slow-twitch fibers have more mitochondria than fast-twitch fibers.
Fast-twitch fibers generate more force per unit cross-sectional area than slow-twitch fibers.
What occurs in the stomach?
CHemical digestion of proteins with pepsin. When gastrin is secreted, HCl, pepsin and mucus is released to aid digestion. HCl is used to kill bacteria and to allow pepsin to work at its optimal conditions. The stomach is also a place for food storage.
What are choanocytes?
Feeding cells found in the sponge that resemble choanoflagellates
What reaction to our environment is a large part of our nervous system?
Fight or Flight in predator/prey interactions
CAM photosynthesis improves the CO2/H2O exchange ratio because: organic acids are decarboxylated in daylight. organic acids are decarboxylated at night. CO2 capture occurs at night when the gradient for diffusion of CO2 into the leaf is larger. CO2 capture occurs at night when the gradient for diffusion of H2O out of the leaf is smaller.
CO2 capture occurs at night when the gradient for diffusion of H2O out of the leaf is smaller.
What is reduced and oxidized in photosynthesis?
CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates H2O is oxidized to O2
What is the process of anammox?
COnverts ammonium into ammonia to return N2 gas to the atmosphere from the oceans
Research suggests that learning may involve: Ca2+ influx into a postsynaptic cell, causing biochemical changes and enhanced response to stimulation. strengthening the sodium-potassium pump. synaptic changes caused by decreasing the size of the synaptic cleft and increasing the effectiveness of neurotransmitter diffusion. changes in action potential duration caused by blocking voltage-gated K+ channels. synaptic changes causing slower reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft.
Ca2+ influx into a postsynaptic cell, causing biochemical changes and enhanced response to stimulation.
The majority of carbon stored in reservoirs is in the form of: CaCO3. C6H12O6. CH4. CO2. H2CO3.
CaCO3.
What adhesion molecules are found in animals?
Cadherins and integrins
Which of the following statements about adhesion molecules is false? Cadherins and pectins are both transmembrane proteins. Cadherins cause adjacent epithelial cells to adhere to one another. Cadherins and integrins provide the molecular mechanisms for adhesion in animals, but not plants. Pectins are found in plant tissues, but not animal tissues. Integrins bind epithelial cells to the extracellular matrix.
Cadherins and pectins are both transmembrane proteins.
What binds to smooth muscles to stimulation contraction?
Calmodulin
Explain the process of recombination?
Can shift around mutations to produce new sequences
Where is the site of exchange of materials needed by cells?
Capillaries
What is oxidized and reduced in respiration?
Carbohydrates are oxidized to CO2 O2 (serves as an electron acceptor) is reduced to water
What muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle
What is coccolithohorids?
Carry out a lot of photosynthesis and discovered relatively recently
What does FSH do in females?
Causes egg maturation
What does FSH do in males?
Causes the development of sperm
What happens during the gastrula development?
Cell differentiation and development begins and formation of different cell layers
What occurs during meiosis and what is formed?
Cell division that halves the number of chromosomes and produces gametes or spores
A student notices two bacteria cells of the same species in close association with one another, with a thin projection running between them. He assumes that these two cells are fusing, forming a new individual. His instructor informs him that this is not the case. Why? Cell fusion does not occur with bacterial cells. These cells are actually daughter cells resulting from meiosis. Cell fusion does not occur with bacterial cells and these cells are likely undergoing transformation. These cells are likely undergoing transformation. Cell fusion does not occur with bacterial cells and these cells are likely undergoing conjugation. These cells are likely undergoing conjugation.
Cell fusion does not occur with bacterial cells and these cells are likely undergoing conjugation.
What the cell anatomy of the phloem?
Cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, and mitochondria
What are requirements for simple multicellularity?
Cell stick together Every cell is in direct contact with the environemnt Little cell specialization or communication between cells
What is the structure of plasmodesmata?
Cell wall forms a barrier for cell communication
What is the cell anatomy of the xylem?
Cell wall only
Why can plant cells not move?
Cell walls
What are pacemaker cells?
Cells in the heart that fire their own action potentials
What happens during gastrulation? All of these choices are correct. A gastrula is transformed into a blastula. A fertilized egg divides mitotically to form a ball of cells. The embryo divides into distinct zones of cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation. Cells migrate to form a layered structure.
Cells migrate to form a layered structure
What is the anatomy of a sponge?
Choanocytes Mesohyl Skeletons made of spicules
What changed as animals moved onto land?
Amniotic egg
What occurs when an EPSP and an IPSP cause cancellation in a neuron?
An EPSP and an IPSP cancel each other out and fail to set off an action potential.
What is a twitch contraction?
An actin potential from a motor nerve causes a muscle fiber to produce a twitch contraction with a slight delay in force.
What is metabolic rate?
An animal's overal rate of energy use. It is affected by activity level, body size, and body temperature
_____ are not helpful for reconstructing evolutionary relationships because they do not show the evolutionary development of characters among groups. Homologies Similes Homilies Analogies
Analogies
Although choanoflagellates are fundamentally unicellular organisms, they possess genes that code for cadherins and integrins. Which of the following hypotheses regarding the function of these molecules in choanoflagellates is supported by laboratory experiments? Choanoflagellates use adhesion molecules to help capture bacterial prey. Cadherins and integrins are used for cell adhesion during the formation of temporary multicellular structures to defend against predators. Choanoflagellates are parasites and use cadherins to attach to host organisms. The genes are not actually expressed and are simply vestiges of an ancestor that used cadherins and integrins for adhesion. Cadherins and integrins are used for cell adhesion during the formation of complex multicellular structures that are resistant to freezing temperatures.
Choanoflagellates use adhesion molecules to help capture bacterial prey.
What are characteristics of living organisms?
Consist of one or more cells, Contain genetic information, capable of reproduction, capable of metabolism, capable of homeostasis, genetically related and have evolved
How do guard cells open?
By uptaking more solutes and swelling
How do pseudopodia work?
By using actin filaments to move the plasma membrane and let it fill with cytoplasm
What carbon reservoir holds a majority of our carbon?
Rocks/sediment
What ape are humans most closely related to?
Chimpanzees
What is the sister group of animals?
Choanoflagellates
What are some opisthokonta?
Choanoflagellates and microsporidia
What are the three methods of horizontal gene transfer?
Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction
What do ligaments do?
Connect bone to bone
What do tendons do?
Connect muscle to bone
Why did the neanderthals disappear?
Either the female neanderthals interbred with the male humans or the neanderthals were annihilated
All protists have cell walls. True False
False
What is formed as a result of double fertilization?
Formation of a zygote (2n) Formation of an endosperm (3n)
What is spermatotgenesis?
Formation of sperm. It begins in the seminiferous tubules at puberty and is continuous
If an organism has a single copy of each chromosome, then it is: tetraploid. haploid. polyploid. aneuploid. diploid.
Haploid
What is a gametophyte?
Haploid and gives rise to gametes
What are voltage gated channels?
Open or close in response to change in the voltage across the plasma membrane
What are mechanically gated channels?
Open or close in response to mechanical force applied to the plasma receptor
What are the three classes of hormones?
Peptide hormones, Amine hormones, and Steroid hormones
How many species share this planet?
10 million species at least
How fast are action potentials and how long do they last?
100m/s and about 1-2 milliseconds
What is a quality of myxobacterium?
A bacterium in which cells aggregate to form fruiting bodies
Zygote undergoes mitosis to form what?
A blastula
What does the salt gland in marine birds do?
Allows them to excrete excess salt
What is order of toxicity of nitrogenous wastes from most to least toxic?
Ammonia, Urea, Uric acid
What are some characteristics of reptiles?
Arose during the Carboniferous period, no maternal care of their young, covered with horny scales, use lungs for gas exchange, heart divided into chambers to allow for higher blood pressure and higher activity levels
What is the sympathetic nervous system associated with?
Arousal and increased activity. Found in the middle region of the spinal cord.
What are seasonal fluctuations of CO2?
Atmospheric CO2 levels fluctuate regularly up and down with the season
What are some examples of local signaling?
Autocrine and Paracrine signaling
The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two categories?
Autonomic (involuntary) and Somatic (voluntary)
Single-celled eukaryotes form important symbioses with what organisms?
Bacteria
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding bacteria? Many groups of bacteria include methanogenic organisms. Bacteria can influence and alter the behavior of eukaryotes. The majority of bacteria species have already been cultured. Like many eukaryotes, bacteria species can be described by the biological species concept. Soil "genome surveys" cannot be used to identify new bacteria species.
Bacteria can influence and alter the behavior of eukaryotes.
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What are some types and examples of pre-zygotic isolation?
Behavioral (mating rituals), Physical (genitlia), Time/Temporal (mating seasons), and Space/Ecological (environmental location)
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Build up the bone
What is evolution?
Change over time
What groups fall under arthropods?
Chelicerates (spiders, scorpions) Myriapodia (centipedes, millipedes) Crustacea (lobster, crayfish) Insects (ant, etc)
What are hormones?
Chemical signal that release into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body. Communication is slower and more prolonged. Target cells only respond to that hormone if they have a receptor for it
Which of the following statements regarding fern alternation of generations is not correct? The fern gametophyte is very small, but very hardy. Most fern gametophytes are capable of producing both male and female gametes. Ferns have a dominant, diploid sporophyte. The diploid zygote will grow to become the sporophyte. Chemical signals released by gametophytes producing eggs cause other, nearby gametophytes to also produce eggs.
Chemical signals released by gametophytes producing eggs cause other, nearby gametophytes to also produce eggs.
What process moves CO2 from the atmosphere into ocean sediments?
Chemical weathering
What are some processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere
Chemical weathering and photosynthesis
What time of sensory receptors are involved in the sense of smell?
Chemoreceptors
Some people can detect PTC, a bitter compound found in broccoli and Brussels sprouts, whereas others cannot. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this observation? Too few sodium channels are present in the taste receptors. The G protein pathway that alters the conformation of the sodium channels is defective. Chemoreceptors specific for PTC are not expressed. Neurotransmitter release from these taste receptors is impaired.
Chemoreceptors specific for PTC are not expressed.
What organisms take energy from chemical compound?
Chemotroph
What is the mammalian and bird heart and circulatory system like?
Complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Complete separation of pulmonary and systemic circuits. First, deoxygenated blood enters through the vena cava and into the right ventricle. Second, the deoxygenated blood goes through the atrioventricular valve and into the right ventricle. Third, the pulmonary arteries pump the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Fourth, the oxygenated blood comes back in the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium. Fifth,oxygenated blood is pumped through the atrioventricular valve and into the left ventricle. Lastly, the oxygenated blood is pumped into the aortic valve and out to the aorta and the rest of the body.
Where is conjugation used? Does it contribute to antibiotic resistance?
Conjugation is used in laboratories and it contributes to bacterial resistance
What is the sclera?
Contains the cornea and is the outermost surface of the eye. It is the rigid layer of connective tissue in the eye.
What are muscle proteins?
Contractile proteins made up of actin and myosin that are organized in a very specific banding pattern in filaments. If they are in a regularly repeated pattern then they are striated.
What is an example of a system that uses positive feedback?
Contractions during labor
How are some characteristics in neoteny between humans and chimpanzees?
Curious, less hair, foramen magnum in the center
What are the incisors used for?
Cutting
What prokaryotic cell was the precursor to the chloroplast?
Cyanobacteria
What are some unique characteristics of the eukaryotic cells?
Cytoskeleton, multiple linear chromosome, dynamic plasma membrane, genetic diversity by means of sexual reproduction, and life cycles
What are some of the flaws within the morphospecies concept?
Different species can still look alike and members of the same species can look different due to differential traits between the male and female for mating purposes
What molecules contain the genetic information of the cell?
DNA
Describe the process of conjugation
DNA (plasmid) from a donor cell is transferred through a pilus into the recipient cell
What is the central dogma?
DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein
Describe the process of transformation
DNA released into the environment by dead cells is taken up by a recipient cell
What is Vitamin B12 used for?
DNA synthesis
What is an example of adaptive radiation?
Darwin's finches
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Decision-making and hand-eye coordination
How does light affect how a plant germinates?
Different wavelengths of light affect the germination of particular seeds
What are hindgut fermenters?
Digestion occurs in the the colon and cecm. It is less efficient. In humans, the cecum is now the appendix. (rabbits)
What is an example of a coelomate?
Earthworms (Annelida)
What are some examples of sensory organs?
Eyes, ears, nose, etc.
What does it mean to have a complete gut?
Have a mouth and an anus
What are some characteristics of the amniotic egg?
Impermeable to water, prevents water loss through a tough skin and kidneys that excrete a concentrated urine
Where are acid-loving archaeons found?
In acid mine drainage where water contains sulfuric acid with a pH of 1-2
Where are archaeons normally found?
In areas where energy resources are too low to support bacteria and eukaryotes
Where do we have a hydrostatic skeletons in our body?
In our spine and our joints
Where are most of the anoxygenic bacteria found in the microbial mat?
In the middle layers
Where is the compact bone located?
In the middle of the bone and it is rigid
Where are oocytes produced?
In the ovaries
What causes the surge in LH levels?
Increase in estradiol
What is hemoglobin?
Iron containing molecule that increases the amount of O2 that can be transported by the blood in red blood cells
Do island populations or mainland population evolve faster. Why?
Islands BC you're self-sufficient
What does the sporangium do?
It produces spores
How do photoreceptors work??
Light hits the photoreceptor which leads to the sodium ion channels closing and hyperpolarization of the cell.
What is the appendicular part of the skeleton?
Limbs and pelvis
What are vessels?
Made up of multiple cells
How do osmoregulators regulate their osmotic pressure?
Maintain internal solute concentration that differ from taht of their environment. Marine bony fishes, freshwater and terrestrial animals
What is energy used for?
Maintain tissues, grow, and move (70%), physical activity, and digestion and absorption of food
A jellyfish relies on diffusion to provide oxygen to its body cells, and yet it is much larger than the 1 cm limit imposed by diffusion. How can it be so thick and still meet its metabolic demands by diffusion alone? Much of the thickness of a jellyfish consists of metabolically inert materials that do not require oxygen. Jellyfish maintain a very large concentration gradient for oxygen across their body tissues. Jellyfish have specialized tubular cells that facilitate the movement of oxygen throughout the body. The layers of metabolically active tissue are very thick and highly folded, which provides a large surface area for diffusion. Water makes up most of the body of a jellyfish, and oxygen diffuses more rapidly in water than in tissues.
Much of the thickness of a jellyfish consists of metabolically inert materials that do not require oxygen.
What occurs when 3 EPSPs cause temporal summation in a neuron?
Multiple EPSPs arrive quickly at a single synapse and set off an action potential
What is polyploidy?
Multiple chromosome sets
What is a microbial mat?
Multiple layers found in the ocean that participate in both anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis
Each muscle fiber consists of many what?
Myofibrils
What is artificial selection?
Natural selection done by humans
What is negative selection?
Natural selection that decreases the frequency of a harmful allele
A movie director asks his computer animation team to create a dragon with an exoskeleton, as such a skeleton will make it impervious to any attacks. Is this statement correct? Yes, but only if this exoskeleton resembles the cuticle of arthropods and not the shells of mollusks. The shells of mollusks are remarkably brittle, whereas the cuticles of arthropods are not. Yes, because damage to an exoskeleton is always easily repaired; the dragon could easily repair any portion of its exoskeleton that is damaged (without molting). Yes, because exoskeletons are remarkably effective over large surface areas. The size of the dragon actually contributes to the strength of its exoskeleton. None of the other answer options is correct.
None of the other answer options is correct.
Which of the following statements are true regarding sea anemones? Because sea anemones are "simple" organisms, these animals only possess motor neurons; sensory neurons or interneurons are never found in sea anemones. Although sea anemones possess "net-like" nervous systems, these animals have brains located at their bases (near where they would attach to rocks). Sponges—not sea anemones—possess what is considered to be the "simplest" nervous system found in animals. Although sea anemones lack definitive brains, they do possess ganglia that serve a similar function to the paired ganglia of flatworms. None of the other answer options is correct.
None of the other answer options is correct.
You have discovered a new species of prokaryote in a deep-sea thermal vent. Without any further characterization, which one of the following statements could you make about this species with a high degree of certainty? These organisms store their genetic information in a compartment called a nucleus. Information in DNA is translated into RNA and then transcribed into protein. The organisms are from the domain Archaea. Information in RNA is transcribed into DNA and then translated into protein. None of the statements can be made with certainty.
None of the statements can be made with certainty.
What are the three ways to measure genotype/allele frequencies?
Observable traits, gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, and Theory
What are ectotherms?
Obtain heat from the environment. Use behavior to regulate body temperature. Body temps fluctuate with the outside environment.
What molecules are involved in the rhodopsin cycle?
Opsin and retinal
What are taste buds made up of?
Papillae and microvilli
What does the prostate gland do?
Producds an alkaline substance in order allow the sperm to survive the acidic conditions of the vagina
What do the seminal vesicles do?
Produce a substance that is rich in protein and sugars in order make the sperm have the energy to be motile.
What are k-strategists?
Produce fewer offspring but put a lot of care into their young
What does the anther do?
Produces pollen
Are there more prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
What are the two types of cells and what is the primary difference between them?
Prokaryotic has no nucleus Eukarotic has a nucleus
What organisms are included in the primate family tree?
Prosimians, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, and Apes
How does taste work?
Receptors bind to specific chemical compounds which sensory cells then synapse on interneurons
What are sensory receptors?
Receptors that detect environmental stimuli and they are embedded in specialized membranes of sensory neurons
What color absorbs at a higher wavelength?
Red
What are myofibrils divided into?
Sarcomeres
Diffusion is effecient for moving gases over what?
Short distances
What are sieve tubes made of?
Sieve elements and companion cells
Describe the process of transduction
Sometimes genetic material from the bacterial host is incorporated into the viral DNA upon assembly of particles
What are the five categories of taste buds?
Sour, Sweet, Salty, Bitter, and Savory
What did Darwin find?
Species are not unchanging and they have evolved over time. He suggested that natural selection brings about adaptation which helps organisms adapt to their environment.
What is dispersal-derived speciation by peripatric speciation?
Species diverging from one another due to moving to new areas
What are some properties of sexual reproduction?
Spend a lot of energy on attracting and finding mates. Slower generation times. Only females can produce new offspring, twofold cost of sex.
What is the morphospecies concept?
States that members of the same species usually look alike, this is more practical but not perfect
What are neurosecretory cells?
Stimulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Where is a majority of the human microbiome found?
The GI tract
If all of the collagen were removed from a bone, how would the properties of that bone be altered? The bone would be more brittle and easier to break. The bone would be more flexible. The bone would be more flexible and harder to break. The bone would be harder to break. The bone would be indistinguishable from cartilage.
The bone would be more brittle and easier to break.
What are Osteichthyes?
The bony fish where their skeleton is made of bone, they use a swim bladder to change buoyancy, and they have kidneys
Within the microbial mats, where does anaerobic respiration generally occur?
The bottom of the layers.
What is the Z line?
The boundary between sarcomeres?
Which of the following statements is true regarding subduction? It adds new crust to Earth's surface via volcanic activity. It is unrelated to Earth's plate tectonics. It permanently removes carbon from Earth's surface. It permanently adds carbon to Earth's atmosphere. The carbon it removes is eventually returned to the atmosphere by volcanism.
The carbon it removes is eventually returned to the atmosphere by volcanism.
What part of neuron has a nucleus?
The cell body
What are guard cells?
The cells that control the opening and closing of the stromata
What is the fovea?
The center of our vision with the highest acuity
What is phylogeny?
The change in time and evolutionary divergence that seeks to establish relationships between species.
What happens to the chromosome numbers in many cases of polyploidy?
The chromosome numbers often change
What are sister groups?
The closest related species that recently split from one another
What forces pull the water from the soil?
The cohesive forces of the hydrogen bonding and the adhesive properties within water molecules
What does the permeability of the collecting ductss inn water determined by?
The concentration of urine
What do the follicle cells become?
The corpus luteum
What is the function of the tropic hormone TSH?
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) regulates cellular metabolism, Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism, and Goiter which is the swelling of the thyroid gland
What do mycorrhizae do?
They are fungal organisms that help with absorption by increasing phosphate uptake by the plant
What does the Xylem do?
Transport water
What is migration?
The movement of individuals from one population to another (gene flow)
What is subduction?
The movement of plate tectonics
What are plasmodial slime molds and what superkingdom do they belong in?
They are haploid cells that fuse to form zygotes that undergo mitosis but not cell division and they belong in the amoebozoa superkingdom
What are some properties of peptide hormones?
They are hydrophilic, require an extracellular receptor, act as GPCRs or second messengers,
What are some properties of amine hormones?
They are hydrophilic, require an extracellular receptor, act as GPCRs or second messengers, they are derivatives of tyrosin
What are some properties of steroid hormones?
They are hydrophobic, require an intracellular receptor, act as transcription factors, and they are derivatives of cholesterol
What are some characteristics of fast-twitch muscle?
They are lighter because they undergo mostly glycolysis and they are often used in sprinting.
What is the function of hair cells?
They are mechanoreceptors that sense movement and vibration such as sterecilia
What are rod cells?
They are most sensitive to light and they allow for black and white vision and allow animals to see in conditions of low light.
What do nociceptors do?
They are pain receptors that send action potentials to the brain or spinal cord stimulating rapid withdrawal from the painful stimulus
What is the autonomic nervous system?
The nervous system that is involuntarily controlled by the body.
What are forms or Trypanosomes?
Trypanosoma brucei- African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma cruzi- Chaga's disease Leishamania sp
What do the collecting ducts do?
They are permeable to water, the extent depends on the presence or absence of ADH. It determines the final concentration of urine,
How are the products of hybridization compared to their parents?
They are reproductively isolated from both parents
What is special about byophytes?
They are resistant to dessication and they have the ability to grow in areas with very little water
What are some properties of halophilic archaeons?
They are salt-loving and they are photoheterotrophs that use bacteriorhodopsin to absorb light
How large are bacterial genomes in comparison to eukaryotic genome?
They are smaller than eukaryotic genomes
Why are muscles always associated with some type of skeleton? The skeleton provides a storage area for calcium ions used by muscle. The skeleton is always necessary to support the body against gravity. The skeleton transmits the force generated by the muscles. The skeleton is necessary for animals to grow. All these choices are correct.
The skeleton transmits the force generated by the muscles.
What kind of cells do blastulas have?
Undifferentiated cells
What occurs when 3 EPSPs cause no summation in a neuron?
They are widely spaced in time and do not generate an action potential because the sum does not reach the threshold potential
How do chemoautotrophs perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?
They use H2S and O2 to form SO$2- and form carbohydrates
How does echolocation work?
They use the reverberation of sound bouncing off of objects to detect their prey (bats).
What is stramenopila?
Unicellular organisms and giant kelps and unique flagellum covered in hairs
What is the visceral mass in mollusks?
Their internal organs
What holds the anther?
The filament
What do many antibiotics target in bacterial cells?
Their peptidoglycan wall
What is the limbic system do and where is it located
The limbic system is located in the hippocampus and it regulates physiological drives, motivation, pain, pleasure, and long-term memories
How is metabolic rate affected by running and body size?
The cost of transport is greater in smaller animals than it is in larger animals
What is oogenesis?
The formation of ova or egss and it is not continuous.
What leads to the increase in LH to stimulate ovulation?
The increase in estrogen levels
What groups are the therians divided into?
The marsupials and the eutherians
What is the thin layer that controls water movements?
The pits
How is the human brain organized with lobes in the lateral view?
The primary motor cortex, the central sulcus, the primary somatosensory cortex, the auditory cortex, visual cortex, the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital love, the temporal lobe, the cerebellum, and the brainstem
HOw many pollen are required for each egg?
Two
What direction can phloem sap go in the phloem?
Up or down
What are some characteristics of photoheterotrophs?
Use energy from the sunlight to make ATP but do not reduce CO2 to make their own organic molecules since they rely on organic molecules from their environment to use as their carbon source
How did Sir Vincent Wigglesworth study the role of hormones in growth and development?
Used Rhodnius and decapitated them at different time periods to see if they would molt or not
What is retinal a derviative of?
Vitamin A
Is the xylem or the phloem in the center of the roots/stems
Xylem
Are the xylem and phloem both required for photosynthesis?
Yes
Do animals have culture too?
Yes
Do protostomes outnumber deuterostomes?
Yes
Do humans have pheromones?
Yes but we lack a dependence on them. THey are used for attraction and syncing up of women's menstrual cycles
What are eutherians/
Young are more highly developed at birth, no external pouch, and have a placenta (dolphins, bats, elk, etc.)
When muscles combine to produce similar motions at a joint, they are called: antagonists. extensors. flexors. agonists. isometric.
agonists.
A(n) _____ is another name for the ligand that binds to an olfactory sensory neuron. odorant molecule volatile molecule aromatic molecule smell
odorant molecule
The frequency of sound waves reaching the ear determines: loudness. pitch. tone. intensity of sound.
pitch
C4 plants are usually _____ in shady habitats because C4 photosynthesis has _____ ATP requirements than the C3 pathway. rare; lower common; higher rare; higher common; lower
rare; higher
A thermoreceptor responds to: pain. physical force. temperature. wet and/or dry environmental conditions.
temperature.
A minority of present-day angiosperms is wind pollinated. true false
true
What are the steps in sending an action potential?
First, the summed input depolarizes the cell membrane at the axon hillock above the threshold potential. Second, voltage gated sodium ion changes open and sodium enters the cell cause depolarization which leads to a positive spike in membrane potential until it reaches +40mV. Third, the sodium ion channels close and the potassium channels open allowing the potassium to leave the cell causing the membrane potential to become negative. Fourth, an overshoot in the amount of potassium ions leaving the cell causing the membrane to hyperpolarize, or become more negative, this results in a refractory period where the neuron is incapable of firing another action potential. Finally, the membrane returens to resting as the excess potassium ions return to the cell
What are the steps for gas transport and exchange?
First, ventilation by bulk flow moves air into the lungs (O2) and out of the lungs (CO2). Second, diffusion across a respiratory surface where O2 diffuses from lungs into blood and CO2 out of blood into lungs. Third, circulation by bulk flow oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by circulatory system. Fourth, diffusion between blood and cells O2 diffuses into cells from and carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells and into the blood.
It is found that tetrapods are most related to what animals
Fish
WHat is an example of an acoelomate?
