BIOL260 CH. 18

Early pregnancy tests used an immunoprecipitation reaction to determine pregnancy. Which of the following is most likely true about the rationale for developing the test? A) Scientists found an antibody produced only in pregnant women. B) Scientists produced an antibody against an antigen produced during pregnancy. C) Scientists discovered a disease always associated with pregnancy. D) Scientists learned that pregnant women have a more active immune system. E) Scientists learned that pregnant women have a less active immune system.

B) Scientists produced an antibody against an antigen produced during pregnancy.

Which of the following techniques uses a laser? A) ELISA B) Fluorescence-activated cell sorter C) RIA D) Western blot E) All of these choices are correct.

B) Fluorescence-activated cell sorter

You are a researcher investigating a newly described viral disease that causes a deadly illness in North American deer. Unfortunately, due the nature of the disease, extremely low concentrations (titers) of antibody are produced against this virus by infected animals. What technique would be most effective confirming that an animal is infected with this virus? A) microscopic observation of tissues B) indirect ELISA C) complement fixation test D) agglutination reaction E) immunoelectrophoresis

B) indirect ELISA

The intentional introduction of an inactive or avirulent strain of a pathogen into a host for the purpose of inducing an immune response is called A) passage. B) vaccination. C) etiolation. D) epitopation. E) apoptosis.

B) vaccination.

Which of the following assays is commonly used to detect antibodies against HIV? A) Radioallergosorbent test B) Indirect fluorescent antibody test C) Western blot D) Complement fixation test E) Direct agglutination test

C) Western blot

Which of the following assays is commonly used to detect antibodies against HIV? A) Radioallergosorbent test. B) Indirect fluorescent antibody test. C) Western blot. D) Complement fixation test. E) Direct agglutination test.

C) Western blot.

Precipitation reactions require A) excess antigen. B) excess antibody. C) an optimal proportion of antibodies and antigen. D) complement. E) double diffusion gel.

C) an optimal proportion of antibodies and antigen.

What type of immunity is induced by the hepatitis B vaccine? A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) None of these choices are correct.

C) artificially acquired active immunity

Which of the following types of vaccines does not usually require repeated booster doses? A) inactivated whole agent B) subunit C) attenuated D) recombinant E) toxoid

C) attenuated

Vaccines are currently under development for all of the following EXCEPT: A) HIV. B) cancer. C) hepatitis B. D) genital herpes. E) All of these choices are correct.

C) hepatitis B.

Why is passive immunization of rabies preferred over active immunization with an attenuated virus? A) Passive immunization lasts longer. B) The rabies virus cannot be made into a vaccine. C) Passive immunizations are less expensive. D) Active vaccines could accidentally produce the fatal disease. E) Active vaccines do not produce antibodies.

D) Active vaccines could accidentally produce the fatal disease.

Infants that are protected against a particular human virus through antibodies in their mother's milk possess A) artificially acquired, passive immunity. B) naturally acquired, active immunity. C) artificially acquired, active immunity. D) naturally acquired, passive immunity. E) naturally acquired, neutral immunity.

D) naturally acquired, passive immunity.

The change from negative serum without specific antibodies to serum positive for specific antibodies is called A) immunoassay. B) serology. C) immunochange. D) seroconversion. E) immunoconversion.

D) seroconversion.

Monoclonal antibodies are specific for three epitopes. A) True B) False

B) False

An adjuvant is a substance that increases the immune response to antigens. A) True B) False

A) True

Which of the following contribute to protecting an infant from infection during its first few months of life? 1. IgA, 2. monoclonal antibodies, 3. IgG, 4. passive immunity, 5. IgE A) 1,3 B) 1,3,4 C) 1,3,5 D) 2,3 E) 1,2,3,5

B) 1,3,4

After initial exposure to a pathogen and the illness it causes, long-term protection against the pathogen is maintained by which of the following cells? A) T-Helper B) B-memory C) Plasma D) Macrophages E) NK

B) B-memory

Agricultural biotechnology companies are developing plants that produce edible vaccines against cattle diseases. Critics have many arguments against using feed to vaccinate animals. One major argument presented by veterinarians would probably be A) animals would eventually be unable to fight off the disease naturally. B) the vaccine would be digested before it works. C) it would be hard to detect animals that are infected from animals that are vaccinated. D) it would not produce mucosal protection. E) the vaccines can produce the disease in cattle.

