IT 214 Exam 1
Principle of utility
An action is right (or wrong) to the extent that it increases (or decreases) the total happiness of the affected parties
What does the First Amendment protect?
Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition
Freedom of expression
Not an absolute right, those who abuse it will be punished
trade secrets
a confidential piece of intellectual property that provides a company with a competitive advantage
Google books
a database containing the words in all books from certain universities
Blog
a personal journal or diary kept on the web
Web filter
a piece of software that prevents certain web pages from being displayed by your browser
Negative right
a right that another can guarantee by leaving you alone to exercise your right (freedom of expression)
Absolute Right
a right that is guaranteed without exception
Positive right
a right that obligates others to do something on your behalf (free education)
Wiki
a website that allows multiple people to contribute and edit its content
Trademark
a word, symbol, picture, sound, or color used by a business to identify goods
Open source software
alternative way of distributing software where 1. there are no restrictions preventing others from selling or giving away the software 2. source code must be included in distribution or easily accessible 3. No restrictions preventing people from modifying source 4. No restrictions on how to use software 5. Rights apply to everyone receiving re-distributions of the software 6. license cannot put restrictions on other software that is part of the same distribution
Utilitarianism
an action is good if its benefits exceed its harms, and an action is bad if its harms exceed its benefits
Society
an association of people organized under a system of rules designed to advance the good of its members over time
Crowdsourcing
an online method of getting goods or services from a large group of people
Apple's FairPlay
blocked users from freely exchanging music they had purchased by preventing songs from being played on more than five computers or being copied onto CDs more than seven times
Copyright Act of 1790
caused both the length of copyright protection and the kinds of intellectual property that can be copyrighted to grow dramatically
Intellectual property
creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names and images used in commerce
RIAA and napster
in 1999, RIAA sued Napster for copyright infringement; Napster could not block attempted transfers of copyrighted material, so they were shut down
Enlightenment view of addiction
individuals, as rational beings, have the capacity and the obligation to use their critical judgment to govern their lives
Fair use
it is legal to reproduce a copyrighted work without the permission of the copyright holder
Mobile apps allow users with
little or no formal computer training to access the Internet
John Locke
people have a natural right to the things they have removed from Nature through their own labor; certain rights granted to all people
Ethical egoism
philosophy that each person should focus exclusively on his or her self-interest
Ethical Point of View
respect other people and their core values
Morality
rules of conduct describing what people ought and ought not to do in various situations
Sexting
sending sexually suggestive text messages or emails containing nude or nearly nude photographs
2005 Sony BMG Music Entertainment
shipped millions of audio CDS with Extended Copy Protection, which monitored user's listening habits and reported to Sony by installing a rootkit: a way of hiding files from users, usually in hacking
Why is the volume of spam increasing?
spam is effective and lower cost
Censorship
the attempt to suppress or regulate public access to material considered offensive or harmful
Ethics
the philosophical study of morality, a rational examination into people's moral beliefs and behavior
Cyberbullying
the use of the Internet or the phone system to inflict psychological harm on another person
Ethical objectivism
the view that there are universal and objectively valid moral principles that are relative neither to the individual nor to society
What does a relativist claim?
there are no universal moral norms of right and wrong
Spam
unsolicited bulk email
Why are college students more likely to encounter identity theft?
use lots of digital devices, don't secure with strong passwords, post personal info on social media, leave personal items unlocked or out
Consequentialist
when something focuses on the consequences of an action