Flatworm (platyhelminthes)
What is the common ancestor of all tetrapods?
Fleshy-finned fish
Imagine you are talking to your friend who is very excited because he has just transduced his first batch of bacteria in the laboratory. What does this mean? He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria using viruses. He produced a strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by exposing his bacterial cultures to antibiotics. He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria using other bacterial species that can form pili. He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria by lysing other bacterial cells and exposing his bacteria to this mixture. Through periodic selection, he was able to isolate a gene of interest in his bacteria.
He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria using viruses.
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Hearing
What are some examples of microorganisms that participate in photohertrophy?
Helicobacteria and most green sulfur bacteria
What are the three major phyla under dueterostome?
Hemichordates (acorn worms) Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins) Chordata (fish-mammals)
What are foregut fermenters?
Herbivores with a four-cambered stomach with bacteria that help break down cellulose. They regurgitate their food. (cows)
An organism that has two different alleles of a given gene has a _____ genotype. merozygous heterozygous dizygous heteromorphic diploid
Heterozygous
What is the relationship between O2 levels and complex multicellularity?
Higher O2 levels are required for complex multicellularity
What are the seasonal photosynthesis fluctuations?
Higher rates in the summer because the plants are photosynthesizing. Hence, high CO2 levels in the winter and low in the summer.
What is an example of a ball and socket joint?
Hips and shoulder
Which gene has diverged the least throughout all of time?
Histone genes
What is the xylem made up of?
Hollow cells with stiff walls and only cell walls
The nervous system is central to maintaining what?
Homeostatsis
What hominim lineage are we directly from?
Homo ergaster
_____ was the first hominin to leave Africa and did so around _____ million years ago. Australopithecus afarensis; 3.2 H. habilis; 1.7 H. neanderthalensis; 0.6 Ardipithecus ramidus; 4 Homo ergaster (H. erectus); 2
Homo ergaster (H. erectus); 2
Who were the first hominims to leave Africa and how long ago?
Homo ergaster and 2 million years ago
What is the out-of-Africa hypothesis?
Homo ergaster evolved in Africa and then migrated around the world
_____ are helpful for reconstructing evolutionary relationships because they show the evolutionary development of characters among groups. Homologies Similes Homilies Analogies
Homologies
What is a synapomorphy?
Homologous characters present in some members of a group but not all. This is often used to construct phylogenetic trees.
How are ice core samples used to measure CO2 levels?
Ice traps air bubbles when it forms. Therefore, it provides a history of the presence of CO2 in our atmosphere
What is bilateral symmetry?
Identical halves with a distinct anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral divisions
Which of the following statements regarding a simple multicellular organism is true? Certain cells of a simple multicellular organism—typically referred to as inner mass cells—are isolated from the external environment. If a single cell is removed from a simple multicellular organism, it may be able to reproduce on its own. If an individual cell from a single multicellular organism is damaged or dies, the whole organism will likely die. Simple multicellular organisms only include algae. All simple multicellular organisms are only multicellular at one stage of their life cycles—the larval or embryonic stage.
If a single cell is removed from a simple multicellular organism, it may be able to reproduce on its own.
How is there a heterozygous advantage behind sickle cell anemia?
If an individual is heterozygous for sickle cell anemia, then they are protected against malaria and have a mild case of sickle cell anemia while Homozygous dominant individuals are stricken with terrible sickle cell anemia and Homozygous recessive individuals do not have that protection.
How does glucose regulation work with negative feedback?
If blood glucose levels are too high the pancreas releases insulin and causes the body cells to take up glucose and the muscle and liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. This results in a lowered blood glucose level. If blood glucose levels are too low the pancreas releases glucagon which stimulates the break down glycogen in the muscle and liver cells into glucose. This results in an increase in blood glucose levels.
There is a phenomenon called parental leakage, in which a small amount of the mitochondrial DNA from the father is found in the offspring. If parental leakage is assumed to occur in most matings, how would it change our interpretation of studies of mitochondrial DNA in human ancestors and in groups of different modern humans? Every conclusion reached would be erroneous. The conclusion that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and then later migrated would have to be reversed. If it is truly a small amount, then those deviations shouldn't influence the conclusions generated from the study. Mitochondrial DNA coming from the father would change all of the advantages of using it in the first place, so the whole study would be useless. None of the answer options is correct.
If it is truly a small amount, then those deviations shouldn't influence the conclusions generated from the study.
In Pasteur's experiment showing that living organisms arise from other living organisms, which one of the following statements most accurately describes Pasteur's hypothesis? Straight-neck flasks allow for more contamination than swan-neck flasks. If microbes arise from non-living matter, they should appear spontaneously in sterile broth. The first cells must have come from chemical reactions occurring in early Earth. Sterilization of broth kills microbes. Microbes should be capable of growing equally well in sterile broth contained in both straight-neck and swan-neck flasks.
If microbes arise from non-living matter, they should appear spontaneously in sterile broth.
There is a phenomenon called parental leakage, in which a small amount of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the father is found in the offspring. If parental leakage is assumed to have occurred throughout human history, how does it change our interpretation of Matthias Krings and Svante Päabo's studies of mitochondrial DNA in specimens of Neanderthals and modern humans? If paternal mtDNA with Neanderthal sequences did show up in the offspring alongside maternal mtDNA, these would have immediately indicated that the two groups interbred. The results would have been exactly the same because researchers were looking at only female modern humans in this study. The results would have been exactly the same because researchers were looking at only modern humans that were males for this study. This means it wouldn't have mattered if paternal leakage occurred or not. mtDNA coming from the father would negate all of the advantages of using mtDNA as the source for genetic information in the first place, therefore the whole study would be useless.
If paternal mtDNA with Neanderthal sequences did show up in the offspring alongside maternal mtDNA, these would have immediately indicated that the two groups interbred.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding C4 plants as compared with CAM plants? In C4 plants, CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle happen in different cell types, whereas in CAM plants CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle happen at different times. In C4 plants, CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle happen at different times, whereas in CAM plants CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle happen in different cell types. C4 plants produce a 4-carbon organic acid as a storage form, whereas CAM plants produce a 4-carbon inorganic acid as a storage form. C4 plants do not require additional ATP relative to C3 plants, whereas CAM plants do require additional ATP relative to C3 plants. C4 plants are found in hot sunny environments, whereas CAM plants are found in moist cool environments.
In C4 plants, CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle happen in different cell types, whereas in CAM plants CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle happen at different times.
What is the general rule about brain size and what species is the exception
Generally, the size of mammals correlate to its brain size but humans are the exception because their brains are huge compared to their body size
What are some properties of methanogenic archaeons?
Generate natural gas (methane) as a by-product of fermentation of chemoautotrophic metabolism. They are normally found in peats at lake bottoms, soils, sediments, and rumens in cows
What are housekeeping genes?
Genes that are turned on in every cell to make proteins in order to develop and differentiate stem cells into more specialized cell (differential gene expression)
What can reproductive isolation often become a result of?
Genetic drift
What is a types of post-zygotic isolation?
Genetic incompatibility due to different number of chromosomes
What is saltatory propagation?
In myelinated axons, action potentials jump for node to node in the nodes of Ranvier to increase the speed of signal conduction. This is because the nodes of Ranvier build up positive charges on the inside and negative charges on the outside.
When we say "populations evolve, not individuals," what does this mean? Only alleles change over time, not genotype frequencies. Evolution is a change in the genetic make-up of individuals over time. Individuals cannot change their genetic makeup, but genotype frequencies in a population can change. Only genotype frequencies change over time, not allele frequencies.
Individuals cannot change their genetic makeup, but genotype frequencies in a population can change.
What is shown in a species plot?
Individuals with the same characteristics form a cluster of dots and are therefore the same species
Which one of the following represents the flow of information as described by the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? Information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. Information in DNA is translated into RNA and then transcribed into protein. Information in RNA is transcribed into DNA and then translated into protein. Information in protein is translated into RNA and then stored as DNA. Information in DNA is directly translated into protein.
Information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein.
What occurs in embryonic development in the first trimester
Inner cell mass becomes embryo, outer cell layer becomes the placenta, and the inner cell mass differentiates into two layers of cells
What are minerals
Inorganic elements such as calcium and iron that are essetial to body function and obtained from their diet.
What types of animals have an open circulatory system?
Insects
What is hybridization?
Interbreeding between different species and the species maintain distinct appearances indicating that natural selection works against the hybrid offspring
What are populations?
Interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area
Are we currently in a glacial event or an interglacial event?
Interglacial event
If we defined a taxon to include only the coelacanths and lungfish but not their most recent common ancestor, it would be a _____ group. paraphyletic polyphyletic monophyletic
Polyphyletic
What is a polyphyletic group and give an example
Polyphyletic groups share no common ancestor and an example is flying tetrapods because birds and bats do not share a common ancestor
The condition of having multiple chromosome sets is called what?
Polyploidy
What evolves?
Populations, not individuals
What are the three types of selection?
Positive, negative, and balancing
You are an experienced naturalist and biologist and you observe two birds mating that you do not believe to belong to the same species. The eggs from this breeding do not hatch, and when you obtain one of the eggs, you find embryonic development stopped not long after fertilization. Which of the following conclusions is supported by these observations? Behavioral isolation prevented successful reproduction. Post-zygotic factors prevented successful reproduction. Pre-zygotic isolation prevented successful reproduction. Temporal isolation prevented successful reproduction. This is evidence to suggest the two types of birds are a single species.
Post-zygotic factors prevented successful reproduction.
What is the defining characteristic of opthokonta?
Posterior flagella used for cell movement
What is budding?
Protrusion starts to grow on an adult and it grows until it breaks off
What do the statocyst chambers do?
Provide information about gravity and sense of direction associated with movement
What does myelin do?
Provides electric insulation to vertebrate neurons. Called Schwann cells in the motor and sensory neurons but called oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord. They increase the speed of action potential transmission
What does the endosperm do for the zygote?
Provides it with nourishment
What are the reasons for multicellularity?
Provides protection Maintaining position in the environment Make feeding easier
What are the renal tubules divided into?
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts
What is the defining characteristic of amoebozoa?
Pseudopodia
How does respiration by fish gills work?
Pump water through mouth and over gills. Protected by the operculum. THe gill filaments are composes of highly folded forming structure called the lamellae. Supplid by many blood vessels.
What color absorbs at a lower wavelength?
Purple
What are some examples of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria?
Purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria, and green nonsulfur bacteria
What kind of symmetry do cnidarians have?
Radial symmetry
What are some characteristics of cnidarians?
Radial symmetry Mouth surrounded by tentacles Incomplete gut Mesoglea Good predators because of their nematocysts
What are some properties of ctenophores/comb jellies?
Radial symmetry Tentacles have cells that secrete adhesive molecules Complete gut
What is negative feedback involved in?
Maintaining homeostatsis
What do astrocytes do?
Make up the blood brain barrier
What animals were the first to have amniotic eggs?
Reptiles
What animals are amniotes?
Reptiles (turtle, tuatara, snake, crocodile, dinosaurs, birds) and mammals (apes, humans, etc.)
Which of the experiments described below would provide the BEST data set with which to test the hypothesis that female chimpanzees have a greater influence on the vertical transmission of culture than males? Measure the amount of time young chimps spend with their father only, and measure the rate at which they acquire cultural traits. Introduce a new food source to a population and see which chimps learn how to use it first. Measure the amount of time young chimps spend with their mother only, and measure the rate at which they acquire cultural traits. Measure the amount of time that young chimps spend with each of their parents, and measure the rate at which they acquire cultural traits. Train a wild chimp to use a new food source, and document how quickly this knowledge spreads to the rest of the population.
Measure the amount of time that young chimps spend with each of their parents, and measure the rate at which they acquire cultural traits.
What occurs during swallowing?
Mechanical digestion begins to break down food and saliva to form a bolus. Rongue pushes bolus down the esophagus and the epiglottis protects the trachea so the food does not go inot our lungs. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates also begin in th mough with amylase.
What are the two life stages of cnidarians?
Medusa (jellyfish) with head on top and tentacles on bottom Polyp (hydra) in sea floor and tentacle hanging up
What occurs during sexual reproduction
Meiosis and Fertilization
What is the evolutionary species concept?
Members of a species all share a common ancestry and a common fate
What is peripatric speciation?
Members of the parent species become separated by physical barriers
Where is plant growth confined to?
Meristems found at the end of shoots
During which era did the dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, and diatoms appear? Neoproterozoic Era Paleozoic Era Cenozoic Era Mesozoic Era Paleoproterozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
What are the male gametophytes in gymnosperms?
Pollen cones
What is a monophyletic group and give an example
Monophyletic groups are all descendents from a comon ancestor such as amphibians
Which statements about mutations are FALSE? (Select all that apply.) Mutations accumulate in a genome over time. Mutations occur as a direct response to an organism's attempt to change one of its traits. Mutations make evolution possible. Mutations result in genetic variation among individuals. Mutations are usually caused by exposure to radiation. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral.
Mutations occur as a direct response to an organism's attempt to change one of its traits. Mutations are usually caused by exposure to radiation.
Which of the following statements is true of sponges? Sponges have nerve cells that enable them to sense their environment. Like cnidarians, many sponges produce toxin-generating nematocysts. These cells typically line the pores of sponges. The choanocytes of sponges and choanoflagellates share no morphological similarities. Like comb-jellies, sponges possess both a mouth and an anal pore; however, the anal pore is distinctly smaller than the mouth. None of the answer options is correct.
None of the answer options is correct.
Which of the following structures would NOT contain sensory receptors? the tongue of a dog the bill of a platypus None of the answer options is correct. the feet of a fruit fly the skin of a human
None of the answer options is correct.
Which of the following is true regarding sensory receptors in a dog? A dog's sense of smell is equivalent to a human's. If properly stimulated, all of a dog's sensory receptors would fire action potentials. If properly stimulated, the membranes of all of a dog's sensory receptors would become depolarized. None of the other answer options is correct.
None of the other answer options is correct
_____ refers to a system in which individuals select their mates according to phenotype. Random mating Nonrandom mating Differential mating Sexual selection All of these choices are correct.
Nonrandom mating
What are some examples of amine hormones?
Norephinepherine and Epinepherine
What happens in hypothyroidism?
Not enough T4 and leads to weight gain, coldness, and fatigue
What are some characteristics of cephalopods?
Octopus, squid, nautilus Foot is tentacles Shell is used in the nautilus for gas exchange
How does smell work?
Odorant molecules bind to receptors on sensory hairs that extend into the nasal cavity
What are kinetoplastids?
Organelle called kinetoplast and they include trypanosomes
What are vitamins?
Organic molecules that are required for bodily funcitons
What is vegetative reproduction
Organisms such as grass that can asexually reproduce and make a large number of clones because of their horizontal root system
What are protists?
Organisms that have a nucleus but lack features specific to plants, animals, or fungi
What does the smooth muscle control?
Internal organs
What effects can coevolution have on organisms?
It can affect animal behavior and animal reproduction
A researcher discovers a new single-celled bacterium very similar to Thiomargarita namibiensis. At first she is confused because this organism is quite large compared with other bacteria. She also knows that because of diffusion, most bacterial cells don't exceed 1μm in size. What might the researcher notice about the internal structure of her new bacterium? It contains several large histones, facilitating the diffusion of molecules. It is completely filled by cytoplasm, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse. It contains a large vacuole, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse. It contains several membrane-bound organelles, facilitating the diffusion of molecules.
It contains a large vacuole, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse
Why is Hardy-Weinberg such a valuable tool when examining populations? It enables us to identify if a population is evolving. It always enables us to predict phenotype frequencies. It enables researchers to identify beneficial mutations. It enables researchers to determine if an allele is dominant or recessive.
It enables us to identify if a population is evolving.
Why did we become bipedal?
It is easier to walk long distances and it frees up hands for tool use
What does the ascending limb of the loop of henle do?
It is impermeable to water and it actively transports solute out decreasing the concentration of the filtrate
What is the eyecup?
It is one of the simplest types of eyes and they are found in flatworms. They only know what direction the light is coming from.
What does the descending limb of the loop of henle do?
It is permeable to water and water moves out by osmosis, increases the concentration of the filtrate.
How is the gametophyte in ferns?
It is small and produces gametes (haploid)
What is the strength of the forces that pull water from the soil?
It is stronger than a vacuum pump and the pressure is higher at the leaves
What is the definition of evolution in relation to genetic makeup?
It is the change in the genetic makeup of a population over time
What is the sporophyte in ferns?
It is the photosynthesizing generation and eventually becomes underground root system (diploid)
Why is genetic variation critical for evolution? It is required for mutations. It is the source material for natural selection. It is essential for genetic recombination. It is essential for adaptation.
It is the source material for natural selection.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the axial skeleton? In fish, the axial skeleton is negligible; it is the appendicular skeleton that forms the vertebrae, ribs, and fins of fish. It includes all of the "central" portions of an endoskeleton, including the pelvis, collarbone, skull, and vertebrae. It is thought to have evolved before the appendicular skeleton. Tendons only attach muscles to the appendicular skeleton, and do not associate with any components of the axial skeleton. In humans, the axial skeleton also includes the femur, tibia, and other bones of the legs and feet.
It is thought to have evolved before the appendicular skeleton.
What does the balbourethral gland do?
It lubricates the urethra so the sperm can pass through.
How did the evolution of alternation of generations aid the successful establishment of a new gametophyte generation? It produced new tissues specially adapted for aerial dispersal. It replaced gametophytes prone to desiccation with resistant sporophytes. It allowed fertilization to occur without free-swimming sperm. It amplified the number of spores produced per fertilization event.
It produced new tissues specially adapted for aerial dispersal. It amplified the number of spores produced per fertilization event.
How does positive feedback maintain homeostasis?
It pushes a system past its setpoint
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding fermentation? None of the other answer options is true. It releases more energy from C6H12O6 than cellular respiration. It can be used as an alternative to photosynthesis. It results in the partial oxidation of C6H12O6. It requires oxygen.
It results in the partial oxidation of C6H12O6.
How does negative feedback maintain homeostatsis?
It returns a system back to its setpoint
What is the function of the pineal gland?
It secretes melatonin which prompts animals to go to sleep. It sensitive to changes in light and darkness
What happens when a cell is hypertonic?
It shrinks and crenates due to the higher concentration of solutes outside of the cell and the water rushes out.
What happens with a cell is hypotonic?
It swells and lyses due to high concentration of solute inside the cell which causes water to rush in and the concentration of solutes is lower on the outside
What happens when a zygote is fertilized?
It then moves down the fallopian tube and into the uterus where it implants into the wall.
Which of the following statements about diffusion is FALSE? It limits the size of prokaryotic cells. It supplies key molecules for metabolism. It is effective only over small distances. It limits the shape of prokaryotic cells. It transports materials actively, powered by ATP.
It transports materials actively, powered by ATP.
Because artificial selection is controlled by a breeder, how does it compare to natural selection? It usually is less efficient because there is no competition between individuals. It usually occurs at the same pace because mutations occur at the same rate. It works equally well, because both principles use the idea of hereditary traits to pass along variation to offspring. It works well, but will only be able to produce a range of phenotypes based on the initial variation seen within the initial population. It usually is more efficient because it is controlled through breeding and not reproductive success.
It usually is more efficient because it is controlled through breeding and not reproductive success.
What are examples of cnidarians?
Jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals
What are some characteristics of arthropods?
Jointed legs for better movement Exoskeleton contains chitin Segmented bodies to allow for specialization 2 part- head and abdomen 3 part- head, thorax, and abdomen
What is a marsupial?
Kangaroos and opossums that have a short gestational period and keep young in an external pouch. These animals are mainly found in Australia
What is the function of mucus in breathing?
Keeps respiratory membranes moist and the mucus elevator traps foreign particles so we can swallow them or cough them up.
What occurs during reabsorption?
Key ions, solute, and water are taken back up into circulation.
Is the pressure lower in veins or arteries?
Veins
What returns blood to the heart?
Veins return blood to the heart. They have very low pressure and one-way valves to prevent back flow.
What is the third type of skeleton to develop?
Vertebrate skeleton
Double fertilization in angiosperms results in: a diploid embryo and a diploid endosperm. a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. a triploid embryo and a diploid endosperm. a haploid embryo and a haploid endosperm. a diploid embryo and a haploid endosperm.
a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm.
What functions as the supportive component of the skeleton in an animal with a hydrostatic skeleton? the circular muscles a fluid-filled body cavity the longitudinal muscles the circular and longitudinal muscles the body wall
a fluid-filled body cavity
The neoteny hypothesis is supported by which of the following characteristics of humans? (Select all that apply.) a foramen magnum positioned at the base of the skull large heads relative hairlessness None of the answer options is correct. relatively flat faces and small noses
a foramen magnum positioned at the base of the skull large heads relative hairlessness
When dandelions produce seeds by apomixis, which of the following is/are not involved? (Select all that apply.) haploid spores mitosis fertilization pollination
haploid spores fertilization pollination
What is a sensory receptor? the dendritic field of a sensory neuron a specialized tissue like the eye a membrane protein that binds to a sensory ligand a nerve cell specialized to detect particular stimuli
a nerve cell specialized to detect particular stimuli
What is the basic functional unit of a nervous system? a neuron a glial cell an axon a motor unit
a neuron
Crustaceans: have radial body symmetry. include animals such as spiders and scorpions. have a hard external skeleton composed of chitin. include animals such as the nautilus and squid.
have a hard external skeleton composed of chitin.
Insects: typically mate and produce young during their larval stage. have a respiratory system with spiracles connecting to tracheae. generally give birth to live young. typically have a younger flying life stage and an older aquatic life stage after metamorphosis.
have a respiratory system with spiracles connecting to tracheae.
Ctenopores (comb-jellies): are a type of bilaterian. are usually filter feeders that attach themselves to the ocean bottom. have a separate epidermis and endodermis, which cnidarians lack. have a separate mouth and anal pore, unlike cnidarians.
have a separate mouth and anal pore, unlike cnidarians.
Recall that photosynthetic rates remain relatively constant in regions near the equator. Imagine that tropical environments persisted throughout Earth's northern and southern hemispheres (i.e., Earth's entire climate mirrored that near the equator). If Keeling had collected his atmospheric CO2 data on such an Earth, what would you expect the Keeling Curve to look like? a straight line sloping upward (atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would have increased over time) a straight line sloping downward (atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would have decreased over time) a sinusoidal curve sloping upward (atmospheric CO2 levels would fluctuate seasonally, but would increase over time) a sinusoidal curve sloping downward (atmospheric CO2 levels would fluctuate seasonally, but would have decreased over time) a straight line without a slope (atmospheric CO2 levels would have remained constant over time.)
a straight line sloping upward (atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would have increased over time)
After wearing a watch for a period of time you are no longer as aware of its presence on your wrist. This is an example of: adaptation. lateral inhibition. desensitization. temporal summation.
adaptation.
Until 20-30 years ago, people with cystic fibrosis (CF) wouldn't live long enough to reproduce. CF is a homozygous recessive condition, leading researchers to think that, over time, the incidence of CF would decrease because the allele would be removed from the gene pool. The results actually indicate that the rate of CF is on the rise. Based on what you know about why certain genotypes and phenotypes persist in a population, which of the following could be a likely explanation for why the rate of CF is on the rise? We are being subjected to more mutations as a population due to more pollution. People are traveling more, so when people from different areas reproduce, more mutations will result. The population is increasing, and more people mean more mutations. The heterozygous condition is beneficial, much like what we see with sickle cell trait.
The heterozygous condition is beneficial, much like what we see with sickle cell trait.
How does firing rate correlate to intensity when firing an action potential?
The higher the firing rate, the higher the intensity of the of the stimulus
Researchers use the denaturation temperatures of hybrid double helices to compare evolutionary relatedness. Complementary strands denature at 95 degrees. A researcher engineers a hybrid strand from two species and it denatures at 93 degrees. What does this mean? The hybrid strands' base pairing had fewer mismatches. The hybrid double helices are more complementary than the non-hybrid. The species are more closely related than any other two species. The hybrid double helices are less complementary than the non-hybrid.
The hybrid double helices are less complementary than the non-hybrid.
What happens when results are consistent over many experiments?
The hypothesis becomes a theory
What happens when results are not consistent in the experiment?
The hypothesis is rejected or revised
Which of the following traits of complex multicellular organisms is also shared by some single-celled organisms? plasmodesmata adhesion gap junctions bulk flow None of the answer options is correct.
adhesion
Organisms belonging to the Bacteria branch of the tree of life can demonstrate which of the following processes? (Select all that apply.) aerobic respiration anoxygenic photosynthesis fermentation anaerobic respiration oxygenic photosynthesis
aerobic respiration anoxygenic photosynthesis fermentation anaerobic respiration oxygenic photosynthesis
Two species of antelope ground squirrels are separated by the Grand Canyon. They are hypothesized to descend from a common ancestor, populations of which were separated as the canyon formed. If this hypothesis is correct, it would be an example of: sympatric speciation by dispersal. peripatric speciation by vicariance. allopatric speciation by vicariance. allopatric speciation by dispersal. sympatric speciation by vicariance.
allopatric speciation by vicariance.
The tympanic membrane of various organisms functions to: amplify vibrations. convert sound waves to noise. sense gravity. detect body motion
amplify vibrations.
A scientist has taken a cross section from a conifer. He notices a small nucleus contained within a lignified cell wall. This cell is most likely: a mature tracheid cell. an immature tracheid cell. a mature sieve element cell. an immature sieve element cell. either a mature tracheid cell or a mature sieve element cell.
an immature tracheid cell.
What stimulates a skeletal muscle cell to contract? an impulse from a motor neuron hormones an impulse from a sensory neuron auto-depolarizing cells in the membrane of muscle cells
an impulse from a motor neuron
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vertebrates? paired eyes pharyngeal slits at some point in their life a well-developed cranium an open circulatory system
an open circulatory system
Phylogenetic trees can be built using: molecular data. anatomical data or molecular data. visible characteristics only. anatomical data.
anatomical data or molecular data.
A population in biology refers to a group of organisms in the same geographic area that: cannot interbreed. are the same species. are genetically related. have the similar phenotype. are different species.
are the same species.