C) it would be hard to detect animals that are infected from animals that are vaccinated.

Which of the following is NOT a new type of vaccine currently under development? A) edible vaccines B) DNA vaccines C) lipid vaccines D) cancer vaccines E) All of these choices are correct.

C) lipid vaccines

Attenuated vaccines are used against all of the following diseases EXCEPT: A) mumps. B) shingles. C) pertussis. D) yellow fever. E) rotavirus.

C) pertussis.

Due to vigorous worldwide vaccination programs, which of the following diseases have been eradicated? A) measles B) chickenpox C) smallpox D) polio E) No viral diseases have been eradicated worldwide.

C) smallpox

Which of the following diseases has been eradicated from the human population? A) measles B) chickenpox C) smallpox D) polio E) No viral diseases have been eradicated worldwide.

C) smallpox

Which of the following has not had success with a vaccine? A) Small pox B) Measles C) Rubella D) Diphtheria E) All of these are correct.

E) All of these are correct.

Which of the following statements about agglutination is FALSE? A) Agglutination reactions are easier to see than precipitation reactions. B) Hemagglutination inhibition assays can be used to detect antibodies against viruses that cause hemagglutination. C) Agglutination reactions involve large particles. D) In indirect agglutination tests, antibodies are first attached to latex beads or other particles. E) All of these are correct.

E) All of these are correct.

Which of the following statements about attenuated vaccines is TRUE? A) They are used to protect against chickenpox, mumps, measles, and rubella. B) They are less safe than inactivated vaccines for pregnant women. C) They may revert to virulent strains. D) If given orally they may induce mucosal immunity. E) All of these choices are correct.

E) All of these choices are correct.

A study shows that experienced teachers are less likely than new teachers to get sick from ill children. What is the most probable explanation for this observation? A) New teachers are younger and get more childhood illnesses. B) Experienced teachers develop better innate immunity. C) Experienced teachers become ill less often because they are less stressed. D) New teachers are less likely to be vaccinated against diseases. E) Experienced teachers have likely had more exposure to sick children in the past and more opportunity for natural immunization to illnesses.

E) Experienced teachers have likely had more exposure to sick children in the past and more opportunity for natural immunization to illnesses.

Which of the following statements about smallpox is FALSE? A) Powdered scabs from smallpox patients were used to induce immunity as early as 1,000 A.D. B) Smallpox killed or left scars on most of its victims. C) Edward Jenner used material from cowpox lesions to vaccinate against smallpox. D) Smallpox only infects humans. E) None of these choices are false.

E) None of these choices are false.

Which of the following statements about smallpox is FALSE? A) Powdered scabs from smallpox patients were used to induce immunity as early as 1,000 A.D.. B) Smallpox killed or left scars on most of its victims. C) Edward Jenner used material from cowpox lesions to vaccinate against smallpox. D) Smallpox only infects humans. E) None of these choices are false.

E) None of these choices are false.

Which of the following disease/infectious agent uses a toxoid vaccine? A) Hepatitis A B) Anthrax C) Influenza D) Measles E) Tetanus

E) Tetanus

Which of the following statements about indirect ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody tests is FALSE? A) They are used to detect antibodies against specific antigens. B) They may require a fluorescent compound to be attached to antibodies. C) They may require that an enzyme to be attached to antibodies. D) They require a second antibody that binds to human antibody. E) They require an agarose support.

E) They require an agarose support.