You are in a lab studying a newly discovered cell type. You observe a rigid cytoskeleton in this cell, along with a nucleus and a compartmentalized interior. How would you classify this cell? as an advanced prokaryotic cell, because it has a rigid cytoskeleton as a primitive prokaryotic cell as a possible transitional cell from prokaryotic to eukaryotic as a eukaryotic cell that has to be heterotrophic None of the answer options is correct.
as a possible transitional cell from prokaryotic to eukaryotic
When plants reduce SO4 to form H2S during _____, SO4 _____ electrons. anammox; gains assimilation; gains assimilation; loses anaerobic respiration; gains anammox; loses anaerobic respiration; loses
assimilation; gains
Ring species such as the greenish warbler complicate the biological species concept because: ring species comprise populations that are in the process of allopatric speciation. at least some of their populations overlap spatially, but individuals in those populations do not interbreed with one another. individuals in at least some populations interbreed with individuals from other species. None of the other answer options is correct. at least some of their populations are reproductively isolated from one another but can still exchange genetic material.
at least some of their populations are reproductively isolated from one another but can still exchange genetic material.
In vertebrates, sympathetic nerves (for example, those responsible for the fight-or-flight response) are part of the: (Select all that apply.) central nervous system (CNS). autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. peripheral nervous system (PNS).
autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. peripheral nervous system (PNS).
What do eggs and sperm require in order to stay viable?
Require moisture
What is the seed structure like?
Seed coat tissues form sporophyte (outer layer) Embryo is next sporophyte generation (bottom layer) Haploid female gametophyte surrounds the seed (middle layer)
Both gymnosperms and angiosperms form seeds, which can travel over long distances (either via wind or water). Which of the following are benefits of seed production and dispersal? (Select all that apply.) Seeds can introduce offspring into nutrient-rich environments. Seeds can introduce offspring into environments beyond the range of spores. Seeds can introduce offspring into environments with ample light. Seeds can introduce offspring into pathogen-free environments.
Seeds can introduce offspring into nutrient-rich environments. Seeds can introduce offspring into environments with ample light. Seeds can introduce offspring into pathogen-free environments.
Both gymnosperms and angiosperms form seeds, which can travel over long distances (either via wind or water). Which of the following are benefits of seed production and dispersal? (Select all that apply.) Seeds can introduce offspring into pathogen-free environments. Seeds can introduce offspring into environments with ample light. Seeds can introduce offspring into nutrient-rich environments. Seeds can introduce offspring into environments beyond the range of spores.
Seeds can introduce offspring into pathogen-free environments. Seeds can introduce offspring into environments with ample light. Seeds can introduce offspring into nutrient-rich environments.
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Seeing
What are some characteristics of annelids?
Segmented worms Coelom Ganglia Primitive brain Cephalization Complete guy Bilateral Triploplastic
What is directional selection?
Selects against one of the extremes
What is stabilizing selection?
Selects against the extremes
What is disruptive selection?
Selects against the mean (for the extremes)
What mechanisms are used to increase outcrossing?
Self-compatible plants can self-fertilize Self-noncompatible plants cannot self-fertilize
What glands help produce semen?
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the balbourethral gland
Where does sperm develop?
Seminiferous tubules
What are the afferent neurons?
Send information toward the CNS
What are the efferent neurons?
Send signals away from the CNS
What do the semicircular canals do?
Sense angular motions of the head
What are hair cells used for?
Sensing motion and gravity and they are the basis for the sense of hearing.
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Sensory and motor neurons
How does adaptation of sensory cells work?
Sensory cells reduce their firing rate if a stimulus is continuous over an extended period of time
What is the somatic nervous system?
Sensory neurons that responds to external stimuli and motor neurons
What are the different types of neurons?
Sensory neurons, Interneurons, and Motor neurons
What are some examples of steroid hormones?
Sex hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
In unfavorable conditions is asexual or sexual reproduction favored?
Sexual
What mode of reproduciton is used during unfavorable condiditions?
Sexual
What is meant by life cycles in a eukaryotic cell?
Sexual and asexual or the various stages a parasite may have in its host
Why do most organisms reproduce sexually at least part of the time?
Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity. Allows organisms to adapt faster. THe red queen hypothesis which is a mechanism of parasite defense and host-parasite coevolution.
What are the molars used for/
Shearing and grinding
What are the short-term and long-term carbon cycles?
Short-term is over the course of a year such as photosynthesis and respiration Long-term is over the course of many years such as chemical weathering and volcanism
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Slower contraction velocities generate larger forces than more rapid contraction velocities. Shortening a muscle prior to contraction reduces the energy consumption of that muscle. Lengthening contractions generate more force than shortening contractions. Rapid and repetitive stretching of a muscle can result in injury. Isometric contractions occur when a muscle generates force without changing length.
Shortening a muscle prior to contraction reduces the energy consumption of that muscle.
How do molecular signals work?
Signaling molecule from one cells binds to a receptor on a second cell
Which of the following statements about cell signaling is correct? All animals have gap junctions to allow targeted signaling between cells. Signaling pathways and the molecules involved (e.g., kinases) evolved before the evolutionary split between plants and animals and thus are similar in the two groups. Molecular mechanisms for signaling between cells exist in complex multicellular organisms, but not single-celled eukaryotes. Signaling molecules are generally polysaccharides that activate receptors on target cells and activate or repress gene expression. Only cells on the exterior surface of an organism have receptors to detect environmental signals.
Signaling pathways and the molecules involved (e.g., kinases) evolved before the evolutionary split between plants and animals and thus are similar in the two groups.
Which one of the following elements is found in non-living systems but not found in more than trace amounts in living systems? oxygen hydrogen carbon calcium silicon
Silicon
Is genetic drift more severe in large populations or small populations?
Small populations
What muscles are not striated?
Smooth
Which of the following statements about muscles is correct? Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and the walls of the arteries. Smooth muscles contract more slowly than skeletal muscles. Striated muscles use actin and myosin to generate force, whereas smooth muscles do not. Actin and myosin are arranged irregularly in cardiac and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are striated, whereas cardiac muscles are not.
Smooth muscles contract more slowly than skeletal muscles.
What are some characteristics of gastropods?
Snail, slugs, and sea slugs Shell protects them from dessication Have a radula which is a modified lophophore
Why do we keep 25% of our O2 in reserve?
So when we increase our activity levels, the cells can get more O2.
What happens during depolarization? Sodium ions initially flow into the cell. Potassium ions flow out of the cell as a similar number of sodium ions flow into the cell. The sodium/potassium pump protein reverses itself. Potassium ions initially flow out of the cell.
Sodium ions initially flow into the cell.
What is an example of an ion pump?
Sodium-potassium pump
How is the resting membrane potential established in a neuron?
Sodium-potassium pumps are constantly pumping sodium out and potassium in. However, there are leaky potassium channels that allow some potassium out which causes a negative resting membrane potential
What are some examples of amoebozoans?
Soil predators and Entamoeba histolytica
What are the two types of mutations?
Somatic and Germ Line
A young medical student has removed a tendon, intestine, and heart from a cadaver. When he flattens all of these structures (and stretches them out to their utmost extent), he notices that the intestine is by far the largest structure. Why? The intestine is the site of all bulk flow carried out in the human body, and must be large in order to supply the entire body with nutrients. The intestine is the source of all materials transported by means of bulk flow (i.e., it produces hormones, absorbs nutrients, and is the site where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream). The intestine must have a large surface area over which nutrients derived from food can diffuse into the bloodstream. The intestine must have a large surface area to produce hemoglobin, which then binds to food particles and transports them throughout the body.
The intestine must have a large surface area over which nutrients derived from food can diffuse into the bloodstream.
What is an additional hormone involved in the growth and development of insects?
The juvenile hormone which prevent maturation into an adult. It is released with decreasing amounts with each molt
What is the vertebrate excretory organs?
The kidneys that receive blood from the heart by the renal arteries. Birds and mammals excrete urine that is more concentrated than their blood and tissues.
How does metablic rate correlate to body size?
The larger your body, the higher your metabolic rate
What animals are within the ape family tree?
The lesser apes which include the gibbon, the greater apes which include the orangutan, the gorilla, the bonobo, the chimpanzee, and humans
What are hominims?
The link between human and ape lineage from which humans separated from 5-7 million years ago
Predict what would happen to a neuron's resting membrane potential if the number of sodium ion channels increased. The membrane potential would become more negative. The membrane potential would remain the same due to the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. The membrane potential would become more positive. The membrane potential would become slightly more negative.
The membrane potential would become more positive.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water from areas of high water concentration to low water concentrations. The movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. Expedited by aquaporins. Osmotic pressure
The members of some protist groups have a mitosome instead of functional mitochondria. It is hypothesized that the mitosome is modified from a functional mitochondrion present in the ancestor. Based on this information, which of the following would also be expected in groups exhibiting a mitosome? (Select all that apply.) The organism is not a eukaryote. The engulfed symbiont was not a proteobacterium. The nuclear genome of mitosome-bearing eukaryotic cells may contain genes derived from mitochondria. The mitosome has two membranes
The nuclear genome of mitosome-bearing eukaryotic cells may contain genes derived from mitochondria. The mitosome has two membranes
Most eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, but a few single-celled eukaryotic organisms found in oxygen-free environments do not. Which of the following observations led biologists to reject the hypothesis that these mitochondria-free eukaryotes evolved before the endosymbiotic event that established mitochondria in other eukaryotes? Some eukaryotes don't have mitochondria; they have chloroplasts instead. All eukaryotes exhibit some sort of energy utilization. The nuclear genome of these mitochondria-free eukaryotes contains relics of mitochondrial genes. All eukaryotes have remnant chloroplast genes.
The nuclear genome of these mitochondria-free eukaryotes contains relics of mitochondrial genes.
What are the shoots of the plant?
The steam, the leaf, and the reproductive organs
What is biology?
The study of life
What is population genetics?
The study of patterns of genetic variation
What is threshold potential
The summation of stimuli/depolarizatino which leads to an all or nothing action potential that is initiated by the opening of the sodium ion channels
Where are two sources that organisms can use to obtain energy?
The sun and chemical compounds
Aging can sometimes lead to an increase in the stiffness at the base of the basilar membrane. What affect would this have on a person's hearing? The person would lose the ability to hear high-pitched sounds. The person would lose the ability to hear low-pitched sounds. The person would only be able to hear loud sounds. The person would not be able to distinguish the amplitude of a sound.
The person would lose the ability to hear high-pitched sounds.
What is the motor endplate?
The point where the neuron axon and the muscle cell attach
What makes up the hindbrain?
The pons and medulla portion of the brain stem and the cerebellum
What does it mean when the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg are not met?
The population is evolving
What are the roots?
The portion below ground that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil
What happen in oogenesis after puberty?
The primary oocyte forms a secondary oocyte and three polar bodies. They compelet meisis I and teh division of the cytoplasm is uneven. Then, the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary during ovulation and enters meiosis II and the development arrests again. Only if the oocyte is fertilized will it complete meiosis II.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
The process by which bacteria obtain new genes from other bacteria
what is metamorphosis?
The process of growth and development in insects.
What is phagocytosis?
The process of taking in a smaller organism in the plasma membrane and using lysosomes to digest it
What is sexual selection?
The process of using different mating rituals or physical traits to attract mates.
What is speciation?
The process that produces new species
What is the carbon cycle?
The processes that shuttle carbon among rocks, soils, oceans, air and organisms
What is binary fission?
The production of clones through mitosis
What is asexual reproduction?
The production of genetically identical cells or individual cells called clones
A population of rare frogs is reduced by 90% in number when a large dam is constructed that obliterates most of their prior habitat. Which of the following is probably true? Speciation cannot occur through genetic drift alone. The remaining frogs have reduced genetic diversity. The effects of natural selection on the smaller population's genetic variation will not be significant. The genetic diversity of the remaining frogs is unlikely to be different from the original population.
The remaining frogs have reduced genetic diversity.
What is neoteny?
The retention, by adults in a species, of traits previously seen only in juveniles
What is resting membrane potential?
The voltage difference across the membrane of a resting cell
When Rebecca Cann decided to conduct research on the evolution of humans, she chose to study mitochondrial DNA. Which of the following explains why she chose this type of DNA? because mitochondrial DNA is more abundant and therefore easier to extract because mitochondrial DNA is circular because mitochondrial DNA is recombined from generation to generation and offers a look at the lineage of the human population because mitochondrial DNA lasts longer in the tissues
because mitochondrial DNA is more abundant and therefore easier to extract
Why do vascular plants need phloem? All four of the provided answers are correct. Select the answer that BEST explains the existence of phloem. because not all parts of the plant are independently autotrophic because diffusion is not efficient over long distances to create a "return loop" for xylem flow back to the root for chemical signaling between widely separated parts of the plant
because not all parts of the plant are independently autotrophic
Why does an action potential travel in one direction down an axon? because voltage-gated potassium channels remain open longer because the diffusion of charge can only occur in one direction because voltage-gated sodium channels cannot immediately reopen because it needs to reach the synapse to trigger release of neurotransmitter
because voltage-gated sodium channels cannot immediately reopen
In terms of responding to the environment, growth fulfills the same role in plants as _____ does in animals. behavior development feeding growth reproduction
behavior
What do creationists believe?
The world is only 6,000 years old and humans and animals were placed on the world as is.
What makes up the plant stem?
The xylem and the phloem
Which of the following statements regarding the algal sister groups of land plants is not correct? Their dispersal phase is in the water. They have diploid and haploid stages in their life cycle. Their dispersal phase can be in the water or in the air. Fertilization requires water. Their multicellular stage is haploid.
Their dispersal phase can be in the water or in the air.
Which factor increases an organism's chance of becoming a fossil? having soft body features All organisms have an equal chance of being fossilized. being buried soon after death being in an environment that facilitates decay
being buried soon after death
Refer to the Figure 44.1. To which group are sponges more closely related? equal relationship to both choanoflagellates and bilaterians bilaterians choanoflagellates
bilaterians
The bioluminescence characteristic of certain squid species is the result of a coevolutionary relationship between _____ and squid. bioluminescent archaeons thaumarchaeotes Wolbachia bioluminescent bacteria
bioluminescent bacteria
Complex tool use, spoken language, and complex foraging strategies were all important hallmarks of human evolution. Current thinking is that each of these was a consequence of: increasing body size and release from predation. bipedalism and freeing the hands from locomotion. increasing body size and nomadic lifestyle. increasing brain size and the development of culture. None of the answer options is correct.
bipedalism and freeing the hands from locomotion.
A young student is trying to figure out the order in which certain traits evolved in humans. Which of the arrangements below is most likely correct? more dexterous thumbs → bipedalism → human jaw → language bipedalism → more dexterous thumbs → human jaw → language language → human jaw → bipedalism → more dexterous thumbs bipedalism → human jaw → language → more dexterous thumbs more dexterous thumbs → language → human jaw → bipedalism
bipedalism → more dexterous thumbs → human jaw → language
You see a red, tubular flower with no distinct scent. It is likely pollinated by a: bat. bee. rodent. beetle. bird.
bird
Which of the following animals can serve as pollinators for some types of angiosperm? (Select all that apply.) birds bats butterflies fish moths
birds bats butterflies moths
Which of the following is the term for a ball of undifferentiated cells that results from repeated mitosis of a fertilized egg? blastula cleavage gastrula endoderm
blastula
Mass extinctions have occurred five times in Earth's history. The end Permian and Cretaceous extinctions were responsible for removing a large percentage of organisms from the planet. How do these extinctions contribute to the biodiversity we see today? Species that remain after the extinction represent all of the lineages that were present before the extinction event, therefore diversity of lineages is not changed by extinction. Species that remain after the extinction are unable to speciate, therefore the number of species on Earth today is lower than just before either extinction. Species that have gone extinct are able to re-evolve from the ancestors that survived the extinction. Species that remain after the extinction are able to radiate, new adaptations arise, and these produce the diversity seen today.
Species that remain after the extinction are able to radiate, new adaptations arise, and these produce the diversity seen today.
What is external fertilization?
Sperm and egg released into water
What animals lack a nervous system?
Sponges
What organisms lack bulk transport?
Sponges and jellyfish
What are the beginning of the first prokaryotic cells found from 35 billion years ago?
Stomatolites
What are the essential features of a cell?
Stores and transmits genetic information, it has a plasma membrane, and harnesses energy
To which of the following superkingdoms do diatoms belong? Amoebozoa Archaeplastida Opisthokonta Stramenopila Excavata
Stramenopila
WHat are the 7 different superkingdoms?
Stramenopila Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastida Alveolata Excavates Rhizarians
What are some examples of gram positive bacteria that are disease-causing?
Streptococcus and staphylococcus
What is special about the Cambrian period?
The Cambrian explosion occurred with a large diversification of animals due to higher levels of atmospheric oxygen
14C dating is MOST useful in determining the age of: All of these choices are correct. samples older than 60,000 years. samples that originally contained only small amounts of carbon. bone and wood in the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs.
bone and wood in the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs.
Which of the following are "usable" forms of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) that plants and animals can assimilate to build proteins? both S2 and S3 both SO4 and NO3 both N2 and NO3 both NH3 and S2 both N2 and S2
both SO4 and NO3
The last common ancestor of fungi, mammals, and archaeons likely had which of the following characteristics? both a circular chromosome and membrane-bound organelles both free-floating genetic material (DNA) and a distinct nucleus both membrane-bound organelles and a circular chromosome both a distinct nucleus and a plasma membrane both a plasma membrane and a circular chromosome
both a plasma membrane and a circular chromosome
Nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere can be DIRECTLY utilized by which of the following organisms? archaeons both bacteria and archaeons bacteria eukaryotes algae
both bacteria and archaeons
What cellular component of a sensory neuron would account for its specialization in response to physical or chemical cues? the shape of the neuron the phospholipid composition of its plasma membrane both the shape of the cell and the proteins in its cytosol or membrane the proteins present in its cytosol or on its plasma membrane
both the shape of the cell and the proteins in its cytosol or membrane
In the spring, you pass by a rocky outcrop dripping with water and covered with a carpet of short green plants. In the summer, you notice water is no longer dripping off the rock and the plants appear brittle and dry. In the fall, the rock is again wet, and the plants now appear soft and green. These plants are most likely to be: algae. angiosperms. gymnosperms. lycophytes. bryophytes.
bryophytes
Which of the following plants would likely be the FIRST to colonize a newly formed volcanic island (an environment of bare rock with no developed soil)? gymnosperms bryophytes lycophytes vascular plants
bryophytes
You may know that Ernest Shackleton was a famous explorer of Antarctica. What plants would he most likely have encountered as he traveled the Antarctic? ferns and horsetails bryophytes lycophytes angiosperms gymnosperms
bryophytes
Bulk flow represents a case of convergent evolution. If bulk flow was a synapomorphy of land plants, then: all land plants would use bulk flow. bulk flow would have been lost in some of the moss groups. algae would also exhibit bulk flow because they are a sister group to land plants. simple multicellular plants would also have bulk flow.
bulk flow would have been lost in some of the moss groups.
The release of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal is controlled by voltage-gated _____ channels. potassium calcium sodium chloride
calcium
Phenotypes: always result solely from the actions of a single gene. can be subject to environmental conditions. are always expressed in the same way. only result from gene transcription. None of the other answer options is correct.
can be subject to environmental conditions.
Sympatric speciation: can occur instantaneously through formation of polyploid offspring. occurs whenever a physical barrier between two species is removed (i.e., a river dries up) and the two species start to interbreed. whenever hybrids mate with parental species. only occurs in bacteria
can occur instantaneously through formation of polyploid offspring.
Placozoans: are remarkable for their tissue complexity and organ development. can reproduce sexually or asexually. bear little to no resemblance to animals such as cnidarians on the basis of genetic analysis.
can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Which of the following is not a component of some sponge skeletons? calcium carbonate (CaCO3) cartilage protein glass-like silica (SiO2)
cartilage
The acquisition of traits necessary for complex multicellularity occurred independently in plants and animals, but took place in a specific order. In what order did these processes evolve? a mechanism of communication, cell adhesion molecules, bulk flow cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk flow bulk flow, a mechanism of communication, cell adhesion molecules a mechanism of communication, bulk flow, cell adhesion molecules
cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk flow
The myriapods include the _____, which are fast-moving predators with front legs modified into venomous fanglike organs, and _____, which are slow-moving herbivores. spiders; mites scorpions; millipedes centipedes; millipedes centipedes; mites millipedes; centipedes
centipedes; millipedes
Compared to cnidarians, bilaterally symmetrical animals have _____ nervous systems. no simple centralized compound
centralized
Which of the following things are made (in part) of carbon? (Select all that apply.) certain gases in the atmosphere limestone at the bottom of the sea the shells of clams and other mollusks the glucose/sugars in fruits
certain gases in the atmosphere limestone at the bottom of the sea the shells of clams and other mollusks the glucose/sugars in fruits
The equation CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2 takes into account which of the following processes associated with the long-term carbon cycle? bacteria-based oxidation volcanism chemical weathering plate tectonics subduction
chemical weathering
A researcher discovers a new prokaryote that lives on the seafloor near hydrothermal vents. This organism reduces CO2 to form C6H12O6, and also derives energy from H2 (by oxidation). This prokaryote is a: photoautotroph. photoheterotroph. chemoheterotroph. chemoautotroph.
chemoautotroph
The exoskeleton of insects is composed mainly of what material? waxes collagen calcium carbonate hydroxyapatite chitin
chitin
In humans and many other animals, what organ system is involved in bulk transport of nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules? immune system respiratory system digestive system circu latory system
circulatory system
How do bryophytes avoid damage to their tissues from a dry environment? They use roots to extract water from the soil, and so avoid desiccation. They use vascular tissue to transport water, and so avoid desiccation. Their membranes are able to withstand the desiccation and rehydration of the cells without rupturing. They are able to store water in specialized tissues in their leaves. They do not have a mechanism to survive desiccation, and so dry out and die.
Their membranes are able to withstand the desiccation and rehydration of the cells without rupturing.
What are some characteristics of living mammals and what two group are they divided into?
There are 5,000 species. They are divided into prototherians and therians.
How did the nucleus come about?
There are two hypotheses with endosymbiosis occurring first in one hypothesis but last in another. However, there is no conclusive evidence to support either hypothesis.
Which of the following statements is TRUE of pine trees? There are two types of cones: gametophyte cones and sporophyte cones. There are two types of cones: ovule cones and pollen cones. The eggs produced in female cones become the seed. The spore in a pollen grain divides through meiosis to produce sperm. Pollination is immediately followed by fertilization.
There are two types of cones: ovule cones and pollen cones.
Which of the following statements is true of pine trees? The eggs produced in female cones become the seed. There are two types of cones: gametophyte cones and sporophyte cones. Pollination is immediately followed by fertilization. There are two types of cones: ovule cones and pollen cones. The spore in a pollen grain divides through meiosis to produce sperm.
There are two types of cones: ovule cones and pollen cones.
What are the five conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg?
There can be no differences in the survivals and reproductive success of individuals, populations must not be added or subtracted from by migration, there can be no mutation, the population must be sufficiently large to prevent sampling errors, and individuals must mate at random
As a population geneticist, you find a species of snails with more genetic diversity than humans. What does this mean? The snails have more DNA than humans. There is not enough information provided to answer this question. The snails have more mutations occurring than humans. There is more variety in the gene pool of snails than humans. The snails have more genes on their chromosomes than humans.
There is more variety in the gene pool of snails than humans.
What happens in hyperthyroidism?
There is too much T3 which causes weight loss, warmness, and hyperactivity
Why were insects large at one point in history?
There was a high amount of O2 in the atmosphere at some point
Chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from cyanobacteria. Which of the following observations support this hypothesis? (Select all that apply.) They both have similar internal membranes that organize the light reactions of photosynthesis. They both have cell walls. They both have the capability of movement through flagella. They both have small circular DNA genomes.
They both have similar internal membranes that organize the light reactions of photosynthesis. They both have small circular DNA genomes.
How are taste and smell connected?
They both pass through the same fluid interface which why you taste and smell simultaneously while you're eating
What effects can mutation have?
They can be deleterious, neutral, or advantageous
What are the risks of xylem conduits?
They can collapse of cavitate
Light-sensing organs were thought to evolve FIRST in: cnidarians. roundworms. bacteria. vertebrates.
cnidarians
What can viruses do that normal cells can do as well?
They can store and transmit genetic information and they have a plasma membrane
What is an advantage of being a photoheterotroph?
They can use all of their light energy to make ATP
How are we able to focus an image?
They ciliary muscles change the shape of our lens when we try to focus and close and distant objects.
What are advantages of seeds?
They contain nourishment and can last a long time in dormant state
What is the anatomy of the phloem?
They contain sieve tubes and phloem sap
What evidence supports the fact that mitochondria arose from proteobacteria?
They contain two membranes and the DNA in the mitochondria is similar to proteobacteria DNA
How are multicellular organisms different from unicellular organisms?
They differentiate in space instead of time
What are ion channels?
They permit diffusion of ions across membranes and do not require energy or move against concentration gradients. They select for specific ions such as sodium, potassium, chlorine, or calcium in open or closed positions.
What are endotherms?
They produce heat as a by-product of metabolic reactions. Maintain constant body temperature that is different from the environment. Balance of heat production with heat loss.
What did photosynthesis cause to O2 levels?
They raised them so animals came about 580 million years ago
What are ion pumps?
They require energy and move ions against their concentration gradient
What are integrins?
They secrete an extracellular matrix
What do the glial cells do?
They support the neurons by providing them with nutritions and physical support
Which of the following is TRUE of astrocytes? (Select all that apply.) They surround blood vessels in the brain. They are a specific type of glial cell. They contribute to the blood-brain barrier.
They surround blood vessels in the brain. They are a specific type of glial cell. They contribute to the blood-brain barrier.
How do plants normally contribute to the sulfur cycle?
They take up SO42- from the soil and reduce it to H2S
What are the two types of xylems?
Tracheids and vessels
Because the products of photosynthesis are used as the reactants of respiration, these two processes are said to be: symbiotic. antagonistic. complementary. supplementary. tangential.
complementary.
Which of the following statements is true? Tracheids transport water, whereas vessels transport sugars. Tracheids are multicellular conduits, whereas vessels are unicellular conduits. Tracheids are short and narrow, whereas vessel elements can be much wider. Tracheids compose the xylem, and vessel elements compose the phloem. Water enters tracheids through pits, whereas water enters vessels only through spaces between the cells.
Tracheids are short and narrow, whereas vessel elements can be much wider.
Imagine that you had two populations of red-tailed hawks, one with long tail feathers, the other with short tail feathers. Mating discrimination in this species could entail either hawks with long tail feathers preferentially mating with other hawks that have long tail feathers, or hawks with short tail feathers preferentially mating with other hawks that have short tail feathers. True False
True
In at least one group of bony fish (Osteichthyes) a structure known as a swim bladder was modified to become a primitive lung. False True
True
In co-speciation, two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and in a coordinated manner. True False
True
In general, males and females of the same species can produce fertile offspring. True False
True
Many plants and animals can reproduce asexually. False True
True
Molecular phylogenies can be reconstructed for both cultured and nonculturable bacteria. True False
True
Mutation increases genetic variation. True False
True
One of the advantages that seeds have over spores is that they contain nutritional resources originating from photosynthesis by the maternal sporophyte that aid in establishment. True False
True
Photosynthesis spread through eukaryotes by repeated endosymbioses involving eukaryotic algae. True False
True
Phylogenetic trees represent hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. True False
True
Plants that have symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide these bacteria with food in the form of carbohydrates. False True
True
Selection favors prokaryotic organisms that maintain smaller genomes over prokaryotic organisms with larger genomes. False True
True
Similar patterns of character acquisition leading to complex multicellularity are seen in plants and animals. False True
True
Speciation can occur in the absence of natural selection; for example, in speciation that results from instances of genetic drift. True False
True
Streptomycetes are gram-positive bacteria that are capable of producing antibiotic-like compounds, which are the basis for widely used antibiotics such as erythromycin. False True
True
Stromatolites are not the only rocks that provide evidence regarding ancient microbial life. Intact fossilized bacteria—and even fossilized biomolecules—are also found in the fossil record. False True
True
The allele frequency of all the alleles of a gene present in the population must add up to 1. True False
True
There are bacteria that live on single-celled eukaryotes. True False
True
True or False: The extinction of a particular species may cause adaptive radiation in another.
True
Which of the following relationships between groups is CORRECT? (Select all that apply.) Tunicates are a group of chordates. Insects are a group of hemichordates. Sea stars are a group of echinoderms. Crustaceans are a group of arthropods. Cephalopods are a group of annelids.
Tunicates are a group of chordates. Sea stars are a group of echinoderms. Crustaceans are a group of arthropods.
Tendons: connect muscles to other muscles. connect muscles to bones. connect the axial and appendicular regions of the skeleton together. protect the surfaces of bones at a joint. connect bones to other bones.
connect muscles to bones.
Consider the two phylogenies below of five species of related flowers that hold nectar as a reward for their pollinators, five related species of moths, in their spur. The similar pattern of the phylogenies suggests the characteristics coevolved with one another. Which of the following is an accurate statement reflecting the figure above? The flowers and moths experienced the same allopatric speciation events during their history. The flowers and moths cannot co-speciate because co-speciation only occurs in host-parasite relationships. The flowers and moths coevolved, so that spur-length and tongue-length each evolved because of changes in the other. This is not an example of co-speciation. Each phylogeny represents the variation present in each population of the flower and the moth.
The flowers and moths coevolved, so that spur-length and tongue-length each evolved because of changes in the other.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? The fossil record and comparative biology agree only when individual branches of the tree of life are observed. The fossil record and comparative biology agree only when larger branches of the tree of life are observed. The fossil record and comparative biology agree at all scales of observation. The fossil record and comparative biology agree only when the tree of life as a whole is observed. The fossil record and comparative biology do not agree at any scale of observation.
The fossil record and comparative biology agree at all scales of observation.
Seals and penguins both have streamlined body forms that allow them to move through water efficiently. This similarity in body shape is MOST likely the result of: homology. shared ancestry. convergent evolution. phylogeny cladistics
convergent evolution.
According to Figure 23.2 below, the most recent common ancestor of a bird and a turtle is also the most recent common ancestor of a bird and which other group? snake None of the answer options is correct. frog human crocodile
crocodile
According to the figure, the closest relatives of turtles are: lizards and snakes. sauropsids. crocodiles, alligators, and birds. tetrapods. hagfish.
crocodiles, alligators, and birds.
A body of learned behavior that is socially transmitted among individuals and passed down from one generation to the next is known as: culture. population. genes. selection.
culture.
Chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from: cyanobacteria. autotrophic protists. proteobacteria. algae. mitochondria.
cyanobacteria
Oxygenic photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following types of bacteria? cyanobacteria bacteroidetes firmicutes Streptococcus E. coli
cyanobacteria
The diversity of shapes found in eukaryotic cells is made possible by the: cytoskeleton. mitochondria. plasma membrane. nucleus.
cytoskeleton
If the groups we recognize as different human races represented populations that have been genetically isolated for a long time, we would expect to see: (Select all that apply.) None of the answer options is correct. high levels of genetic variation between groups relative to what we see within groups. a correlation between the amount of genetic variation between groups and the length of time the groups have been isolated from one another. no clear pattern of genetic variationin some regions, we would see more variation within than among groups, and in some regions we would see the opposite. high levels of genetic variation within groups relative to what we see between groups.
high levels of genetic variation between groups relative to what we see within groups. a correlation between the amount of genetic variation between groups and the length of time the groups have been isolated from one another.
A sample of muscle tissue shows large-diameter fibers that are white in color. Which of the following characteristics would also be associated with this tissue? aerobic respiration high rates of ATP hydrolysis greater resistance to fatigue abundant mitochondria
high rates of ATP hydrolysis
The CO2 level is _____ during winter in the northern hemisphere compared to levels in the summer. lower the same higher
higher
In a sunflower population, a mutation arises that results in vessels that are 4 times wider than wild-type. The mutants will have _____ water transport capacity, but will also be _____ susceptible to cavitation from freezing higher; less lower; less higher; more lower; more
higher; more
Frogs, birds, rabbits, and lizards all have different forelimbs, which makes sense when you consider their different lifestyles. Interestingly, all of their forelimbs share the same set of bones, the ulna, the radius, and the humerus. These same bones are also seen in fossils of the extinct animal Eusthenopteron, which demonstrates common ancestry among these four groups of animals. Hence, these forelimbs are an example of: homilies. similes. analogies. homologies.
homologies
Which of the following character states would be MOST helpful in identifying sister groups? character states that occur in all descendants of a distant common ancestor analogies found in organisms belonging to different groups, and which do not share a common ancestor character states that occur only within a single species homologies that are only found in some, but not all, the members of a single group
homologies that are only found in some, but not all, the members of a single group
Hans Suess's work (and subsequent studies carried out by other researchers) determined that the amount of 13C in Earth's atmosphere has _____, and the amount of 14C in the atmosphere has _____. increased; decreased decreased; also decreased increased; also increased decreased; increased
decreased; also decreased
Examine Figure 25.9, which shows the parallel history of atmospheric CO2 levels and surface temperature over the last 400,000 years based on measurements of air bubbles trapped in glacial ice sheets in Antarctica. Glacial expansion correlates with _______ amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere and temperatures _______ than those measured in 1950. increasing; higher decreasing; lower
decreasing; lower
Nearly 150 years ago, man-made CO2 was introduced into the atmosphere primarily through ____. Currently, _____ is the main contributing factor to increased levels of human-produced CO2 in the atmosphere. the burning of fossil fuels; the burning of fossil fuels deforestation; the burning of fossil fuels the burning of fossil fuels; deforestation deforestation; respiration respiration; deforestation
deforestation; the burning of fossil fuels
An angler senses a fish on his line and briefly tightens his hold on the pole as he reels the fish in. During this time, the mechanoreceptors in his hands: demonstrate high firing rates. have a firing rate of zero. demonstrate low firing rates.
demonstrate high firing rates.
Predict which of the following scenarios would be most likely to result in an action potential within the postsynaptic cell. dendrites: high-frequency IPSP; cell body: low-frequency EPSP dendrites: low-frequency IPSP; cell body: high-frequency EPSP dendrites: high-frequency EPSP; cell body: high-frequency IPSP dendrites: low-frequency EPSP; cell body: high-frequency IPSP
dendrites: low-frequency IPSP; cell body: high-frequency EPSP
Which of the following organisms is currently one of the MOST important photosynthetic organisms in the oceans? diatoms None of the answer options is correct. red algae green algae glaucocystophytes
diatoms
The passive movement of ions or molecules from a point of high concentration to a point of low concentration is known as: active transport. solubility. endocytosis. diffusion.
diffusion
What is the main limitation on cell size? bulk flow diffusion oxygen cell membrane strength
diffusion
Plants are able to extract many elements from the soil by: having numerous root hairs. releasing protons to make the soil more acidic. diffusion. diffusion, having numerous root hairs, and releasing protons to make the soil more acidic. photosynthesis.
diffusion, having numerous root hairs, and releasing protons to make the soil more acidic.
In ferns, the _____ generation is physically larger. haploid prothallophyte diploid sporophyte haploid gametophyte diploid gametophyte haploid sporophyte
diploid sporophyte
Consider a generalized tree of life, with three large branches representing Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. These three branches would represent different: kingdoms. species. domains. genera. phyla.
domains.
Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells? (Select all that apply.) cell walls dynamic cytoskeleton anaerobic metabolism nuclear envelope
dynamic cytoskeleton nuclear envelope
Examining the relationship between primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers is one way to track the flow of _____ through a system. energy contained in proteins energy contained in organic compounds energy contained in fossil fuels. energy in the form of heat
energy contained in organic compounds
The hormone that enhances fruit ripening is: gibberellic acid. ethylene. auxin. abscisic acid. a cytokinin.
ethylene
If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can conclude that: natural selection has occurred. one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated. nonrandom mating has occurred. evolution has occurred because one or more of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated. All of these choices are correct.
evolution has occurred because one or more of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been violated.
The release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell is an example of: endocytosis. exocytosis. phagocytosis. transcytosis.
exocytosis.
The fossil record is testament to extinct fauna no longer present on Earth. Certain areas of the planet have always had high species diversity (evidence from fossils and catalogs of current species diversity). Which of the processes listed below likely contributed to the patterns of animal diversity we see? extinction events (both local and global) the appearance of new land masses over time volcanic eruptions changes in atmospheric oxygen
extinction events (both local and global)
Although bryophytes do not have roots, they do possess root-like hairs that contain rudimentary phloem and xylem. true false
false
Arthropods have a unique exoskeleton made of chitin. This shows that arthropods are more closely related to fungi (which also produce chitin) than they are to either cnidarians or lophotrochozoans. true false
false
As part of aerobic respiration, O2 is reduced and loses electrons, and glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized and gains electrons. true false
false
Both analogies and homologies are always used to create phylogenetic trees. In fact, analogies often provide more information regarding the evolutionary relationships between different species than do homologies. true false
false
Eukaryotes, archaeons, and bacteria can all successfully oxidize H2S or NH4 to form SO4 or N2, respectively. true false
false
If O2 and N2 are present in equal amounts in an environment, both will have an equal chance of serving as an electron acceptor during respiration (that is, organisms do not have a preference as to which molecule is reduced). true false
false
If researchers never evaluated the amount of 14C in the atmosphere, they could still use 13C levels to demonstrate causation between human activities and increased atmospheric CO2. true false
false
In animals, fungi, and plants, bulk flow is always an active and ATP-expensive process. This is best evidenced by the need for a heart to beat in order for bulk flow to occur in animals. true false
false
Like carbon, copious amounts of nitrogen are stored in (and released from) geological reservoirs such as sedimentary rocks. true false
false
When two populations have undergone divergence in allopatry long enough to have a difference of one fixed allele between the two populations, they are always then sufficiently different to be considered two different species. true false
false
Imagine that you are chatting with one of your friends. He states that reptiles are obviously a monophyletic group, as this group contains all of the organisms (outside of fish) that possess scales. This statement is: true, as the reptile group includes all of the organisms derived from a common ancestor on the phylogenetic tree. true, as monophyletic groups are based solely on the morphological characteristics of their included species. false, as reptiles are a paraphyletic group; this group does not include birds, even though birds share a common ancestor with reptiles. false, as reptiles are a polyphyletic group, much like birds and bats.
false, as reptiles are a paraphyletic group; this group does not include birds, even though birds share a common ancestor with reptiles.
Referring to Figure 29.1, which of the following are NOT a monophyletic group? ferns lycophytes angiosperms gymnosperms
ferns
Compared to more distantly related taxa, the DNA sequences of two closely related taxa are expected to show: fewer differences because mutation rates slow down after speciation events so that recently diverging species have fewer mutations. fewer differences because mutation rates are usually relatively constant and recently diverging species have had less time to accumulate differences. more differences because mutation rates are relatively constant and recently diverging species have had more time to accumulate differences. more differences because mutation rates accelerate during speciation events, leading to more changes in DNA sequences. fewer differences because mutation rates are highly variable and it is just by chance that recently diverging species accumulate fewer differences in DNA sequences.
fewer differences because mutation rates are usually relatively constant and recently diverging species have had less time to accumulate differences.
When comparing trees with various hypotheses of evolutionary relationships among a group of animals, the tree with _____ changes would be the preferred candidate. four three fewest most
fewest
How many different types of chemoreceptors can be found in the taste buds? hundreds five thousands 40 to 50
five
You smell a flower that is giving off a horrible smell of rotting meat. This flower is MOST likely pollinated by a: bee. bird. rodent. fly. bat.
fly
A _____ takes into account the diverse interactions between primary producers, consumers, and decomposers. It does not depict the flow of carbon through an environment as being dependent on a single primary producer, consumer, and decomposer. biogeochemical cycle Keeling curve decrease in biodiversity food web
food web
When muscle cells are stimulated at such rapid rates that there is no relaxation between individual nerve impulses, a greater force is produced. This property of muscle contraction is called: force summation. hyperpolarization. agonist. tetanus.
force summation.
The formation of limb bones involves the: formation of bone tissue directly from osteoblasts laying down bone material. transformation of spongy bone to compact bone. formation of flat bones such as those that make up the skull. formation of bones from a collagen model. formation of bones from a cartilage model.
formation of bones from a cartilage model.
The formation of limb bones involves the: formation of bones from a cartilage model. formation of bone tissue directly from osteoblasts laying down bone material. transformation of spongy bone to compact bone. formation of bones from a collagen model. formation of flat bones such as those that make up the skull.
formation of bones from a cartilage model.
What is Vitamin D?
found in the sun and milk and it is essential for absorbing calcium.
An embryologist is looking at a cross-section of a mouse embryo. She notices that flanking either side of the neural tube (the rudiment of the spinal cord) are eggplant-shaped structures that contain many cell bodies. These structures are MOST likely: nerve cords. nerves. ganglia. myelin sheaths. axon hillocks.
ganglia.
What are some examples for reptiles?
Turtles, iguanas, lizards, snakes, etc.
Explain the process of DNA sequencing?
Uses gel electrophoresis to determine the exact sequence of the gene
How were molecular analysis of human and chimpanzee DNA assessed
Using DNA hybridization which shows how complementary DNA is based on how close their melting points are. The higher the melting, the more complementary and therefore the more similar the DNA
Which of the following traits appeared at point 3 on the phylogeny shown? gap junctions cell signaling bulk flow differentiation of distinct cell types adhesion
gap junctions
What term CORRECTLY describes change in allele frequency due to random effect of a small population? genetic drift immigration selection mutation nonrandom mating
genetic drift
The phenotype of an individual results from an interaction between: allele frequency and mutation rate. genotype and the environment. genotype and mutation rate. allele frequency and genotype. allele frequency and the environment.
genotype and the environment.
In a classic (or early) experiment to determine how large the forces are that allow leaves to pull water from the soil, the rate at which water flowed from a reservoir into the cut tip of an actively transpiring plant was _____ the flow rate through the branch tip when it was subsequently attached to a vacuum pump. greater than less than equal to
greater than
All of the following are vascular plants EXCEPT: angiosperms. ferns/horsetails. gymnosperms. green algae. lycophytes.
green algae
All of the following are vascular plants EXCEPT: green algae. angiosperms. gymnosperms. lycophytes. ferns/horsetails.
green algae
What controls the opening and closing of stomata? mesophyll cells guard cells vascular bundles Stomata are always open. leaf shape
guard cells
Which of the following undergoes mitosis to become multicellular in both the haploid and diploid phases of its life cycle? (Select all that apply.) Chara horsetails ferns liverworts angiosperms
horsetails ferns liverworts angiosperms
Which of the following is NOT considered a photosynthetic organism, and so would not remove atmospheric CO2? moss phytoplankton human elm tree kelp
human
Which of the following is NOT considered a photosynthetic organism, and so would not remove atmospheric CO2? phytoplankton elm tree human moss kelp
human
Human language differs from language in nonhuman animals in that: (Select all that apply.) human language is more complex than is nonhuman language. only human language includes distinct words, specific sets of sounds that can identify specific objects in the environment. None of the answer options is correct. human infants strive to learn grammatical language and nonhuman animals don't.
human language is more complex than is nonhuman language. human infants strive to learn grammatical language and nonhuman animals don't.
Which of the following accounts for why eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than prokaryotic cells? Since eukaryotic cells have more DNA, their cell volume has to be larger. A eukaryotic nucleus is so large that the cell has to be bigger to absorb the space needed for other organelles. Reproducing sexually requires the cells to be larger so that everything in the cell can be evenly distributed to the daughter cells. Using molecular motors, eukaryotic cells can transport materials throughout their cytoplasm much faster than prokaryotic cells can, since prokaryotic cells have to rely on simple diffusion. None of the answer options is correct.
Using molecular motors, eukaryotic cells can transport materials throughout their cytoplasm much faster than prokaryotic cells can, since prokaryotic cells have to rely on simple diffusion.
What is natural selection?
Variation within a population of organisms. This variation can be inherited.
What is the tube that that the sperm travel to the ejaculatory duct in?
Vas deferens
Grapes growing on a vine are observed to shrink slightly during the day, only gaining in size at night. You decide to do an experiment where you sever the phloem, but not the xylem, of the stem that supplies a cluster of grapes. You expect to see that for the grapes in the experimental cluster: grape size increases during the day and shrinks at night. shrinkage during the day stays the same, and while size recovers at night, it no longer increases. shrinkage during the day becomes more noticeable, and while size recovers at night, it no longer increases. all changes in size cease.
shrinkage during the day becomes more noticeable, and while size recovers at night, it no longer increases.
Water transport in xylem depends on: hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules. osmosis across the vessel plasma membranes. light-activated proton pumps in leaves. turgor pressure accumulating in the roots.
hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules
The ability of water to support tension in the xylem is a function of the: nonpolar covalent bonds between the H and O atoms within a water molecule. hydrogen bonds within a water molecule. partial negative charge on the H atoms of a water molecule. hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
In eukaryotes that lack mitochondria, what structures are present to generate ATP for cellular use? There are no eukaryotes that lack mitochondria. hydrogenosomes There are no structures that generate ATP in eukaryotes that lack mitochondria. chloroplasts chloroplasts or hydrogenosomes
hydrogenosomes
The conformational change of retinal, from the cis to the trans configuration, indirectly: depolarizes the photoreceptor by opening Na+ channels. repolarizes the photoreceptor by closing Na+ channels. hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor by closing Na+ channels depolarizes the photoreceptor by closing Na+ channels.
hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor by closing Na+ channels
The Biological Species Concept is least useful for: identifying animal species. identifying species in marine environments. identifying species represented by fossils. identifying plant species.
identifying species represented by fossils.
Which of the following, if true, would force us to reevaluate the findings that Cann discovered with regard to the human family tree? if early human material was discovered in Australia that had DNA similar to the DNA found in early Homo sapiens in Africa if Neanderthal genomic DNA was found in our genome if early human material was discovered that had genomic DNA different than its mitochondrial DNA if early human material was discovered in Asia that had DNA completely different from the DNA found in early Homo sapiens in Africa None of the answer options is correct.
if early human material was discovered in Asia that had DNA completely different from the DNA found in early Homo sapiens in Africa
You are working in a lab and come across a gene, gene X, that you think might explain some of the differences seen between chimpanzees and humans. Which of the following results would support your hypothesis? if gene X was active in humans, adult chimpanzees and inactive in juvenile chimpanzees if gene X was active in juvenile humans, juvenile chimpanzees, and adult chimpanzees but inactive in adult humans if gene X was active in humans, juvenile chimpanzees and inactive in adult chimpanzees if gene X was active in adult humans and adult chimpanzees but inactive in juvenile humans
if gene X was active in humans, juvenile chimpanzees and inactive in adult chimpanzees
Where are amacrine cells found? in the bipolar layer of the retina in the visual cortex of the brain in the layer of tissue with rods and cones interspersed among the ganglion cells
in the bipolar layer of the retina
Where is the site of elongation of long bones? in the growth plate in the articular cartilage in the lining of the bone marrow cavity in the diaphysis
in the growth plate
Humans are neotenous because: they take longer to reach sexual maturity. in their juvenile state they resemble adult chimpanzees. in their adult state they resemble juvenile chimpanzees. they reach sexual maturity more quickly than chimpanzees. None of the answer options is correct.
in their adult state they resemble juvenile chimpanzees.
In addition to the shift to bipedalism, what major trend or trends do we see in hominin evolution as we look across our entire fossil record? (Select all that apply.) increase in body size increase in tooth size significant increase in the difference in size between males and females None of the other answer options is correct. increase in brain size
increase in body size increase in brain size
When the forces pulling water through the xylem are large, the risk of vessel collapse is _____ and the chance that an air bubble will be spread from one vessel to another is _____. increased; decreased increased; increased decreased; decreased decreased; increased
increased; increased
Guard cells can actively increase their volume, and thus size, by: reducing the amount of solutes such as K+ and Cl-. increasing the amount of CO2 in the cells. increasing the amount of solutes such as K+ and Cl-. increasing the amount of water in the cells without changing solute concentration. decreasing the amount of water in the cells without changing solute concentration.
increasing the amount of solutes such as K+ and Cl-.
If an individual is homozygous for a certain allele, it means that the: allele is beneficial. allele is rare in the population. individual received the same allele from each parent. allele is neutral. None of the answer options is correct.
individual received the same allele from each parent.
Threshold potential refers to the membrane potential required to: open voltage-gated sodium channels. open voltage-gated potassium channels. initiate an action potential. initiate an action potential and open voltage-gated sodium channels.
initiate an action potential and open voltage-gated sodium channels.
Disruptive selection is a key component of sympatric speciation because it acts against the homogenizing effect of gene flow between the diverging populations. Imagine a case in which a bird population is undergoing disruptive selection on bill size in response to the availability of seeds to eat. The birds' environment contains two seed types, large and small, and lacks medium-sized seeds. Assume that a bird's ability to eat a seed is a direct function of its bill size (large bills are good for large seeds, and so on). Disruptive selection acts against birds with: medium bills and birds with large bills. large bills and birds with small bills. intermediate (medium-sized) bills. large bills. small bills
intermediate (medium-sized) bills.
The cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve is made up of: interneuron axons from the basilar membrane conveying information from hair cells. bundles of hair cell bodies from the basilar membrane. bundles of hair cell bodies from the tectorial membrane. interneuron axons conveying information from hair cells within the semicircular canal.
interneuron axons from the basilar membrane conveying information from hair cells.
Which of the following best outlines the evolution of a brain? nerve cord→ ganglia → brain interneuron → ganglia → brain nerve cord → interneuron → brain nerve cord → nerve net → brain
interneuron → ganglia → brain
Taste bud sensory cells synapse with: interneurons. memory cells. motor neurons. the brain.
interneurons
Variation in taste is the product of combining signals from different categories of taste buds. What cell type is MOST likely to be involved in this integration? sensory microvilli interneurons supporting cells taste sensory neurons
interneurons
A female bowerbird is visiting the nests that three male bowerbirds have built. She chooses the male that has built the largest nest, which he also decorated with stones. This is an example of _____ selection. intersexual directional disruptive intrasexual stabilizing
intersexual
Two male lions are fighting for mating rights in a pride, and one of the lions dies in the process. This is an example of _____ selection. intersexual directional disruptive intrasexual stabilizing
intrasexual
Which one of the following controls the amount of light entering the eye? pupil cornea lens iris
iris
An EMT (emergency medical technician) is attending to a man who has fainted. She shines a light in one of his eyes and observes that his pupil dilates. This is due to the fact that, when she shines the light in his eye, the: pupil itself dilates. lens behind the pupil closes. iris surrounding the pupil opens. cornea in front of the pupil dilates
iris surrounding the pupil opens.
Both spores and seeds are dispersed in order to establish new populations of individuals. But, compared to dispersing an individual spore, dispersing an individual seed: is about equal in terms of cost and chances of establishment. is more costly, but has a better chance of establishing a new sporophyte. is less costly and has a better chance of establishing a new sporophyte. is less costly, but has a worse chance of establishing a new sporophyte.
is more costly, but has a better chance of establishing a new sporophyte.
The category of "savory" is a recent addition to the classic sweet, sour, bitter, and salty categories in human taste. Which of the following best describes the basic requirement for the identification of a new taste? identification of a new set of interneurons identification of a different type of taste bud isolation of a novel chemoreceptor isolation of a novel chemical compound in a food
isolation of a novel chemoreceptor
Which of the following is/are true about double fertilization: (Select all that apply.) it refers to the fact that two sperm enter each ovule it occurs in both monocots and dicots it produces twin embryos, only one of which usually survives it links formation of the endosperm to formation of the embryo
it refers to the fact that two sperm enter each ovule it occurs in both monocots and dicots it links formation of the endosperm to formation of the embryo
This map of the somatosensory cortex shows distorted body parts because: it reflects the relative amount of sensory cortex devoted to pressure and touch sensations from a body part. it reflects the number of muscle fibers that are devoted to stimulating a particular body part. that is the only way an illustrator can fit all the parts into the picture. it reflects differences in different people depending on how that person perceives his or her body parts.
it reflects the relative amount of sensory cortex devoted to pressure and touch sensations from a body part.
Cnidarians, such as _____, have muscle fibers. sea corals jellyfish earthworms clams
jellyfish
Which of the following are cnidarians? sponges and jellyfish mollusks and sponges sea anemones and mollusks jellyfish and sea anemones
jellyfish and sea anemones
We can conclude that natural selection must have acted in favor of large brains in humans because: we would have large brains whether or not natural selection favored them. large brains have allowed us to dominate the planet. we have large brains in proportion to our body size compared to other mammals. None of the answer options is correct. large brains are metabolically expensive to produce and maintain.
large brains are metabolically expensive to produce and maintain.
Which of the following are NOT transported in phloem? amino acids large starch molecules RNA sugars hormones
large starch molecules
Which letter(s) in the diagram of a muscle refer(s) to skeletal muscle structures that are multicellular? letter c only letter i only letters a, c, e, f, and i letters a, b, c, and d letters f, g, h, and i
letters a, b, c, and d
Which of the following relationships best depicts the amount of carbon stored in the atmosphere, sedimentary rocks, living organisms, and soil? soil < the atmosphere < sedimentary rocks < living organisms the atmosphere < soil < living organisms < sedimentary rocks sedimentary rocks < soil < living organisms < the atmosphere living organisms < the atmosphere < soil < sedimentary rocks soil < living organisms < sedimentary rocks < the atmosphere
living organisms < the atmosphere < soil < sedimentary rocks
Hominins are defined as: None of the other answer options is correct. human ancestors that survived to the present day (none are now extinct). members of species in the lineage leading to humans. having a common ancestor.
members of species in the lineage leading to humans.
Bilaterians are distinguished by: circular symmetry, which allows for multiple planes of symmetry and a head and tail. radial symmetry that results in multiple planes of symmetry. no symmetry, which allows for a distinct head and tail. mirror symmetry that results in a distinct head and tail and one plane of symmetry.
mirror symmetry that results in a distinct head and tail and one plane of symmetry.
The Osteichthyes, or bony fish, make up about half of vertebrate species diversity. Their success is due to a combination of adaptations that include: (Select all that apply.) metamorphosis allowing them to occupy distinct niches as juveniles and adults. paired, fleshy pectoral and pelvic fins. mobile jaws for specialized feeding. lungs modified from swim bladders. kidneys that allow fine regulation of water balance.
mobile jaws for specialized feeding. kidneys that allow fine regulation of water balance.
What biological technique has provided evidence used in establishing the eukaryotic superkingdoms? molecular sequence comparisons the identification of land plants visualizing cell shape bacterial culturing
molecular sequence comparisons
What biological technique has provided evidence used in establishing the eukaryotic superkingdoms? the identification of land plants visualizing cell shape bacterial culturing molecular sequence comparisons
molecular sequence comparisons
As arthropods grow, they shed their exoskeletons at periodic intervals, allowing growth before formation of a new exoskeleton. This process of shedding the exoskeleton is known as: differentiation. expansion. a growth spurt. molting.
molting.
According to this figure, the amphibians are a _____ group. paraphyletic polyphyletic monophyletic
monophyletic
Which of the following represents the MOST informative evolutionary history of a taxon? paraphyletic groups polyphyletic groups monophyletic groups All of these choices are correct. derived groups
monophyletic groups
Statistical analysis of genetic variation within and among human populations, including those we identify as different races, reveals: more genetic variation between groups than we see within groups. more genetic variation within groups than we see between groups. no clear pattern of genetic variation, in some regions, we would see more variation within than among groups, and in some regions we would see the opposite. None of the answer options is correct. a correlation between the amount of genetic variation between groups and the length of time the groups have been isolated from one another.
more genetic variation within groups than we see between groups.
When you use a field guide to identify a species by its appearance, you are applying the _____ concept. evolutionary species morphospecies biological species ecological species
morphospecies
single motor neuron and the population of muscle fibers that it innervates is called a(n): excitation-contraction coupling. twitch fiber. motor unit. motor endplate. neuromuscular junction.
motor unit.
Sensory neurons are involved in all of the following except: vision. muscle contraction. taste. hearing.
muscle contraction
Some proteins have a slower molecular clock due to _____ selection, which eliminates harmful alleles. negative disruptive beneficial positive neutral
negative
Cnidarians are able to capture prey with the aid of _____, harpoon-like organelles that are often tipped with neurotoxins. polyps nematocysts choanocytes None of the answer options is correct. mesoglea
nematocysts
As a human, 99% of my _____ is (are) the same as a chimpanzee's, 60% of my _____ is/are the same as a banana's, but only 50% of my _____ is/are the same as my biological daughter's. genes; alleles; nucleotide sequence alleles; alleles; alleles nucleotide sequence; genes; alleles nucleotide sequence; nucleotide sequence; nucleotide sequence alleles; genes; genes
nucleotide sequence; genes; alleles
The permeability of a nerve cell membrane depends on the: number of open channels. number of receptor proteins present. concentration of cholesterol present in the bilayer. concentration of pump proteins.
number of open channels.
Which of the following would be considered an advantageous mutation? one that changes hair color in humans one that makes an individual more visible to predators one that decreases the offspring's chance of survival one that increases an organism's ability to find food one that causes increased susceptibility to a disease
one that increases an organism's ability to find food
Imagine that you travel back in time 600 million years and are looking at marine organisms. What types of skeletons would you observe in these creatures? only hydrostatic skeletons and exoskeletons endoskeletons endoskeletons, exoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons hydrostatic skeletons exoskeletons
only hydrostatic skeletons and exoskeletons
What feature of animals enabled them to diversify in ways that plants, fungi, algae, and protozoans have not? phylogenetic analysis bilateral symmetry radial symmetry organ systems
organ systems
Which component of the vestibular system would most likely be impacted by space travel? orientation to gravity acceleration rotation of the head and acceleration rotation of the head
orientation to gravity
A grouping that includes an ancestor and some, but not all, of the descendants of that ancestor is described as: convergent. polyphyletic. analogous. paraphyletic. monophyletic.
paraphyletic.
Which of the following binds plant cells into tissues? pectins cadherins and integrins cadherins integrins cadherins, integrins, and pectins
pectins
A taxonomist is examining adult specimens of an owl, a bear, and a swordfish. What feature will he not find in all of these adult animals? a notochord a distinct coelom and body cavity pharyngeal slits or a notochord pharyngeal slits bilateral symmetry
pharyngeal slits or a notochord
Unlike the biological species concept, the morphospecies concept relies on: offspring. behavior. physiology. phenotype
phenotype
Recall that in the northern hemisphere, atmospheric CO2 levels are highest in early spring and lowest in early fall. What accounts for this seasonal fluctuation in atmospheric CO2 levels? respiration biomineralization human activities photosynthesis plate tectonics
photosynthesis
Which of the following are NOT geological processes that drive the long-term carbon cycle? chemical weathering and plate tectonics volcanism and plate tectonics subduction and chemical weathering subduction and volcanism photosynthesis and respiration
photosynthesis and respiration
Which of the following species concepts might differentiate species on the basis of descent from a common ancestor? ecological species ring species phylogenetic species
phylogenetic species
Meristems enable plants to develop complex anatomical structures despite the fact that: plants need to capture sunlight for energy. plants have flagella only in root cells. plant cells cannot move. plants have vascular tissue.
plant cells cannot move
In what types of multicellular organisms do plasmodesmata serve as a mechanism of cell-cell signaling? animals those types of organisms that spend only a portion of their life cycle in a multicellular state fungi plants
plants
Consider the figure below. Which of the points represents the ratio of shortening velocity to load at which the load on the muscle is equal to the force, or tension, the muscle is able to achieve? point A point B point C
point C
Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that _____ diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals. bilaterians choanoflagellates poriferans None of the answer options is correct.
poriferans
You observe two groups of freshwater fish that spawn at the same time of the year and in the same pond. After females lay their eggs on the pond bottom, males of both species attempt to fertilize them. After some investigation you realize that sperm from both species fertilize the eggs, but embryonic development stops shortly after fertilization when the eggs are fertilized by one species of males, but not by the other. This is an example of ______- zygotic reproductive isolation between the two species. inter pre neuro post
post
Two species of frog mate in the same pond. One breeds in early summer and one in late summer. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation? pre-zygotic, temporal separation post-zygotic, temporal separation pre-zygotic, ecological separation post-zygotic, ecological separation pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation
pre-zygotic, temporal separation
In the scientific method, hypotheses lead most directly to: experiments. predictions. theories. conclusions. observations.
predictions.
What character state distinguishes cnidarians from bilaterians in the phylogenetic tree in Figure 35.2? presence or absence of interneurons presence or absence of sensory neurons presence or absence of ganglia presence or absence of motor neurons
presence or absence of ganglia
Cyanobacteria, milkweed plants, and oak trees are all considered: primary producers. secondary consumers. decomposers. primary consumers. tertiary consumers.
primary producers
The carbon in a food web primarily comes from: primary producers. consumers. decomposers.
primary producers
Which of the following organisms can incorporate atmospheric carbon directly into C6H12O6, thereby playing a major role in a food web? grazers consumers primary producers carnivores decomposers
primary producers
The mesoglea of jellyfish: is the jelly-like substance that facilitates the diffusion of nutrients to the interior of the jellyfish. is the most metabolically active tissue in the jellyfish body. provides structural support to the jellyfish body. would be considered a metabolically inactive tissue. provides structural support to the jellyfish body and would be considered a metabolically inactive tissue.
provides structural support to the jellyfish body and would be considered a metabolically inactive tissue.
Which of the following is a source of genetic variation? adaptations genetic drift bottlenecks recombination natural selection
recombination
Speciation requires that two populations become _____ isolated from each other. temporally geographically zygotically reproductively behaviorally
reproductively
Which of the following processes INCREASES the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) chemical weathering subduction respiration volcanic eruptions photosynthesis
respiration volcanic eruptions
Which of the following species concepts is described by populations that are not in direct physical or reproductive contact, but do exchange genetic material through linking populations of the same species? ecological species ring species evolutionary species
ring species
Which of the following are produced by roots in order to increase surface area, allowing greater access to nutrients in the soil? root hairs root nodules root Casparian strips root parenchyma
root hairs
Many groups of organisms are defined by the unique characters they possess. The relative timing of when a particular character arose can be estimated by determining: how long the character was in the population. shared presence of the character in descendants of the population in which the character first arose. presence of the character in only the most recent species to have it. shared presence of the character in descendants of the population who did not have the character.
shared presence of the character in descendants of the population in which the character first arose.
How is an organism's response to the environment regulated?
Environmental changes cause organisms to respond by altering the body's functional state. FOr example, light or temperature changes, threat of a predator, the presence of a potential mate
Where does sperm mature?
Epididymis
What are plasmodesmata?
Direct connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
What are the two basic mechanisms of allopatric speciation?
Dispersal and Vicariance
What pattern of selection usually contributes to sympatric speciation?
Disruptive selection
Which of the following is definitely an example of convergent evolution? Europeans and Africans developing lactose tolerance separately after the domestication of cattle the African population possessing the sickle trait in areas where malaria is prevalent the blue whale and a chimpanzee both being mammals two different populations of humans having different amounts of pigmentation the African population possessing the sickle trait and the sickle-resistant mutation in the G6PD gene in areas where malaria is prevalent
Europeans and Africans developing lactose tolerance separately after the domestication of cattle
What is the movement through the xylem generated by?
Evaporation through transpiration
How does hyperpolarization occur?
Even more potassium channels are open than normal which causes a negative change in membrane potential
What enters through the roots?
Everything a plant needs to build and sustain its body
What is a possible explanation for why a population may not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? One allele for a trait is fixed in the population. Evolution is occurring on a trait in the population. There are more than two alleles for a trait. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot be achieved by all types of traits. The alleles for a trait being examined exhibit incomplete dominance.
Evolution is occurring on a trait in the population.
Which of the following relationships between groups is correct? Sea urchins are a group of arthropods. Gastropods are a group of mollusks. Cherlicerates are a group of insects. Annelids are a group of mollusks.
Gastropods are a group of mollusks
What occurs during embryonic development in the first and second trimester?
Gastrulation begins and the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm form
How does gel electrophoresis allow researchers to observe genetic variation? Protein gel electrophoresis enables a scientist to sequence DNA. Gel electrophoresis enables scientists to identify alleles that vary. Gel electrophoresis enables a scientist to identify dominant and recessive traits. Gel electrophoresis enables scientists to replicate a strand of DNA. Gel electrophoresis enables a scientist to link phenotype to genotype.
Gel electrophoresis enables scientists to identify alleles that vary.
What is mesohyl?
Gelatinous material between inner and outer cells in a sponge
What is mesoglea?
Gelatinous material that make up the epidermis and endodermis
What is an example of a system that uses negative feedback?
Glucose regulation
What are the steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation
A young student is trying to recapitulate an experiment discussed in the text. She introduces single-celled green algae into a petri dish containing predatory protists. After several generations, what will she observe? The protists will produce multicellular colonies. Green algae will form multicellular colonies. Green algae will remain unicellular (i.e., there is no benefit to forming multicellular structures). Both protists and green algae will remain unicellular. None of the answer options is correct.
Green algae will form multicellular colonies.
What plants use water for fertilization and dispersal?
Green algaes
What is the biological species concept?
Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
What are meristems?
Groups of permanently undifferentiated cells that undergo mitosis
What is the scientific word for taste?
Gustation
What is the first group of plants that have seeds?
Gymnosperms
What was the first group of plants to use dispersal through air
Gymnosperms
What plants use air for fertilization and dispersal?
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
What does the lung anatomy allow for?
Maximizing surface area and partial pressure gradients
What is a hinge joint?
Have movement on one plane
How do you apply the biological species concept?
Have the species reproduce
What did Malthus discover?
He believed that populations have the potential to increase exponentially, but this did not occur because of limited resources
What is the source of the additional CO2?
Human activities
HOw efficient are the kidneys?
Human kidney filters ~ 180L of blood per day. Average urine production is 0.5L per day. Kidney reabsorbs 99.9% of the water entering the renal tubules
Which one of the following is not required for a plant to grow and reproduce? water carbon dioxide hydrogen peroxide light basic nutrients
Hydrogen Peroxide
What is the simplest type of skeleton?
Hydrostatic skeleton
Where are chemoautotrophs usually found?
Hydrothermal vents
What are some characteristics of microsporidia?
No mitchondria or golgi apparatus and parasites of animal cells
What event caused cyanobacteria to evolve?
The accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere and the oceans
What is chemoautotrophy?
Unique to prokaryotes and gain CO2 by reducing to form carbohydrates?
What are some examples and characteristics of prototherians?
No placenta, lay eggs, found in New Guinea and Australia (echnide and platypus)
Are there seasonal fluctuations of respiration?
No they remain constant because there are always organisms breathing
What is water permeability controlled by?
ADH
How does body temperature affect metabolic rate?
Increased temperature leads to increased metabolic rate
What is correlation and give an example?
Indicates that two events or processes occur together. For example, the increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere and the industrial revolution
What is ring species?
Indirect interbreeding or exchange of genetic material through an intermediate population between two populations
What are some qualities of Thiomargarita manibiensis?
One of the largest bacteris and most of the cell is filled with a large vacuole to all for diffuse
What is the formula for allele frequencies?
# of copies of an allele/total # of alleles in population
What is a complete flower?
A flower that contains the male and the female gametophyte
What is instantaneous speciation?
A form of sympatric speciation usually found in plants which is caused by hydridization between two speces
What is Pangaea?
A formation of all 7 continents in the Paleozoic era into the Mesozoic era is when it formed. There were volcanic eruptions, ice ages, extinction of 90% of organisms. After this mass extinction, it lead to the rise of reptiles, dinosaurs, and mammals
What are the four characteristics of species?
A fundamental biological unit, defined by the ability (or inability) of two individuals to exchange genetic material by producing fertile offspring, become extinct, and give rise to new species
What do blastula cells form?
A gastrula
What is a theory?
A general explanation of the world supported by a large body of experiments and observations
What is species?
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding
How do chemoreceptors work?
A molecule in the environment binds to the chemoreceptor which leads to sodium ion channels opening and depolarization of the cell.
What is germ line mutation?
A mutation that can be passed down to the next generation.
What is somatic mutation?
A mutation that is localized within an individual and it cannot be passed down to its progeny.
What do sieve elements lack?
A nucleus or vacuole
What is the Burgess Shale?
A place where there are many fossils. Events lead to fossilization of many organisms and low oxyegen and mud formed over it
What are some examples of electroreceptors?
A school of fish all have the same electric field and their electroreceptors help them know which fish belong and which one is in charge.
Why is a seed better than spores?
A seed is more likely to form a new plant
What is radioactive dating?
A radioisotope known as C14 is used to measure the extent and decay and half life is calculated to find the age of the organisms
Which of the following is a benefit of reconstructing evolutionary history from living organisms? Evolutionary links running through extinct species can be inferred easily. A range of features can be used to generate phylogenetic hypotheses. The environmental context is more easily observable. The time dimension of speciation events can be calculated with greater certainty. None of the other answer options is correct.
A range of features can be used to generate phylogenetic hypotheses.
What is causation?
A relationship in which one event leads to another
What are motor units?
A single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it synapses with
What is the ecological species concept?
A species can sometimes be characterized by its ecological niche, its impossible for two species to coexist in the same location if their niches are too similar
The blood type A can be produced by what genotypes? BA AB OO BB AO
AO
Which one of the following genotypes is heterozygous? None of the answer options is correct. AS AA CC SS
AS
Organisms use chemical reactions to break down molecules releasing energy in the process of storing it in a chemical form known as?
ATP
How are seeds diverse?
Able to store resources, low metabolic activity, some seed exhibit dormancy, and variable size
What are the autoregularoty mechanisms of the kidneys?
Afferent arterioles are dilated. Kidneys release renin. Renin angiotensin in the blood turns into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II constricts the efferent artioles and periperal arterioles. Simulates the release of aldosterone.
What continent has the largest amount of genetic diversity?
Africa
How does natural selection explain human differences?
Africans live in hot climate so they are tall, skinny, and have darker skin to protect against sun. Eskimos live in cold climate so they are short, stout, and have lighter skin to help absorb more Vitamin D from the sun
What is an incomplete flower?
One plant has the male gametophyte while the other has a female
What neurotransmitter binds to muscle membrane receptors, causing a depolarization of the muscle cell and contraction?
Acetylcholine
What is known as the thin filament?
Actin
Which of the following statements about muscle contraction is FALSE? Longer sarcomeres allow for a greater degree of shortening. Actin and myosin filaments shorten during muscle contraction. Rapidly contracting muscles express myosin molecules that have higher rates of ATP hydrolysis. Actin and myosin filaments overlap more when a muscle is contracted than when it is relaxed. Sarcomere length is variable in invertebrates, but uniform in vertebrates.
Actin and myosin filaments shorten during muscle contraction.
What happens within a muscle when it is fully contracted?
Actin and mysoin filaments overlap too much Myosin filaments have no place to go
Which of the following statements about muscle proteins is FALSE? Z discs are protein backbones that mark the boundaries of sarcomeres. Actin filaments have globular heads. Tropomyosin lies in a groove formed by the actin helices. Titin connects myosin filaments to the Z disc. Thick filaments consist of parallel bundles of myosin molecules.
Actin filaments have globular heads.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding axons and dendrites? Neurons generally possess more axons than dendrites. Action potentials travel along neuron axons. In a neuron, axons typically receive signals and dendrites typically transmit or send signals. None of the answer options is correct. The dendrite terminal is the site where neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
Action potentials travel along neuron axons.
What does the loop of henle do?
Acts as a countercurrent multiplier and creates a concentration gradient from the cortex to th medulla
What are cyanobacteria?
All bacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis and they are a single branch on the tree
What are some characteristics of vertebrates?
All characteristics associated with chordates but the notochord is later replaced with a vertebral column
What is internal fertilization?
Adaptation to living on land
_____ is a special case of explosive speciation in which new species form rapidly in response to numerous "open" ecological niches. Sympatric speciation Peripatric speciation Allopatric speciation Adaptive radiation Co-speciation
Adaptive radiation
What are requirements for complex multicellular life?
Adhesion, Communication, Bulk flow/ genetic program to guide growth and development
What are the steps in the evolution of complex multicellularity?
Adhesion, communication, and bulk transport
What are cadherins?
Adjacent cells adhere to one another by means of tranmembrane proteins
Explain neoteny in relation to humans and chimpanzees
Adult humans look like juvenile chimapanzees
Is respiration in most eukaryotic cells anaerobic or aerobic?
Aerobic
When can you hear a heartbeat?
After week 8
Which of the following statements is TRUE? It is necessary to have a nervous system to sense and respond to the environment. All animals have a nervous system. All animals have a nervous system, all animals sense and respond to the environment, and it is necessary to have a nervous system to sense and respond to the environment. All animals sense and respond to the environment. All animals have a nervous system and it is necessary to have a nervous system to sense and respond to the environment, but not all animals sense and respond to the environment.
All animals sense and respond to the environment.
Which of the following statements is false? All animals with exoskeletons or shells must molt in order to increase in size. Following a molt, an arthropod is vulnerable to predation because the new exoskeleton is soft and takes a while to harden. Exoskeletons provide hard external support and protection. Calcium phosphate hardens the bones of humans, whereas calcium carbonate hardens the cuticle of crustaceans. Exoskeletons composed of composite materials are less brittle and more difficult to break than exoskeletons composed of just one substance.
All animals with exoskeletons or shells must molt in order to increase in size.
What are land plants?
All except for algae
Alternation of generations is a characteristic of what?
All land plants
What are some characteristics of ecdysozoans?
All member or a group that secret a body covering called a cuticle and they must molt in order to grow the cuticle
Environmental variation can be used to describe why: identical twins have different weights. leaves on a single tree turn color at different times in the fall. one tomato in a carton spoils before the rest. grapes in a single bunch have differing sugar content. All of the answer choices are correct.
All of the answer choices are correct.
Assuming that transpiration rate remains constant, which of the following requires larger forces pulling water through the xylem? drier soil taller tree smaller diameter xylem vessels fewer xylem vessels All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct
Bryophytes are found: All of these choices are correct. where vascular plants do not have a competitive advantage. where roots do not provide an advantage. throughout the world. on rocks and tree trunks.
All of these choices are correct
Bryophytes are found: where vascular plants do not have a competitive advantage. throughout the world. on rocks and tree trunks. where roots do not provide an advantage. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct
Imagine that a researcher discovers a new type of organelle in single-celled eukaryotes. She suspects this new organelle is the result of endosymbiosis. How could she support this theory? All of these choices are correct. She could use electron microscopy to determine if any structural similarities exist between this new organelle and prokaryotic cells (i.e., like proteobacteria or cyanobacteria). If this organelle has its own DNA, she could compare its genetic sequence to those of certain prokaryotes. She could determine whether this organelle has both an inner and outer membrane.
All of these choices are correct
Imagine you have traveled back in time to the Cambrian Period. What types of organisms would you find in the oceans during this period? All of these choices are correct. mollusks echinoderms brachiopods arthropods
All of these choices are correct
The conformational change in opsin, triggered by the absorption of light by retinal, activates a G protein. What do G proteins do in the cell? G proteins contribute to signal pathways. G proteins influence the activity of other proteins and enzymes in a cell. All these choices are correct. G proteins can trigger the synthesis of second messengers.
All of these choices are correct
Which of the following exerted selective pressure that may have acted in favor of having a large brain in humans? social living tool use All of these choices are correct. language
All of these choices are correct
Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of chordates during development? notochord neural tube myotomes All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct
Which of the following is responsible for the evolutionary success of eukaryotes? possessing a dynamic cytoskeleton having complex patterns of gene regulation localizing where energy metabolism takes place possessing a dynamic endomembrane system All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct
What Does Entamoeba histolytica cause?
Amebic dysentry which is the third leading cause of death around the world and it can liquify your liver
What are essential amino acids for humans?
Amino acid that cannot be synthesized by cells. They are th ebuilding blocks of proteins. There are 20 amino acids total and 9 of them are essential.
What is the order of energy/water used to create these nitrogenous wastes?
Ammonia, Urea, Uric acid
What is homeostasis in breathing?
Animals adjust breathing rate when activity levels change. Sensors in the carotid and aortic bodies monitor O2 and CO2 levels in the blood.
What are the first plants to develop flowers?
Angiosperms
Which of the following statements about the evolution of animal cell adhesion molecules is true? The genes for integrins are found in all opisthokonts, including animals, plants, and fungi. Animal cell adhesion molecules evolved from protein families that originally performed other functions. The genes for cadherins are only found in animals. The genes for integrins are found only in multicellular organisms. All of these choices are correct.
Animal cell adhesion molecules evolved from protein families that originally performed other functions.
What are examples of bulk transport systems?
Animal circulatory system Plant vascular system
What is the predominant hypothesis to explain why animals only appeared in the fossil record about 3 billion years after life originated? There were animals 3 billion years ago, they just weren't fossilized. Animals are heterotrophic and couldn't evolve until there were enough photosynthetic organisms on Earth to support being eaten by animals. Animals large enough to be recorded in the fossil record could not evolve until oxygen reached levels sufficient to support aerobic respiration. Animals are warm-blooded, and the ocean was too cold for animals to evolve 3 billion years ago.
Animals large enough to be recorded in the fossil record could not evolve until oxygen reached levels sufficient to support aerobic respiration.
What are some examples of chemoheterotrophs?
Animals, fungi, prokaryotes
What groups fit under lophotrochozoans?
Annelids and Mollusks
What are some examples of animals with closed circulatory systems?
Annelids and beyond
What are classified as proteobacteria?
Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, chemoautotrophs, bacteria that respire using SO42-, NO3-, or Fe3+, some of our worst pathogens such as Rickettsias, vibrios, salmonella, E coli
Which of the following could have prevented the bubonic plague in Europe? increased crop yields antimalarial drugs antibiotics the use of fertilizer All of these choices are correct.
Antibiotics
What is Vitamin E used for?
Antioxidants
What types of animals leave trail pheromones?
Ants so they can find their way back to the nest.
What is a mutation?
Any change in DNA sequence
What is a sink?
Any part of the plant that needs carbohydrates
What groups of primates are humans apart of?
Apes
What are some types of glial cells?
Astrocytes and myelin
What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
As monomers combine to form polymers, some energy is released as heat, which increases the entropy of the environment.
In bacteria, how does the increase of generations affect the overall growth of the strains?
As more generations are produced, the strains grow and survive more efficiently
How many times did multicellularity evolve?
At least six times
When are our melatonin levels the highest?
At night
Where is the spongy bone located?
At the ends of the bone with air pockets
Describe O2 consumption during activity
At the start of exercise, oxygen consumption rises and then levels off. When exercise ends, oxygen consumption falls gradually to resting levels
What effect does pH have on the affinity of hemoglobin?
As the activity level goes up, the pH goes down in the blood and the affinity for oxygen is decreased severrely.
What is synaptic plasticity?
As you learn you form new synapses between neurons and forms memories. Increased calcium levels can help with this by further releasing the neurotransmitters to stimulate the production of more receptors.
In favorable conditions is asexual or sexual reproduction favored?
Asexual
What mode of reproduction is used during favorable condititons?
Asexual
What are some activators of the smooth muscles?
Autonomic nerbous system, Muscle stretch, hormones, pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding polyploidy in plants? Polyploidy is more likely to be seen in mammals than plants. Autopolyploids are thought to be derived from plants of the same species. Hybridization events between plants cannot result in an alteration of chromosomal number. Allopolyploids are thought to be derived from plants of the same species.
Autopolyploids are thought to be derived from plants of the same species.
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Awareness of the environment
Imagine that a scientist is able to reverse the principles of diffusion, such that molecules preferentially move from regions of low concentrations to regions of high concentrations. How would this affect the morphology of bacteria? Bacteria would have to actively transport molecules across the cell membrane, potentially allowing for bacteria to grow larger. This change would not likely affect bacteria morphology, as diffusion plays no role in determining bacteria shapes. Bacteria would have to prevent the diffusion of molecules out of the cell, potentially allowing for bacteria to grow wider. Bacteria would have to actively transport molecules across the cell membrane, potentially allowing for bacteria to grow larger, and would have to prevent the diffusion of molecules out of the cell, potentially allowing for bacteria to grow wider.
Bacteria would have to actively transport molecules across the cell membrane, potentially allowing for bacteria to grow larger, and would have to prevent the diffusion of molecules out of the cell, potentially allowing for bacteria to grow wider.
How do cattle digest complex plant polysaccharides like cellulose? Bacterial populations in one of the four compartments of their stomachs are able to break the bonds between adjacent glucose units of cellulose. They have specialized mammalian enzymes to degrade the bonds of cellulose. Acids produced in the stomach degrade cellulose. Mechanical forces of cud-chewing break the cell walls of plant fibers, enabling the cattle to extract the digestible contents of the cells.
Bacterial populations in one of the four compartments of their stomachs are able to break the bonds between adjacent glucose units of cellulose.
What microbiota are more useful in breaking down cellulose in a plant-based diet?
Bacteriodetes
What do anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria use instead of chlorophyll?
Bacteriophyll
Heterozygote advantage is an example of what type of selection?
Balancing selection
Why do leaves have internal air spaces? To allow all the mesophyll cells to evaporate water and so pull nutrients to them via an evaporative-driven flow. Because CO2 diffusion is 10,000 times faster in air than in water. To make leaves lighter and less dense. Because O2 diffusion is 10,000 times faster in air than in water.
Because CO2 diffusion is 10,000 times faster in air than in water.
Why do fetuses have a higher affinity for O2 than their mothers?
Because diffusion has to occur across the placenta and the fact that they have 2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits as opposed to 2 alpha and 2 beta increases affinity.
Imagine that you find a new type of plant with a rather interesting method of reproduction. This plant produces horizontal stems, but instead of these stems giving rise to new individuals, they function in seed dispersal. What can you say about this plant? Because this plant produces horizontal stems, it must only reproduce asexually. Because this plant produces seeds, it must reproduce asexually. Because this plant produces horizontal stems, this is an example of sexual vegetative reproduction. Because this plant produces seeds, it likely reproduces through sexual reproduction. None of the answer options is correct.
Because this plant produces seeds, it likely reproduces through sexual reproduction.
Other animals, including chimpanzees, have culture, but their culture is limited relative to the human version. Why? Because cultural evolution cannot occur in species other than our own Because we are more adept at learning and at imitation than other species Because cultural transmission serves no particular evolutionary advantage in chimpanzees Because chimpanzees are limited to forest habitats where cultural improvement is disadvantageous.
Because we are more adept at learning and at imitation than other species
What kind of symmetry do bilaterians have?
Bilateral symmetry
What are some characteristics of protostomes?
Bilateral symmetry Blastophore becomes the mouth Made up of lophotochozoans and ecdysozoans
At what point do animals develop a brain?
Bilaterians
Cnidarians are sister groups with what organisms?
Bilaterians
What are the four types of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission, Budding, Fragmentation, and Parthenogensis
How are humans different from the other apes?
Bipedalism, hair loss, and language
What are some characteristics of a deuterostome?
Blastophore become the anus Dorsal nerve chord Radial cleavage
Which of the following statements about bulk flow is false? Bulk flow moves materials over greater distances than is possible with diffusion. Bulk flow moves materials at faster rates than is possible with diffusion. Bulk flow is found in simple multicellular organisms, but not unicellular organisms. Bulk flow allows animals and plants to grow very large. Bulk flow is the active transport of molecules throughout an organism's body.
Bulk flow is found in simple multicellular organisms, but not unicellular organisms.
Which of the following statements is true regarding bulk flow in both animals and plants? The vascular systems of both plants and animals are remarkably similar, with identical cell types being observed in the phloem of plants and in the blood vessels of animals. Bulk flow in both animals and plants relies on osmosis (much like in fungi) or evaporative pumps. In fact, the mammalian heart and lungs could be considered evaporative pumps. Bulk flow is responsible for the movement of nutrients and hormones in both animals and plants. The vascular system of plants and the circulatory system of humans have a mesoglea-like arrangement, with these systems being supported and nourished by a jelly-like substance.
Bulk flow is responsible for the movement of nutrients and hormones in both animals and plants.
How is the best fit of the phylogenetic tree found?
By creating the most parsimonious tree with the least number of branches
How do endotherms maintain their body temp?
By dilating their blood vessels to cool down which then leads to sweating. By constricting their blood vessels to warm up which then leads to shivering.
How did mitochondria and chloroplasts come about?
By endosymbiosis
How do ectotherms maintain their body temp?
By moving to shade or sun.
How can nitrogen be converted to a usable form?
By nitrogen fixation through bacteria and archaea which turn N2 into NH3
How do guard cells close?
By releasing solutes and shrinking
How is the extent of genetic divergence measured?
By the function of time since isolation
What would homozygous traits yield in a gel electrophoresis test?
One thick dark band
What modifications were made to accomodate bipedalism?
Centered formen magnum, S-shaped spine, longer legs, reconfigured pelvis, larger heel, arched feet, and longer big toe
What are body features for predation?
Cephalization
What comprises the forebrain?
Cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding quaking aspen? Quaking aspen are one of the few species of woody plants that only reproduce sexually and do not undergo vegetative reproduction. Although quaking aspen do reproduce asexually, they do not undergo vegetative reproduction. Certain quaking aspen can form groves of clones covering vast areas. Quaking aspen are the only woody plants that demonstrate vegetative reproduction. Quaking aspen shoots can survive for millennia, independent of vegetative reproduction.
Certain quaking aspen can form groves of clones covering vast areas.
What does FSH do during the follicular phase?
It acts on granulosa cells and stimulates many follicles cells to start maturing. Only one matures completely. Follicle cells produce estrogen which act on the ovaries.
Where did jaws first appear?
Chondrichthyes
Which fish were the first to evolve a jaw?
Chondrichthyes
The _____, which includes the sharks, skates, and rays, are unique in possessing skeletons made of _____. Chondrichthyes; silica Coelocanths; cartilage Osteichthyes; calcium carbonate Osteichthyes; cartilage Chondrichthyes; cartilage
Chondrichthyes; cartilage
What kind of flow do birds have?
Crosscurrent flow
What are vertebrate circulatory systems like?
Closed circularoty systems and hearts with two or more chambers. They have inceased separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and serparation of systemic and pulmoneyryy circuits
What is Vitamin K used for?
Clotting factors and they are found in leafy greens
What animals have the first hydrostatic skeletons?
Cnidarians
What kind of embryonic organizations do cnidarians and bilaterians have?
Cnidarians are diploplastic and bilaterians are triploplastic
What animal had a nerve net?
Cnidarians?
What animals had the first nervous system?
Cnidarians?
What are some common shapes of bacteria?
Coccus (spheres), bacillus (rods), and spirochetes (spiral)
What are fleshy-finned fish?
Coelacanths and lungfish. They are relative of tetrapods. Lungfish have a simple lung and coelacanths have jointed fins used for waddling.
What is the plasmodia?
Coenocytic large cells with many nuclei
What is gene pool?
Collection of alleles present in all individuals in a species
What are some examples of rewards to pollinators?
Colorful flowers, scent, fruit, etc.
What do companion cells do?
Companion cells carry out cellular functions for sieve elements
Why are eukaryotic cells larger?
Compartmentalization and no cell wall
Which of the following statements contrasting simple and complex multicellularity is TRUE? Only some cells are in direct contact with the environment in simple multicellular organisms, whereas all cells are in direct contact with the environment in complex multicellular organisms. Most or all of the cells in a complex multicellular organism contribute to reproduction, whereas only a subset of cells contributes to reproduction in simple multicellular organisms. Highly specialized molecular mechanisms allow cells to adhere to one another in simple multicellular organisms, but not in complex multicellular organisms. Cell or tissue loss in a simple multicellular organism can be lethal for the entire organism, whereas cell or tissue loss in a complex multicellular organism does not lead to death of the entire organism. Complex multicellular organisms show a large degree of cellular differentiation, whereas simple multicellular organisms show little differentiation into specialized cell types.
Complex multicellular organisms show a large degree of cellular differentiation, whereas simple multicellular organisms show little differentiation into specialized cell types.
Which of the following statements contrasting simple and complex multicellularity is true? Highly specialized molecular mechanisms allow cells to adhere to one another in simple multicellular organisms, but not in complex multicellular organisms. Only some cells are in direct contact with the environment in simple multicellular organisms, whereas all cells are in direct contact with the environment in complex multicellular organisms. Complex multicellular organisms show a large degree of cellular differentiation, whereas simple multicellular organisms show little differentiation into specialized cell types. Most or all of the cells in a complex multicellular organism contribute to reproduction, whereas only a subset of cells contributes to reproduction in simple multicellular organisms. Cell or tissue loss in a simple multicellular organism can be lethal for the entire organism, whereas cell or tissue loss in a complex multicellular organism does not lead to death of the entire organism.
Complex multicellular organisms show a large degree of cellular differentiation, whereas simple multicellular organisms show little differentiation into specialized cell types.
Which of the following statements is false? Unicellular organisms can have life cycles in which different cell types alternate in time. Complex multicellularity does not involve the differentiation of cells with distinct shapes and functions. Gradients of environmental signals trigger differentiation of cells. Complex multicellularity involves differentiation in space instead of time. Distinct cell fates are achieved by switching on and off different combinations of genes in different cells.
Complex multicellularity does not involve the differentiation of cells with distinct shapes and functions.
Which of the following statements about the evolution of complex multicellularity is true? Simple multicellular organisms evolved from complex multicellular ancestors. Complex multicellularity evolved twice: once in the common ancestor of plants and fungi and once in animals. Complex multicellularity evolved independently at least six times in different groups of organisms. Complex multicellularity evolved independently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Complex multicellularity evolved once in the common ancestor of all eukaryotic organisms.
Complex multicellularity evolved independently at least six times in different groups of organisms.
What is an example of stramenopila?
Diatoms and they carry out 50% of photosynthesis in oceans and 25% on Earth
What is the function of excretory organs?
Control the osmotic pressure of tissue fluis. Secrete or conserve some solutes. Output is called urine. Filtration, secretion, and absorption. There is no active transport in water.
What do tropic hormones do?
Control the release of other hormones
What is the autonomic nervous system do?
Controls the internal functions of the body
What are sensory organs?
Convert physical and chemical stimuli into nerve impulses and aid in signal transduction
What marine life organisms contain carbon?
Coral, clams, sponges
What order does light travel through the eye?
Cornea, lens, pupil, and retina
What kind of flow does fish respiration have?
Countercurrent flow
What is the mantle used for in mollusks?
Cover internal organs
What ratio of carbon isotopes support the fact that the additional CO2 is coming from the burning of fossil fuels?
Decline in C13 and C14 and an increase in C12. Only fossil fuels have the correct ratios of all three isotopes to account for the pattern of isotopic chanes in atmospheric CO2.
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Defines cells and spaces and mediated the movement of molecules into and out of the cell
What is the pathway that action potentials are sent down a neuron?
Dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals
What is the glomerular filtration rate?
Depends on blood pressure and volume and any changes are detected by the kidneys.
What happens with excitatory signals?
Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane and the neuron is more likely to fire an action potential
What is the energy source?
Diet
What causes the transmission of an action potential?
Difference in membrane potential
What are some characteristics of birds?
Descendants of the dinosaurs and they evolved from the bipedal dinosaurs, specifically the Archaeopteryx. They have feathers which provide heat regulation and flight. They are divided into flightless and those that can fly.
What is sympatric speciation?
Describes populations that evolve in the same place.
What do electroreceptors do?
Detect electrical stimuli
What do thermoreceptors do?
Detect temperature stimuli
How can two cells with the same genes become different types of cells?
Development Molecular communication between cells Two cells in an organism can be exposed to very different environments
What moves the phloem sap?
Differences in turgor pressure
What is an allele?
Different forms of a gene
What is the fundamental concept that causes gel electrophoresis of proteins to work? Different proteins respond in the same way to dyes in a gel. Some proteins are enzymes and will react with molecules in the gel. All proteins have the same charge and will move through the gel at the same speed. Different proteins have different charges and sizes. All proteins will react with a dye to produce a band.
Different proteins have different charges and sizes.
What are the limitations of the biological species concept?
Difficult to apply in real world, cannot be applied to asexual or extinct organisms, does not account for genetic exchange in ring species, and does not account for hybridization in plants
What causes red tides?
Dinoflagellates
Fossils show that birds are related to what animal?
Dinosaurs
What is a sporophyte?
Diploid and produces spores through meiosis which then grow into the gametophyte
What is a hormone that induces molting in insects?
Ecdysone
Mitotic cell division in unicellular eukaryotes can result in a cell that is: 2n. Either 1n or 2n, depending on whether the organism predominantly exists as a haploid cell or a diploid cell. 1n.
Either 1n or 2n, depending on whether the organism predominantly exists as a haploid cell or a diploid cell.
What type of gradient do ion channels use?
Electrochemical gradient which is a combination of the concentration gradient and voltage difference across a membrane
What occurs during secretion?
Elimination of substances that were not filtered from the blood earlier
What happens if fertilization does occur?
Embryo implants in uterus around day 20 of cycle. Stimulates embryo to produce human choionic gonadotropin (hCG). Maintains the corpus luteum which stimulates progesterone and estrogen production. Presence of hCG in the blood is the basis for pregnancy testing.
What is long-distance signalling called?
Endocrine singnaling
What are carbohydrates used for?
Energy generation, growth, storage, and organisms outside the plant (rhizosphere)
What is energy balance?
Energy intake is equal to energy use
What types of signal can neurons elicit?
Excitatory or Inhibitory
What plants use water for fertilization but air for dispersal?
Liverworts, Mossess, Hornworts, Lycophytes, and ferns and horsetails
To which of the following superkingdoms does a jellyfish belong? Opisthokonta Excavata Archaeplastida Stramenopila Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
What is the steps of the hormonal control of the reproductive system?
First, the hypothalamus releases GnRH. Next, the anterior pituitary gland releases FSH and LH. In the testes, testosterone is released. In the ovaries, estogen and progesterone are released.
What are the steps in the cross bridge formation?
First, the myosin head binds to ATP which leads to the detachment from actin. Second, the myosin head catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP forming ADP and Pi and cocking the myosin head back. Third, the myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross-bridge. Fourth, the ADP and Pi are released producing a power stroke that causes the thin filaments to slide relative to the thick filament.
How does hearing occur?
First, the pinna collect the sound and funnel it in. Second, the tympanic membrane vibrates back and forth to amplify the sound and send it to the oscilles. Third, the oscilles further amplify the sound to send it to the beginning of the inner ear at the oval window. Fourth, the oval window transmit the vibrations into ripples in the fluid of the innter ear. Lastly, the organ of corti turns the fluid pressure into action potential sent by the brain as the basilar membrane pushes the stereocilia up against the tectorial membrane.
What are some adaptations for feeding?
Filter feeding, suction feeding, active swimming. Herbivores, carnivors, and omnivores
What microbiota are more useful in individuals who have a starch and meat-based diet?
Firmicutes
What are the steps of breathing in birds?
First inhalation draws air into posterior air sacs. First exhalation moves the air into the lungs. Second inhalation maoves air into anterior air sacs. Second exhalation moves air out of trachea.
What is the cardiac cycle?
First is diastole where the artia contract and the ventricles fill with blood. Second is systole where the ventricles contract and blood is pushed out of the heart
How does the process of light absorption close sodium channels?
First the disc cell in the rod cell and the opsin detects light and change the conformation of retinal from cis to trans. Then, the transducin G protein hydrolyzes GTP into GDP to break off its alpha subunit and bind to phophodiesterase. This then closes the sodium ion channels and hyperpolarizes the cell.
Describe the heartbeat process.
First the pacemaker cells in the SA node fire an action potential that spread throughout the atria which causes them to contract. Second, the AV fires its action potential. Third, the action potentials are transmitted through modified muscle fibers. Four, the depolarization speads to the ventricles and they contract
Explain the process of endosymbiosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria?
First they lose their cell wall and develop their cytoskeleton and then the plasma membrane folds in
How does rapid response in reflex circuits work?
First, a physician strikes the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer. Second, a stretch receptor in an extensor muscle responds by sending a signal along the sensory nerve. Third, the sensory neuron synapses with a motor neuron in the spinal cord. Fourth, the motor neuron sends an excitatory signal to the same extensor muscle which responds by contracting. Lastly, an inhibitory interneuron inhibits contraction of the opposing flexor muscle
Explain the process of excitation-contraction coupling?
First, the action potential from a motor neuron leads to the release of acetylcholine and depolarization of the muscle cell. Second, the depolarization travels down to the T tubules. Third, the depolarization leads to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Fourth, the calcium binds to troponin which causes the movement tropomyosin to expose the myosin binding sites on actin to allow for cross bridge formation to produce a muscle contraction.
What is the process of sending on action potential from synapse to synapse?
First, the action potential is conducted to the axon terminal. Second, depolarization of the axon leads to the opening of calcium channels. Third, vesicles then fuse to the presynaptic membrane releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Fourth, the neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the post synaptic cell which causes a change in membrane potential. Lastly, after inactivation, the neurotransmitters are absorbed by the presynaptic cell and stored in the vesicles until another action potential is fired.
WHat is the process of endochondral ossification?
First, the future bone is formed of cartilage. Second, the bone starts form where blood vessels penetrate and cause the cartilage to degenerate locally. Third, the cartilage is further transformed into bone and the cartilage continues to add to the growth plate cuasing it to grow in length.
How are flowers helpful?
Flower evolution allowed flowering plants to use animals for pollination and increases the efficiency of pollination
What is day-neutral photoperiodicity?
Flowering is independent of day length
What is photoperiodism?
Flowering time that is affected by day length
Recall that angiosperms spend a great deal of energy and resources attracting pollinators. What are some of the methods flowers use to lure pollinators? (Select all that apply.) Flowers can mimic females of an insect species (both in appearance and pheromones). Flowers can be brightly colored and produce nectar. Flowers can produce chemicals used by insects to synthesize pheromones. Flowers can produce scents similar to those emitted by dung or animal carcasses. Flowers can produce high-frequency sounds due to air flow through specialized floral parts to attract nocturnal pollinators such as bats.
Flowers can mimic females of an insect species (both in appearance and pheromones). Flowers can be brightly colored and produce nectar. Flowers can produce chemicals used by insects to synthesize pheromones. Flowers can produce scents similar to those emitted by dung or animal carcasses.
How is co-speciation involved in flowers and their pollinators?
Flowers evolve based on primary pollinator
What is short-day photoperiodicity?
Flowers only when the day length is less than a critical value
What is long-day photoperiodicity?
Flowers only when the light period exceeds a certain length
WHat is the single-lens eye?
Focuses on the retina and allows a high degree of acuity. Found in squids, octopi, and humans.
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase and Luteal phase
What are cone cells?
THey allow for color vision. We have three-color vision and we hae red, blue, and green cone cells. THe cone cells are concentrated in the fovea.
What are trace/molecular fossils?
Fossils such as a footprint and they have the capability to extract DNA from fossils and sequence it
What are some pieces of evidence regarding the evolutionary history of prokaryotes?
Fossils, stromatolites, and evolution of cyanobacteria
What is Vitamin C?
Found in fruits and used for collagen production
What is the compound eye?
Found in insects and made up of ommatidia which allow them to see UV light. THey see objects as a mosaic with their thousands of ommatidia.
What are excavates?
Free-living and symbiotic forms and many lack mitochondria or have a modified organelle, 2 or more flagella such as euglenia and giardia
Where can you get most of the essential amino acids that you need?
From meat
Where does the phloem transport carbohydrates?
From the source to the sink
What is required for oxygen to diffuse into cells?
Gases diffuse from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of a lower partial pressure
What is viviparious?
Give birth to live young and include most mammals
A woman carries a mutation in one of the genes encoding olfactory sensory receptors; however, her gustatory sensory receptors appear normal. What would you predict regarding this woman's sense of taste and smell? The woman would have a normal sense of smell, but poor sense of taste. The woman would have a normal sense of taste, but poor sense of smell. Due to compensation, the woman would have a normal sense of taste and smell. Given how these signals are processed, the woman would have a poor sense of smell and limited sense of taste.
Given how these signals are processed, the woman would have a poor sense of smell and limited sense of taste.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological species concept? The biological species concept is synonymous with the morphospecies concept. The biological species concept was first described by Charles Darwin. Given the generation time of certain organisms, the biological species concept can be difficult to test. Using the biological species concept, scientists can determine which organisms in the fossil record likely belonged to the same species. The biological species concept can be applied easily to all bacterial species.
Given the generation time of certain organisms, the biological species concept can be difficult to test.
What are the major groups in archaeplastida?
Glaucocystophytes, Red algae, and Viridoplantae
What was the first group of plants that no longer required water for fertilization?
Gymnosperms?
How was transformation discovered?
Harmless strains of bacteria causing pneumonia transformed into disease causing strains through exposure to the dead cells of the virulent strains
What can viruses not do that normal cells can do?
Harness energy from the environment
What are primates?
Have dextrous hands meaning they have opposable thumbs and can rotate their hands. They have nails instead of claws. They have forward facing eyes, and they have small numbers of offspring
What are ball-and-socket joint?
Have movement of all planes
How is a hormonal signal amplified?
Hormones are released in tiny amounts. Signals are amplified through a series of signaling steps and the signals are amplified at each step. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is helpful in releasing many hormones
What happens with inhibitory signals?
Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane and the neuron is less likely to fire an action potential
Which one of the following statements about hypotheses is incorrect? Hypotheses make predictions about observations not yet made. A collection of related hypotheses that endures repeated testing is called a theory. Hypotheses can be tested by experiments or by making additional observations. Hypotheses that provide reasonable explanations do not need to be tested. All of the above statements about hypotheses are correct.
Hypotheses that provide reasonable explanations do not need to be tested.
Which of the following statements regarding nutritive material and embryo in seeds is true? In gymnosperms the embryo is relatively small. In angiosperms the embryo consumes the female gametophyte. In gymnosperms the embryo consumes the female gametophyte. In angiosperms the embryo is relatively large. Gymnosperms seeds do not have a seed coat.
In gymnosperms the embryo consumes the female gametophyte.
Which of the following is not a condition of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? The size of a population must be large. Mating within a population must be random. Individuals can migrate in and out of a population, as long as the population size remains constant. Individuals of any genotype must have the same reproductive success as individuals of any other genotype.
Individuals can migrate in and out of a population, as long as the population size remains constant.
What is the difference between seed plants and spore producers?
In seed plants the male gamete is not exposed to the environment Gamtophyte is completely dependent on the sporophyte Ovule develops into a seed when fertilized
When did the CO2 levels greatly fluctuate and stop remaining constant?
In the 1800s around the start of the Industrial Revolution
What is the function of the parathyroid gland
Includes the parathyroid hormone which regulates the blood calcium level and raises blood calcium levels. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium while Vitamin D raises blood calcium.
WHat is GIardia lamblia?
Intestinal parasite, adhesive disk, flagella, 2 nuclei, and symptoms range from asymptomatic to severe diarrhea
What is cavitation?
Introduction of air bubbles into the xylem which breaks the link between two water molecules
What are amphibians?
Invaded land. They have relatively small lungs. They are confined to moist environments. They have a 3-chambered heart and reproduction still requires water
What does the endocrine system do?
Involved in the regulation of an organism's internal physiological functions and maintaining homeostatsis through hormones
What does the hypothalamus do?
It acts as the main communication between the nervous and the endocrine systems?
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Knee, elbow, and jaw
What does FSH and LH do in males?
LH acts on the Leydig cells to secrete testostertone. FSH and testosterone then act on the Sertoli cells to stimulate sperm production
What are some benefits of breathing air?
Land animals increased their uptake of O2 and activity levels. The benefits of breathing air include that the O2 content is 50 times higher than that of a similar volume of water. O2 diffuses out of air faster. Air is less dense than water and requires less energy for ventilation.
Where does pollen go when a plant is being pollinated and later fertilized?
Lands on the stigma and travels down the ovary
What are some adaptations for gas exchange?
Large surface area, thin membranes, and maximizing partial pressure difference
What is oviparous?
Lays eggs such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and most insects, and some mammals
What risks is the phloem subject to ?
Leaks caused by turgor pressure, lack of turgor pressure, and insects
What are some of the influences of culture on evolution?
Learned to hunt and build shelter which allowed for survival and continued evolution of species
What are archaea cell walls made up of?
Lipids
What three molecules do all organisms use for energy?
Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
What are some characteristics of dinosaurs?
Lived on Earth for 150 million years. Terrestrial. Some walked on two legs with the ability to run and breathe at the same time. Only one group survived extinction, which was the birds.
What are some examples of peripatric speciation?
Living on different parts of a land mass, migrating to an island and forming a new population there
What were the conclusions of Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur experiments?
Living things cannot appear out of nonliving things. Living things can only come from living things.
How do hydrostatic skeletons work?
Longitudinal and circular muscles in the body wall to compress the fluid in the body cavity for support and to change the shape
Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is FALSE? Movement is produced by muscles that exert pressure against a fluid-filled cavity. Circular and longitudinal muscles function as antagonists. Longitudinal muscle contractions increase the length of the body cavity. Intervertebral discs and articular cartilage are examples of hydrostatic elements in the vertebrate skeletal system. Hydrostatic skeletons are found in many vascular plants and almost all multicellular animals.
Longitudinal muscle contractions increase the length of the body cavity.
The mitochondrial DNA study indicated that there was no genetic input from Neanderthals in modern humans, but the whole-genome study suggests that in fact there was. One suggestion to explain this discrepancy is that the Neanderthal input into modern human populations was from males only. Which of the following strategies could be employed to test this hypothesis? Look at the X chromosome because that is bi-parentally inherited. Look at the Y chromosome because it is paternally inherited. Look at genomic DNA only in modern humans that are male. Look at genomic DNA only in modern humans that are females.
Look at the Y chromosome because it is paternally inherited.
How is molecular data used to build phylogenetic tree?
Look for a relatively conserved sequences and then construct the phylogenetic tree based on the absence/presence of that species among the species within the tree
How are the atmospheric CO2 levels in glacial periods and interglacial periods?
Low in glacial periods and high in interglacial periods
What are some characteristics of seed-producing plants?
Male gametes are never exposed to the environment The relationship between sprophyte and gametophytes is reversed from that in bryophytes The gametophyte is reduced to a few cells dependent on the sporophyte Seeds are produced, which are able to disperse away from the parent plant
What is the excretory organ of an insect?
Malphigian tubules that empty into the hindgut. Then active transport moves ions into the tubules and water follows. Then they secrete uric acid
The current theory is that chloroplasts are descendants of symbiotic cyanobacteria that lived within eukaryotic cells. If we look at their respective genomes, however, we see that the cyanobacteria have many more genes than do chloroplasts. Where did these genes go? Restriction enzymes removed them. Endosymbiosis requires a reduction in genetic material in order to be successful. Many of the genes were transported to the nucleus, and others were lost. Nowhere. Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts actually have the same number of genes. None of the answer options is correct.
Many of the genes were transported to the nucleus, and others were lost.
What animals have the most myoglobin?
Marine mammals
How do osmoconformers regulate their osmotic pressure?
Match internal osmotic pressure to that of the external environment. Most marine invertebrates and some marine vertebrates.
What happens during the follicular phase?
Maturation and release of eggs
What is the excretory organ of an earthworm?
Metanephridia an dbody fluid is filtered through small capillaries
What are some euryarchaeote archaeons?
Methanogenic archaeons and Halophilic archaeons
What are some examples of chemoautotrophs?
Microorganisms
What are some examples of photoheterotrophs?
Microorganisms
What are some factors that cause changes in allele frequencies?
Migration, mutation, and genetic drift
There are seemingly conflicting studies that have taken a look at whether Neanderthals interbred with human ancestors. One study of mitochondrial DNA suggests that the two groups did not interbreed. Another study, of the whole genome, suggests that they did. Which of the following could explain these results? Taking a look at the whole genome is much more reliable than looking at mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is more susceptible to mutations than nuclear DNA so more change would be expected. Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, so if Neanderthal females did not interbreed with our ancestors, Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA would never have entered the modern human gene pool. Genomic DNA is more susceptible to mutations than mitochondrial DNA, so more change would be expected. None of the answer options is correct.
Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, so if Neanderthal females did not interbreed with our ancestors, Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA would never have entered the modern human gene pool.
IN the life cycle of Chara corallina, what process are gametes formed from?
Mitosis
What must exoskeletons do in order to grow?
Molt
Describe the location and relative concentration sodium and potassium in a neuron
More sodium is out while more potassium is in. Therefore, there is a greater concentration of potassium inside of the cell rather than outside of the cell
What are antagonist muscles?
Muscles that work in opposite directions
What is the evidence for and against interbreeding with neanderthals?
No neanderthal DNA found in mtDNA, however, our in our genome DNA is still 1-4% neanderthal sequences. Currently think that there is no evidence in mtDNA because only males interbred with neanderthals but females did not
Which of the following statements regarding diatoms is false? Diatoms (normally) exist in a diploid state. Most diatoms are multicellular eukaryotes. Depending on environmental conditions, diatoms can undergo either meiotic or mitotic cell division. Diatoms can produce haploid gametes. Diatoms possess mineralized skeletons.
Most diatoms are multicellular eukaryotes.
What occurs in the small intestine?
Most of the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs here. The pancreas releases bicarbonate ion to neutralize the low pH of the chyme coming from the stomach. The liver sends bile salts which emulsifies the fat and breaks it into smaller pieces. The pancreas also releases lipase to break down the fat. Fat digestion mainly occurs here
What can cause genetic variation?
Mutations and Recombination
What is red algae?
Mostly marine organisms, multicullular and some have differentiated tissues, seasweeds on the shallow sea floor (coralline wkeleton of CaCO3), Carageenan and agar
What are some characteristics of choanoflagellates?
Mostly unicellular, collar around the flagellum, and animal's closest relative
How far does the digestive track span?
Mouth to anus
What is the primary motor cortext responsible for?
Movement
What are stereocilia?
Movement causes depolarization of hair cell's membrane
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration acting over small distances
What is the foot used for in mollusks?
Movement/digging
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
No energy is created or destroyed as organisms convert input energy into heat and work.
What occurs during fertilization?
Multiple sperm contact the oocyte. THen, the sperm releases enzymes from their acrosome to aid movement through the two layers of the oocyte. Next, the plams membrane of the sperm and oocyte fuse to each other and completes meiosis II and prevents other sperm from entering. Lastly, the sperm nucleus enters the egg cytoplasm
What are muscle cells calle?
Muscle fibers, which are elongated multinucleated cells
What is a tetanus contraction?
Muscle force sums to higher levels when action potentials stimulates the muscle at higher rates, reaching a tetanus
What are some characteristics of a bacterial cell?
No organelles, single circular chromosome containing entire genome, plasma membrane, and a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
Does myoglobin or hemoglobin bind more readily to O2?
Myoglobin
Does actin or myosin have globular heads?
Myosin
What is known as the thick filament?
Myosin
What does the binding of calmodulin to calcium initiate?
Myosin kinase
What is the equation for anammox?
NH4+ + NO2- -> N2 +H2O
Anammox is represented by which of the following equations? 2H2O + 2NO3- → 2NH2- + 4O2 NO2- + 4H2→ NH4- + 2H2O N2 + 2H2O → NH4+ + NO2- NH4+ + 2H2O → NO2 + 4H2 NH4+ + NO2- → N2 + 2H2O
NH4+ + NO2- → N2 + 2H2O
What is positive selection?
Natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele
What is balancing selection?
Natural selection that maintains an allele at some intermediate frequency between 0% and 100% and it acts to maintain two or more alleles in the population
Who are we sister groups with?
Neanderthals?
In a microbial mat, where are most of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria found
Near the surface
What occurs in energy imbalance?
Negative energy balance leads to undernourishment. Positive energy balance leads to obesity.
Is negative feedback or positive feedback more common?
Negative feedback
What is tidal ventilation?
Negative pressure draws air into the lungs causing inhalation. Positive pressure expels air from the lungs to cause exhalatoin
What is an example of a pseudocoelomate?
Nematode
What are some characteristics of archaea?
No membrane bound organelles, single circular chromosome, cell size is limited by diffusion, membranes have a unique lipid composition, many inhabit extreme environments (extremophiles)
What information do the nerve impulses carry to the brain?
Nerve impulses from sensory organs convey information to the brain. These impulses convey the strength of the signal, carry the information about even weak signals, convey the location of the signal's source, and filter unimportant signals
What are some examples of coevolution?
Nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with soy bean roots Methane producing bacteria in the rumen of cows
What is an example of a symbiosis between plants bacteria?
Nitrogen fixing bacteria is used to turn nitrogen gas into ammonia, which is a usable form for the plants.
What do excretory organs eliminate?
Nitrogenous wastes, water, and solutes
Are viruses alive?
No
Can an action potential be only halfway fired?
No
Can nitrogen be used directly by most organisms?
No
Do rod and cone cells themselves hyperpolarize?
No
Does natural selection cause mutation?
No
For speciation, does it matter if selection is present or not?
No
Is no evolution realistic for any given population?
No
What occurs during anaerobic respiration?
No O2 not used to drive the reaction. They go through fermentation
What is an acoelomate?
No body cavity outside of their digestive system
A young girl walking along the beach discovers a sea sponge washed up on the shore. She pokes it with her finger, and the animal contracts locally in response. Because the sea sponge reacted to her poke, the girl concludes that this animal has a brain. Is this conclusion correct? Yes, if an animal responds to any type of touch or sensory signal, the animal must have a brain where such a signal is processed. Yes, sea sponges are known to have brains; however, these structures are relatively simple compared to the brains of vertebrates. No, sea sponges possess paired ganglia that process their responses to touch or environmental changes (much like flatworms). No, sea sponges actually lack any type of nervous system—the reaction the girl observed is the result of a local population of touch-sensitive (non-neuronal) cells. None of the answer options is correct.
No, sea sponges actually lack any type of nervous system—the reaction the girl observed is the result of a local population of touch-sensitive (non-neuronal) cells.
You have learned that mutations can occur in DNA sequences. Are all mutations deadly? No, some mutations can be beneficial. No, all mutations are benign. Yes, all mutations are deadly. No, because mutations in DNA have no effect on cellular processes. Yes, because all mutations in DNA disrupt the central dogma.
No, some mutations can be beneficial.
Imagine that you are talking with one of your friends about your biology course. He states that the somatic nervous system is subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic components, and is responsible for involuntary responses. Is this statement correct? No, the somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary responses, and is not subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic components. No, although the somatic nervous system does have both sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions, it is responsible for voluntary responses. Yes, this statement is correct. The somatic nervous system has both sympathetic and parasympathetic components and controls involuntary responses. No, although the somatic nervous system controls involuntary responses, it is the autonomic nervous system that is subdivided into parasympathetic and sympathetic component
No, the somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary responses, and is not subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic components.
Is this the highest CO2 levels have ever been in our atmosphere?
No, there have been higher levels in the past 4 billion years
A boy observes a robin outside of his window. He notices the robin repeatedly cocks its head to one side before pecking the ground. The boy suspects that when the robin cocks its head it is actually listening for worms or insects underground. If the boy notes that a single robin routinely catches a worm after cocking its head, would this observation prove his hypothesis to be correct? No, as this would prove the boy's hypothesis is incorrect. No, as this is only a single observation. Yes, but further experiments are needed. No, this observation would only support the boy's hypothesis, but not prove it. Yes, and no further experiments are needed.
No, this observation would only support the boy's hypothesis, but not prove it.
Did the first land plants have roots? What were the first land plants?
No; bryophytes
What are portions of an unmyelinated neurons called?
Nodes of Rainvier
What structure do nitrogen fixing bacteria form on the plant?
Nodules
Why do some single-celled eukaryotes occur primarily as haploid cells, whereas others occur primarily as diploid cells? Only the eukaryotes that reproduce sexually will occur as diploid cells. Only the eukaryotes that reproduce sexually will occur as haploid cells. Only the eukaryotes that reproduce asexually will occur as diploid cells. Only the eukaryotes that reproduce asexually will occur as haploid cells. None of the answer options is correct.
None of the answer options is correct
Which of the following statements are true regarding fossils? Fossils can form with the same frequency in any environment. This includes lakebeds, the ocean floor, artic regions, and mountaintops. The term "fossil" only includes skeletal remains of organisms, and does not include things like footprints, eggs or excrement. In the plant fossil record, fossilized flower petals are much more common than fossilized pollen. Molecular sequence data that depicts the divergence time between organisms can stand independently and never needs to be corroborated by fossil evidence. None of the answer options is correct.
None of the answer options is correct.
What happens when a cell is isotonic?
Nothing, the concentration of solute inside and outside of the cell is equal and there is no net water movement.
What are the components of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and cell membrane
What are some of the organelles found in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts, and the endomembrane system
What are r-strategists?
Offspring with low probablility of suvival and produce a large number of offspring
What is the scientific word for smell?
Olfaction
Where is the medulla on the kidney?
On the inside
Where is the cortex on the kidney?
On the outside
Only how much of CO2 produced by humans in found in the atmosphere and why?
Only about half because the rest is stored as organic carbon in things such as rocks and soil
Is sympatric speciation possible?
Only if gene flow can negate the genetic divergence and if natural selection acts strongly to counteract gene flow
What does it mean to have an incomplete gut?
Only mouth
What direction can water go in the xylem?
Only up
What are chemically gated channels?
Open or close depending on the presence of abscence of a specific molcule that binds to the channel protein
Which of the following statements about bone formation is FALSE? Limb bones develop through the formation of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone tissue. Osteoclasts help bones increase in diameter by laying down new bone material on the external surface. Bones can continue to increase in length as long as new cartilage is added to the growth plates. More active, younger individuals generally have thicker bones than less active, older individuals. Skull bones form directly from osteoblasts, whereas most other bones form first as cartilage.
Osteoclasts help bones increase in diameter by laying down new bone material on the external surface.
What are the advantages of gamete and offspring dispersal?
Outcrossing/genetic diversity, nutrient supply, and pathogen/parasite avoidance
WHat the pathway of the female reproductive system?
Ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and vaginal canal
What do LH do in females?
Ovulation
What does LH stimulate?
Ovulation
What happens during the luteal phase?
Ovulation and uterus prepartation for implantation
What are the female gametophytes in gymnosperms?
Ovule cones
What is Earth's crust mainly made up of?
Oxygen and Silicon
What are living organisms mainly made up of?
Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Carbon
Is photosynthesis anoxygenic or oxygenic in all photosynthetic eukaryotes?
Oxygenic
What is the difference between oxygenic and anoxygenic?
Oxygenic produces oxygen while anoxygenic does not
What are some examples of peptide hormones?
Oxytocin and ADH
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is a paraphyletic group and give an example
Paraphyletic groups are some but not all descendents of a common ancestor. Reptiles are paraphyletic because they do not include birds.
What is Plasmodium falciparum?
Parasite of red blood cells (malaria) transmitted by mosquitoes, symptoms include high fevers and anemia, 214 million caes worldwide in 2015, and 650,000 deaths a year
What are the adhesion molecules found in plants?
Pectins
What are some characteristics of echinoderms?
Pentaradial symmetry Skeleton made up of interlocking plates Water vascular system with tube feet
The LARGEST mass extinction occurred at the end of which period? Triassic Ordovician Devonian Permian Cretaceous
Permian
What are the four characteristics of organisms under Chordata?
Pharynx with pharyngeal slits Notochord Tail that extends beyond the anus Dorsal nerve cord
What is the basis for natural selection?
Phenotypes are selected based on fitness and advantage
What are pheromones and what are they used for?
Pheromones are chemical compounds released into the environment to signal behavioral cues to toher species members. They are used for mate attraction, marking territorial boundaries, and warnings.
What do the villi and the microvilli do?
THey are highly folded and make the brush border because of their high surface area they are specializaed for absorbption.
What is photoperiodicity facilitated by?
Photoreceptors
What are some examples of sensory receptors?
Photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, etc.
Imagine that scientists have discovered a new planet apparently devoid of life, but having ice caps located at the poles. These ice caps reveal that the planet's atmospheric O2 levels sharply increased about 1,000,000 years ago, but then quickly dropped 50,000 years ago. What could have accounted for these changes in atmospheric O2 levels? Photosynthetic organisms evolved on the planet 100,000 years ago, but went extinct 50,000 years ago. Photosynthetic organisms evolved on the planet 50,000 years ago. Oxygen-based mammalian life evolved on the planet 100,000 years ago, and photosynthetic organisms evolved 50,000 years ago. Oxygen-based mammalian life evolved on the planet 100,000 years ago.
Photosynthetic organisms evolved on the planet 100,000 years ago, but went extinct 50,000 years ago.
What is the superkingdom archaeplastida?
Photosynthetic organisms including land plants
What are microbial communities?
Photosynthetic organisms that existed on earth at the very beginning
What are some examples of the large span of diversity of protists?
Photosynthetic vs. Heterotrophic Cell walls vs. No Cell walls Flagella vs. Cilia vs. Pseudopodia Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
What is green algae?
Photosynthetic, marine and freshwater environments, chlorophylls a and b, unique attachment of flagella, and phytoplankton
What organisms take energy from the sun?
Phototroph
Which of the following statements is true regarding a phylogenetic tree? Phylogenetic trees are constructed based solely on the morphological characteristics of species; sequence similarities among different organisms are only evaluated by taxonomists. Given the sheer number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species on Earth, it is impossible to create a phylogenetic tree encompassing all of these organisms. Phylogenetic trees only depict the evolutionary relationships between different classes; relationships among different species within the same genus are not illustrated in such trees. Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses—those that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. Within a phylogenetic tree, the order of groups located at the tree tips—not the nodes within a tree—determines sister group relationships.
Phylogenetic trees could be considered physical representations of hypotheses—those that seek to establish the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of phylogenetics? Phylogenetics looks for patterns of relatedness. Phylogenetics compares anatomical or molecular features. Phylogenetics looks for patterns of relatedness and compares anatomical or molecular features. Phylogenetics names species, genus, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
Phylogenetics looks for patterns of relatedness and compares anatomical or molecular features.
At some point in their life cycle, all cells have a _____, whereas not all cells have a(n) _____. nucleus; cytoplasm plasma membrane; RNA or DNA nucleus; plasma membrane nucleus; nuclear membrane plasma membrane; nuclear membrane
Plasma membrane; nuclear membrane
What is the significance of hagfish and lampreys
THey are the earliest of the vertebrates and they are "jawless fish"
What is allopatric speciation?
Physical separation between two populations and subspecies may form
What archaeon can grow at a pH of 0.7?
Picrophilus torridus
What is the pathway of sound travel in the human ear?
Pinna, Tympanic membrane, Oscilles (middle ear made up of malleus, incus, and stapes), oval window, and cochlea
What are some examples of artificial selection?
Plant breeding or dog breeding
What are photoreceptors?
THey respond to light.
What organisms is polyploidy commonly found in?
Plants
As you will learn in a later chapter (Chapter 25), a trophic pyramid depicts the transfer of energy between different organisms (i.e., plants, herbivores, and carnivores). Based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, which of the following is likely true of a trophic pyramid? Plants harness more energy from the sun compared to an herbivore eating plants. An herbivore gains more energy from eating plants compared to a carnivore eating meat. An herbivore gains more energy from eating plants compared to the amount plants harness from the sun. A carnivore gains more energy from eating meat compared to an herbivore eating plants. Plants harness more energy from the sun compared to an herbivore eating plants, and an herbivore gains more energy from eating plants compared to a carnivore eating meat.
Plants harness more energy from the sun compared to an herbivore eating plants, and an herbivore gains more energy from eating plants compared to a carnivore eating meat.
What are some examples of photoautotrophs
Plants, algae, cyanobacterium
What are the four division among Eukarya?
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
How does depolarization occur?
Potassium and sodium channels are both open which causes a positive change in membrane potentail
What are the two types of reproductive isolation?
Pre-zygotic isolation (before fertilization) Post-zygotic isolation (after fertilization)
What is a fossil?
Preserved remains of ancient organisms preserved in rock
What occurs during filtration?
Pressure pushes water an solutes into an extracellular space and excretory tubules
How do mechanoreceptors work?
Pressure stimulates the cell to depolarize.
What is vernalization?
Prevents flowering until the plant has been exposed to a prolonged period of cold temperatures
What occurs during oogenesis before birth?
Primary oocytes are formed and begin meiosis and arrest in meiosis I. Female is born with 1-2 million primary oocytes.
In the food web, list the animals with the most amount of carbon to the least amount of carbon?
Primary producers, Primary consumers, Secondary/Tertiary consumers, and decompsers
In the trophic period, list the animals with the most amount of energy to the least amount of energy?
Primary producers, Primary consumers, andSecondary/Tertiary consumers
What are the two functions of the fruit?
Protect immature seeds from being eaten Enhance dispersal once the seeds are matures
What are gap junctions?
Protein channels that connect animal cells
What type of bacteria shares an intimate ecological relationship with eukaryotic organisms?
Proteobacteria
What prokaryotic cell was the precursor to the mitochondria?
Proteobacterium
What organisms are the first eukaryotic organisms
Protists
What is the excretory organ of a flatworm?
Protonephridia where fluid is moved down the lumen of the tubule to an excretory pore.
What is the multiregional hypothesis?
That humans evolved from Homo ergaster populations living in different regions in the world leading to Homo sapiens by convergent evolution
What is genetic drift?
Random changes in allele frequencies from generation to generation
What is dispersal-derived speciation by adaptive radiation?
Rapid evolution in which natural selection accelerates the rate of speciation and adaptation. This occurs when there are many new ecological niches available (mass extinctions).
What is Hardy-Weinberg used to calculate?
Rate of evolution
What is an allele frequency?
Rate of occurrence of different alleles in the population
What are fluxes?
Rates at which carbon flows from one reservoir to another
What does the the proximal convoluted tubule do?
Reabsorbs glucose and amino acids and 75% of water.
What are catabolic reactions?
Reaction that break things down
What is oxidation-reduction chemistry?
Reactions in which electrons are removed from (oxidation) or added to (reduction) a molecule and the reactions happen in parts
What are anabolic reactions?
Reactions tat build things up
What does the retina do?
Receives light and converts it into an action potential
What is alveolata?
Red tides, dinoflagellates, plasmodium falciparium, ciliates
What is the function of surfactant?
Reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. Makes it easier to inflate them
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding redwood trees? Similar to the quaking aspen, redwood trees undergo vegetative reproduction and form vast underground networks of horizontal stems. Redwoods can reproduce via vegetative reproduction, with new shoots appearing on fallen horizontal redwood trees. None of the answer options is correct. Vegetative reproduction has never been observed in redwoods. Asexual reproduction has been observed in redwoods; this process is very similar to the plantlet dispersal that mosses use to reproduce asexually.
Redwoods can reproduce via vegetative reproduction, with new shoots appearing on fallen horizontal redwood trees.
What is a source?
Regions that produce or store carbohydrates
What is osmoregulation?
Regulation of water and solute levels to control osmotic pressure
_____ is the process by which divergent populations undergo natural selection in favor of enhanced pre-zygotic isolation. Sexual selection Reinforcement Dispersal Peripatric speciation
Reinforcement
What must happen in order for species to diverge?
Reinforcement of reproductive isolation
What are some characteristics of mollusks?
Related to annelids through embryological development Have a unique 3 part body plan (foot, mantle, and visceral mass) Include Gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves
What are tracheids?
Relatively small and made up of a single cell
What does LH do in males?
Releases testosterone
What does the rippening of fruit indicate?
That the seeds are mature
One of the chordate characteristics is the presence of pharyngeal slits. Early in chordate history what was the function of this structure? Respiratory surface Jaw support Part of the jaw Feeding
Respiratory surface
What is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?
Rest and digest. Found in the brain and lower levels of the spinal cord
WHat happen when opsin bind to retinal?
Retinal changes conformation from cis-retinal to trans-retinal
What do decompsers do?
Return carbon to the environment
What is negative feedback responsible for?
Returning a system to a set point
What is the light sensitive pigment found in vertebrates?
Rhodopsin
What are the canines used for?
Ripping and tearing
How are action potentials fired to the brain after the retina detects light?
Rod and cones cells synapse with the bipolar cells which synapse with the ganglion cells which then hyperpolarize and send an action potential through the optic nerve to the brain
What can be said about the membrane potential of rod cells in the dark and in the light?
Rod cell depolarize in the dark and hyperpolarize in the light
What are the types of photoreceptors?
Rod cells and cone cells
What part of the root is responsible for absorption of nutrients and water?
Root hairs
What did the Keeling curve show?
Seasonal fluctuations in CO2 concentration and there has been a 25% increase in CO2 levels over the past 50 years
What does the corpus luteum do?
Secrete progesterone
What are archaeons found in the ocean called and what do they do?
Thaumarchaeota and are chemoautotrophs that derive energy from the oxidation of ammonia
What are some examples of amphibians?
Salamanders, frogs, etc
What happens within a muscle when it is stretched?
Sarcomeres are lengthened Less overlap between the actin and myosin filaments Less force produced
What occurs when 3 EPSPs cause spatial summation in a neuron?
Single EPSPs arrive at multiple synapses and set off an action potential
What is the fish heart and circulatory system like?
Single atrium and single ventricle and the feart only receives deoxygenated blood. A majority of the movement relies on the muscle contractin of the fish. First, the deoxygenated blood enters the atrium from a main vein and is pumped into the ventricle. Second, the deoxygentated blood enters the ventricle and is pumped into a main artery.
What are glaucosystophytes?
Single celled algae, chloroplasts retain more features of the ancestral cyanobacterial endosymbiont than any other algae
What muscle types are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac
What muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
What are the three different muscle types?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
What are some characteristics of mammals?
Small and medium sized mammals coexisted with dinosaurs. They have sweat glands, mammary glands, hair, four-chanbered heart, and eggs that are fertilized internally
When a zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a new multicellular generation, what is produced?
Spores
HOw are the sporophyte and the gametophyte in gymnosperms?
Sporophyte is dominant and large while the gametophyte is small and ephemeral
What do the spore walls contain and what does it do?
Sporopollenin which slightly delays germination if conditions are unfavorable
What type of selection pattern is applied when babies are all born at an intermediate size?
Stabilizing selection
What are the three patterns of natural selection
Stabilizing selection, Directional selection, and Disruptive Selection
Consider the following two statements: Determine which one of the options below is correct. 1 - Animal behavior can be required for the reproductive success of plants. 2 - Animal behavior can be detrimental to the reproductive success of plants. Statements 1 and 2 are both true. Statements 1 and 2 are both false. Statement 1 is true; statement 2 is false. Statement 1 is false; statement 2 is true.
Statements 1 and 2 are both true.
What does ACTH do?
Stimulates the release of cortisol in the adrenal glands during times of stress
What do nematocysts do?
Sting prey and emit neurotoxins that paralyze prey
What is unique about signal transduction in smell?
THe sensory cells are neurons themselves
What gram positive bacteria help cure diseases and how?
Streptomycetes secrete a compound that kill other bacteria and fungi. They are used in antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and erythromycin
How does a statocyst work?
THe statolith moves and depresses hair cell stereocilia which provides gravity detection
What is in phloem sap?
Sugars, amino acids, nitrogen, ions, and informational molecules
Sulfur is an integral part of which of the following molecules? enzymes vitamins amino acids Sulfur can be an integral component of any of these molecules. cofactors
Sulfur can be an integral component of any of these molecules.
What is metabolism?
Sum of chemical reaction that cells use to convert energy and it is required to sustain life
What is the function of the hydrostatic skeleton in humans?
Support the joints and spine
What is the chorion?
Surrounds entire embryo and all membrane and further protection is provided by the shell
What is the amnion?
Surrounds fluid-filled cavity where the embryo develops
What is the allantois?
Surrounds the space where wastes collect
What three characteristics that animals are grouped on?
Symmetry Presence or absence of a body cavity Embryological development
What are the two types of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What are the two ways natural selection can be involved in species?
Sympatric spection or Allopatric speciation
How does insect breathing work?
System of air tubes called tracheae. Air enters through the spiracles and then flows through the tracheae and tracheoles. Use a 2-step process of ventilation and diffusion.
What stimulates birth?
THe baby is pressed again the cervis and ocytocin levels and estrogen levels are high while the progesterone levels are low.
What is a neuron?
THe basic functional unit of the nervous system
What is Chondrichthyes?
THe cartilaginous fish such as sharks, skates, and rays. They evolved jaws and fins
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
THe corpus luteum degenerates. PRogesterone levels fall and the endometrium sloughs off
What are cephalochordate?
THe first chordate, they are also known as amphioxis
After fertilization what does the ovary wall develop into?
THe fruit
What is the nephron?
THe functional unit of the kidney. Contains the glomerulus, capsule, and renal tubules.
What is the primary somatosensory cortex responsible for?
Tactical information and it is divided by the central sulcus
What is the sliding filament theory?
That actin moves along myosin to contract or stretch the muscle
Is the multiregional hypothesis or the out-of-Africa hypothesis correct?
The Out-of-Africa Hypothesis
What occurs in the large intestine?
The absorption of water and the formation of feces
What happens when CO2 levels increase in surface water layers?
The acidity of the ocean increases and the microbes are adversely affected
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why the human brain is capable of so much more than what would be required for evolutionary fitness? The additional capabilities are by-products of what was necessary for evolutionary fitness. The additional capabilities were necessary for survival at one time. A larger brain means that it is more narrowly specialized in function. None of the answer options is correct.
The additional capabilities are by-products of what was necessary for evolutionary fitness.
What occurs in the endocrine system during predator-prey interactions?
The adrenal cortex produces cortisol, epinepherine, and norepinephrine. THe epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and directs blood flow to the muscles.
The ability to perceive a bitter taste from certain chemicals, including PTC, has been linked to certain alleles. Which of the following would provide an explanation for the fact that almost all nonhuman primates have the "taster" phenotype, whereas the human population has a significant percentage of "nontaster" phenotypes? Humans needed the ability to not taste bitter compounds, so the mutation happened. Nonhuman primates only eat foods that are not bitter, so the phenotype of tasting bitter compounds was not selected against. The advantage to being able to taste bitter compounds would keep you from eating poisonous compounds, an advantage not needed in the human population anymore. The advantage to not being able to taste bitter compounds means that humans are more likely to eat vegetables and thus live longer than nonhuman primates.
The advantage to being able to taste bitter compounds would keep you from eating poisonous compounds, an advantage not needed in the human population anymore.
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air moved in or out of lungs during normal quiet breathing (0.5-1.0L)
. Which of the following statements reflects one way that two different species can produce hybrid offspring? They are post-zygotically isolated, but occasionally will mate anyway. The amount of divergence between the two species allows for production of offspring, but they are sterile. They are distantly related but occupy similar habitats. The two species are probably hybrids as well, so reproduction can occur between the two.
The amount of divergence between the two species allows for production of offspring, but they are sterile.
What is half life?
The amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive isotope to decay
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the ancestors of early humans and chimpanzees (those present 6 million years ago)? The ancestors of chimpanzees likely resembled present-day humans. The ancestors of chimpanzees likely appeared very similar (if not identical) to present-day chimpanzees. The ancestors of humans and chimpanzees likely resembled one another, but would not appear identical to either present-day chimpanzees or humans. The ancestors of humans likely appeared very similar (if not identical) to present-day humans.
The ancestors of humans and chimpanzees likely resembled one another, but would not appear identical to either present-day chimpanzees or humans.
What is the structure of the anterior pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary gland has neurosecretory cells that extend into the epithelium and releasing factors are required in order to release hormones from that location.
What is the structure of the posterior pituitary gland?
The axons of the neurosecretory cells extend into the posterior pituitary gland so the hormones are released directly
What is odd about the salmon's renal system?
The baby salmon live in freshwater while the adults live in saltwater so they must alter their renal systems throughout their life
A doctor is treating a patient for an apparent bacterial infection. She prescribes antibiotics that target either the peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls or the bacterial translational machinery. To her surprise, this treatment does not work. Why might this treatment be ineffective? The bacterium may have developed resistance to these treatments. The patient may be infected with bacteria that have cell walls composed of chitin. The patient may be infected with bacteria that have cell walls composed of cellulose. All of these choices are correct.
The bacterium may have developed resistance to these treatments.
What is the sarcomere?
The basic contractile unit that shortens during muscle contraction
What role does ATP play in the cross-bridge cycle? The binding of ATP to myosin causes myosin to detach from actin. The binding of ATP to myosin forms a cross-bridge. The binding of ATP to myosin causes the myosin head to cock. The binding of ATP to myosin causes myosin to bind to actin. The biding of ATP to myosin produces the power stroke.
The binding of ATP to myosin causes myosin to detach from actin.
What happens when the brain is injured?
The bodily functions and personality can be affected depending on the location of the injury
How are the age of fossils guessed based on the sediment layer that they are found in ?
The deeper the fossil is buried, the older it is
What are the steps of picking up stimuli in a neuron?
The dendrites first sense stimuli, then the stimuli is summed at the axon hillock until it is enough for an action potential to be released, and then the action potential reaches the axon terminal where neurotransmitters may be released in the synaptic cleft to continue the signal onto the next neuron
What adaptation allowed animals to colonize dry environments?
The development of the amniotic egg
What is culture?
The development of traditions that passed down generation to generatoin
What is proteobacteria?
The diverse group defined by rRNA sequence similarities
What things affect genetic variation?
The environment and genes
Which of the following is true regarding cephalization? The eyes of owls, the noses of bloodhounds, and the ears of bats could all be considered examples of cephalization (as each of these structures are associated with specialized sensory neurons, specific cranial ganglia and nerves). All multicellular organisms demonstrate cephalization, including both cnidarians and bilaterians. Although most predatory vertebrates demonstrate cephalization, herbivores and other prey animals do not (as cephalization is thought to have evolved specifically in predators). Cephalization first appeared in the last common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians; it is not the result of convergent evolution. Cephalization was initially believed to have evolved to assist in "backward" motion, as many organisms possess sensory organs at both their anterior and posterior ends.
The eyes of owls, the noses of bloodhounds, and the ears of bats could all be considered examples of cephalization (as each of these structures are associated with specialized sensory neurons, specific cranial ganglia and nerves).
Where does the egg travel down after fertilization?
The fallopian tube
What occurs fertilization and what is formed?
The fusion of two gametes, one from each parent. THe zygote turns into an embryo eventually.
Which of the following explains how chimpanzees and humans can be so different with such similar genomes? The anatomical and behavioral differences between chimpanzees and humans aren't that large. Different environments between the two populations influenced the anatomical and behavioral differences. The human population is so much larger than the chimpanzee population that we benefit from more genetic variation. The genetic differences could have occurred in genes responsible for development. None of the answer options is correct.
The genetic differences could have occurred in genes responsible for development.
Which of the following explains how chimpanzees and humans can be so different with such similar genomes? The human population is so much larger than the chimpanzee population that we benefit from more genetic variation. None of the other answer options is correct. The genetic differences could have occurred in genes responsible for development. Different environments between the two populations influenced the anatomical and behavioral differences. The anatomical and behavioral differences between chimpanzees and humans aren't that large.
The genetic differences could have occurred in genes responsible for development.
How can evolution of a population occur without changing the allele frequency of a trait within the population? The population is small. There is no mutation. More organisms enter the gene pool. The genotype frequencies of the population change over time.
The genotype frequencies of the population change over time.
How is the human brain organized in the cross section?
The gray matter with neuronal cell bodies on the outside and white matter with myelinated neuron axons and glial cells all divided and highly folded by the sulci
What is the acrosome?
The head of the sperm that penetrates the egg's membrane
What is the axial part of the skeleton?
The head, spine, and "tail"
What makes up the midbrain?
The midbrain portion of the brainstem
Describe autocrine signaling?
The molecule bind to the cell that releases it
Describe paracrine signaling?
The molecule binds to cells in close proximity. Neurotransmitters possess this type of signaling.
What is menstrual cycle?
The monthly cycle in which oocytes mature and are released from the ovary under the influence of hormones.
The first DNA comparison studies between humans and chimpanzees relied on which of the following? The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the lower the melting point. DNA from different organisms won't combine to form a double helix. The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the higher the melting point. Proteins from chimpanzee would have a lower melting point than similar proteins from humans. Proteins from chimpanzees would have a higher melting point than similar proteins from humans.
The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the higher the melting point.
What is an action potential?
The most extreme change in membrane potential
What is the motor nerve endplate?
The motor nerve axons and the muscle fiber
What evidence supports the fact that chloroplasts arose from cyanobacteria
The organization of the photosynthetic membrane is similar, they contain two membrane, and the DNA in the chloroplast is similar to cyanobacteria DNA
What causes water to flow from the soil to the leaves? Water exits the stomata due to capillary forces. The partial dehydration of mesophyll cell walls creates a force that pulls water into the leaf. Water is pushed up the xylem due to high turgor pressure in the roots. Water is pulled up through the xylem due to capillary forces in the xylem.
The partial dehydration of mesophyll cell walls creates a force that pulls water into the leaf.
What does the zygote and the endosperm form?
The seed
When the longitudinal muscles within an earthworm segment contract, what effect does this have on the shape of the segment? The segment will shorten and widen. The segment will elongate and become narrower in diameter. The segment will elongate and widen. The segment will shorten and become narrower in diameter. The segment will change length, but not diameter.
The segment will shorten and widen.
How are flowers organized?
The sepals protect the flower as it develops, the petals attract the pollinators, the stamen is the male gametophyte which is made up of the anter and the filament, the carpal is the female gametophyte which is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary
A doctor takes two different cheek swabs from one of his patients. He cultures the microorganisms from one swab and derives microorganism sequence information from the other. What do you expect his results will be? The culture results will identify more microorganisms compared to the sequencing data. His culture results will match his sequence results; all of the microorganisms identified via sequencing will be found in the swab cultures. The sequencing data will identify more microorganisms compared to the culture data.
The sequencing data will identify more microorganisms compared to the culture data.
What are cells?
The simplest self-replicating entity.
There is some debate about whether Homo floresiensis is a separate species or an aberrant form of Homo sapiens. Regardless, what we do know is that H. floresiensis were only found on an Indonesian island and adults were only 3 feet tall. What factors would have selected for this distinct phenotype on an island habitat, specifically? Height is only advantageous if there are predators present on the island. Plants on that island never grew tall, so it was advantageous to be short. The smaller body size made swimming easier. The smaller body size was advantageous for living on an island, as food is often limited on islands. The smaller body size made conserving heat easier.
The smaller body size was advantageous for living on an island, as food is often limited on islands.
In a particular layer of rock, a number of fossilized ferns are found, but no fossilized mosses are found. What conclusions can be drawn from this finding? The soft tissues of mosses may not have fossilized as readily as the more decay-resistant tissues of ferns, so it is difficult to draw any conclusions from this limited sample. Mosses and ferns did not coexist in the same environment. Ferns decompose more rapidly than mosses and thus are more likely to fossilize. There are fewer species of moss than ferns. Ferns evolved earlier than mosses, so it is not surprising to find a layer with only ferns and no mosses.
The soft tissues of mosses may not have fossilized as readily as the more decay-resistant tissues of ferns, so it is difficult to draw any conclusions from this limited sample.
What is the rhizosphere?
The soil layer that surrounds actively growing roots
What is the possible significance of the finding that genes related to bacteria and archaea occur in the eukaryotic genome? (Select all that apply.) These genes may be the result of horizontal gene transfer. The presence of genes related to bacteria and archaea is a byproduct of meiosis. An archaeon may have engulfed a bacterium to form a eukaryotic cell. The ancestor of the modern eukaryotic cell may have been a primitive, mitochondria-free cell with a nucleus.
These genes may be the result of horizontal gene transfer. An archaeon may have engulfed a bacterium to form a eukaryotic cell.
A researcher is comparing the sequences of genes encoding cell wall proteins in archaeons with those coding cell wall proteins in bacteria. How similar do you expect these sequences will be? These sequences will be dissimilar, as archaeons have chitin-based cell walls and bacteria primarily have peptidoglycan-based cell walls. These sequences will be similar, as bacteria and archaeons belong to the same prokaryotic domain. These sequences will be dissimilar, as archaeon cell walls are not composed of peptidoglycan. These sequences will be similar, as both archaeons and bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan variants.
These sequences will be dissimilar, as archaeon cell walls are not composed of peptidoglycan.
How do hormone receptors work?
They act specifically on cells with receptors that bind the hormone
When did neanderthals appear and when did they disappear?
They appeared 600,000 years ago and disappeared 30,000 years ago
Which of the following is TRUE of gap junctions? They are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells. They provide points of structural support between adjacent animal cells. They are holes in the cell wall through which the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are connected. They are channels in the plasma membrane of plant cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells. They provide points of structural support between adjacent plant cells.
They are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells.
What happens to 50% of the carbohydrates produced by the plant?
They are converted to CO2 within 24 hours
What are some characteristics of slow-twitch muscle?
They are darker because they have more oxidative phosphorylation and they are often used in long-distance running.
How do chemoautotrophs drive ATP synthesis?
They oxidize inorganic molecules such as H2, H2S, and Fe2+
How do freshwater fish osmoregulate?
They do not drink the freshwater and chloride cells pump ions in.
How do marine bony fish osmoregulate?
They drink the seawater and chloride cells pump ions out.
What is a coelomate?
They have a body cavity that completely surrounds the internal organs
What is a pseudocoelomate?
They have a body cavity that does not completely surround the internal organs
What are some characteristics of lophotrochozoans?
They have a lophophore which is a tentacle-lined organ for filter feeding Form trochophore larvae
How are neurons cells?
They have a plasma membrane that is impermeable to ions. They maintain different concentration of ions inside and outside the cell. Ion pumps and ion channels are responsible for generating membrane potentials
What is the amphibian/reptile circulatory system like?
They have a three chambered heart with 2 atria and 1 ventricle. They have separation of the pulmonery and systemic circuits and the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes. The process of contraction seems to separate most of the deoxygenatd blood from the oxygenated blood. First the deoxygenated blood from the tissues enters the right atrium from a major vein an is pumped into the single ventricle. Second, mixed oxygenated blood is pumped out of the common ventricle into separate arteries leading to the lungs and tissues. Third, the oxygenated blood from the lungs is pumped into the ventricle from the left atrium
What is unique about bird lungw?
They have a unidirectional air flow allows for increased oxygen uptake so birds are never exposed to air that's depleted of oxygen.
Explain how penguins would have more genetic diversity than us?
They have been around longer so they have more genetic diversity and genetic variation is based on the amount of time. We are "babies" compared to other species.
How are rod and cone cells modified neurons?
They have leaky sodium channels and they hyperpolarize when stimulated.
Why are insects so small?
They need surface area to exchange O2
HOw did the life cycles of plants change as they moved on land?
They now have 2 multicellular generations
Imagine that a scientist wants to create a new species of minion—one that is a cross between a shark and a wolf. To his dismay, when he introduces shark sperm and wolf eggs into a petri dish, no viable embryos form. Why? This is an example of behavioral isolation—the shark sperm do not perform the correct courtship rituals to fertilize the wolf eggs. This is due to selection among embryos favoring the pure shark and pure wolf lines. The wolf eggs and shark sperm are temporally separated. This could be an example of pre-zygotic isolation, where the proteins of the shark sperm and wolf eggs do not interact properly; however, this could also be an example of genetic incompatibility, where genomic differences between sharks and wolves prevent the formation of viable embryos. This must be due to post-zygotic isolation.
This could be an example of pre-zygotic isolation, where the proteins of the shark sperm and wolf eggs do not interact properly; however, this could also be an example of genetic incompatibility, where genomic differences between sharks and wolves prevent the formation of viable embryos.
imagine that a researcher claimed to have created a genetically modified plant that produces twice as much energy as it harnesses from its environment. How could this be possible? This is not possible because such a plant would violate the second law of thermodynamics. The researcher has inserted a mutation into the plant's genome that causes twice the amount of ATP to be produced. The researcher has found a way to decrease the overall entropy of the plant. The researcher has inserted genes into the plant's genome that increase the amount of work the plant is capable of performing. The researcher has likely doubled the amount of DNA present in the plant's genome.
This is not possible because such a plant would violate the second law of thermodynamics.
What is bulk transport?
This means by which molecules move through organisms at rates beyond those possible by diffusion
What were some of the characteristics of protein gel electrophoresis? This method can detect genetic variation in a variety of proteins, including enzymes and most transcription factors. This method can identify a variety of mutations in proteins—ones that affected protein mobility, structure or function. This method can only identify mutations in proteins that altered several amino acids. This method can identify mutations in non-coding DNA. This method can initially only detect genetic variation in enzymes, as only these proteins could be easily visualized on a gel.
This method can initially only detect genetic variation in enzymes, as only these proteins could be easily visualized on a gel.
A young boy is staring at the tropical fish tank in his mother's office. He reaches in and pulls out a fern-like plant. When he closely examines this plant, he notices it has very large cells with several dark spots. What is likely true of this plant? This plant is coenocytic; the dark spots are actually nuclei. It is coenocytic; the dark spots are symbiotic organisms. This is an example of a terrestrial tree-fern in the aquatic phase. Given the tropical environment, this plant is likely a fungus.
This plant is coenocytic; the dark spots are actually nuclei.
What are some examples of tropic hormones?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Lutenizing hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which individuals will win the competition?
Those with the best fitness who have the advantages to out-survive other populations such as reproductive advantages
How many experiments have been conducted worldwide to test Darwin's initial hypothesis regarding natural selection? one 50 thousands 500 100
Thousands
How many major branches are there on the evolutionary tree of life? three two one 12 six
Three
What does it mean to be triploplastic?
Three layers of tissue: ectoderm (outside layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and endoderm (inside layer)
How is much of the phylogeny of whole genomes of prokaryotes determined?
Through rRNA identification
How is CO2 taken up into the leaves?
Through the stromata
How do Chara corallina fertilize the egg?
Through the use of swimming sperm
How do organisms detect motion and gravity?
Through their lateral line or a statocyst
How does the endomembrane system communicate?
Through vesicles
Why are photosynthetic organisms diverse?
To be able to photosynthesis in many environments
What is the temporalmandibular joint used for?
To make the jaw open and close
What is seed dormancy controlled by?
Toughness of seed coat and the embryo's exposure to light and cold
What do glial cells not do?
Transmit electrical signals
Which of the following statements about transpiration is TRUE? Plants have no way of controlling water loss to transpiration. Transpiration is an active process, requiring ATP to pump water from the soil. Transpiration sets in motion the movement of water from the roots to the leaves. Transpiration is primarily an adaptation to cool plant leaves. Transpiration typically involves the loss of CO2 in addition to water.
Transpiration sets in motion the movement of water from the roots to the leaves.
Which of the following statements about transpiration is true? Transpiration sets in motion the movement of water from the roots to the leaves. Transpiration is an active process, requiring ATP to pump water from the soil. Transpiration is primarily an adaptation to cool plant leaves. Transpiration typically involves the loss of CO2 in addition to water. Plants have no way of controlling water loss to transpiration.
Transpiration sets in motion the movement of water from the roots to the leaves.
What is an example of antagonist muscles?
Triceps and biceps
What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?
Tropic hormones, growth hormones, and prolactin
What is the function of troponin in muscle contraction? Troponin has no function in muscle contraction. Troponin forms the cross-bridges between actin and myosin. Troponin slides past myosin, causing muscle shortening. Troponin moves tropomyosin from actin binding sites, allowing myosin to bind to actin.
Troponin moves tropomyosin from actin binding sites, allowing myosin to bind to actin.
Trout and amoebas are both heterotrophs, and can inhabit similar environments (for example, a freshwater pond). However, these organisms are very different when it comes to their shape and size. Why? Trout and amoebas utilize different sources of CO2. Trout and amoebas utilize different sources of C6H12O6 (or other organic compounds). Trout and amoebas utilize different sources of O2. Trout and amoebas have different metabolic pathways. Trout and amoebas are exposed to different environmental conditions, even when they inhabit the same pond.
Trout and amoebas utilize different sources of C6H12O6 (or other organic compounds).
A symbiont is an organism that lives in close association with another species. False True
True
Adaptive radiation is an acceleration of speciation and adaptation when there are a large number of ecological opportunities available. False True
True
Ganglia were the evolutionary precursor to the centralized concentration of neurons that we now call a brain. False True
True
What is radial symmetry?
Two equal halves cut in the center like cutting a pizza, many planes of symmetry
Which of the following represents genetic incompatibility? Two groups of snakes do not produce fertile offspring because they have a different number of chromosomes. Two groups of ladybugs do not produce offspring because they feed on different species of plants and do not encounter each other. Two groups of beetles do not produce offspring because they feed on the same plants in different parts of the world. Two groups of birds do not reproduce because of incompatible courtship behaviors.
Two groups of snakes do not produce fertile offspring because they have a different number of chromosomes.
What does it mean to be diploplastic?
Two layers of tissue: ectoderm (outside layer) and endoderm (inside layer)
What would heterozygous traits yield in a gel electrophoresis?
Two light bands
What are some characteristics of bivalves?
Two part shell (clams) Foot reduced in size and used for digging Well-developed gills Mantle is used as siphon to continually siphon water for gas exchange
What is the vesticular system made up of?
Two statocyst chambers and semicircular canals
What is parthenogenesis?
Unfertilized eggs give rise to new organisms
Which of the following statements regarding water flow in vascular plants is false? The rate of water flow through xylem conduits is affected by both their diameter and their length. Flow rate is proportional to the radius of the conduit raised to the fourth power. Water must cross pits to cross from one cell to another, adding resistance to flow. The rate at which water moves in plants depends on the number of conduits and their size. Vessels are much longer and wider than tracheids, thus their rate of water transport is much lower than that of tracheids due to increased resistance.
Vessels are much longer and wider than tracheids, thus their rate of water transport is much lower than that of tracheids due to increased resistance.
What are some processes that add CO2 to the atmosphere
Volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, cell respiration, deforestation, and the burning of fossil fuels
How does hair cell activation occur in the inner ear?
WHen no sound vibration are present, the basilar membrane is immobile. Next, the sound vibrations put the basilar membrane upward and the stereocilia bend against the tectorial membrane and set off an action potential. Lastly, the the downward motion of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial membrane bends the stereocilia in the opposite direction causing the hair cells to repolarize.
When does gasrulation and germ layer formation occur?
Weeks 3-8
What is the relationship between force and velocity?
When a muscle is actively lengthened it generates an increased force. A muscles force-generating ability varies inversely with its shortening velocity
What is vicariance derived speciation
When a physical barrier forms and species diverge from one another
What is co-speciation?
When two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and at the same time
What is reproductive isolation?
When two populations are too genetically different to reproduce with one another
What shows that speciation has occurred?
When two populations are unable to produce viable offspring
What is the function of the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule?
Where filtration occurs. Urea, water, and key solutes end up in the filtrate and enter the renal tubules.
What is a protostome?
Where the blastophore becomes a mouth
What is a deuterostome?
Where the blastophore becomes an anus
What is countercurrent exchange?
Where water and the blood flow in opposite directions.
An organism classified as a eukaryote could be: a photoautotroph or a photoheterotroph. a photoheterotroph or a chemoheterotroph. a chemoheterotroph or a photoautotroph. a chemoautotroph or a chemoheterotroph.
a chemoheterotroph or a photoautotroph.
How does current theory explain the origin of a nucleus in eukaryotic cells? A prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another cell and became specialized in DNA replication. A prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another cell and became specialized in DNA transcription. A prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another cell and became specialized in translation. While there are some competing theories on the origin of the nucleus, neither theory discussed in the text really explains the origin of the nucleus. None of the answer options is correct.`
While there are some competing theories on the origin of the nucleus, neither theory discussed in the text really explains the origin of the nucleus.
How does current theory explain the origin of a nucleus in eukaryotic cells? A prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another cell and became specialized in translation. A prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another cell and became specialized in DNA replication. None of the answer options is correct. A prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another cell and became specialized in DNA transcription. While there are some competing theories on the origin of the nucleus, neither theory discussed in the text really explains the origin of the nucleus.
While there are some competing theories on the origin of the nucleus, neither theory discussed in the text really explains the origin of the nucleus.
WHat is fertilized first the zygote or the endosperm?
Zygote
In the green algae Coleochaete and Chara, how many sets of chromosomes does the zygote have and how many sets of chromosomes does the photosynthetic organisms have?
Zygote is diploid Photosynthetic organisms is haploid
What are the steps of cleavage?
Zygote, two-cell stage, four-cell stage, and morula
Which of the following organisms is considered a primary consumer? a holly bush algae a toadstool a grasshopper a cougar
a grasshopper
To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, an outgroup is needed in order to: determine which characteristics to include in our analysis. determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived. decide which molecular data to use. decide which characters are analogous and which are homologous. All of these choices are correct.
determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived.
Which of the following terms describes the process by which a fertilized egg develops into a multicellular organism with many different cell types, each with different structures and functions? adhesion communication embryology development
development
The early evolution of land plants occurred in moist lowland habitats, then about 400 million years ago they moved to the interiors of continents. Which of the following characteristics likely contributed to the colonization of continental regions further from standing water? ability to perform photosynthesis development of vascular tissue for bulk flow absorption of water through diffusion on photosynthetic tissue cell-cell adhesion which provide structural support for multicellularity
development of vascular tissue for bulk flow
The Permian mass extinction is hypothesized to have been caused by volcanic eruptions resulting in: ocean acidification. global warming and lack of oxygen. lack of oxygen. global warming, lack of oxygen in seawater, and ocean acidification. global warming.
global warming, lack of oxygen in seawater, and ocean acidification.
Muscle force is increased by increasing: motor neuron firing rate. the distance between muscle fibers. the number of activated motor units. the motor neuron firing rate and the number of activated motor units.
the motor neuron firing rate and the number of activated motor units.
