biology 116 chapter 16

What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine system?

both the nervous and endocrine systems share a goal to preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissue, organs, and systems.

16.3 Identify the organs and tissues of the endocrine system and the key functions of the hormones they secrete.

main organs: -hypothalamus: secretes hormones involved with fluid balance, smooth muscle contraction, and the control of hormone secretions by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. -pituitary gland: regulates adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, and reproductive organs and hormones that stimulate melanin production. -Thyroid glands: secrete hormones that affect the metabolic rate and calcium ion levels in body fluids -adrenal glands: release epinephrine and norepinephrine during synaptic activation -pancreatic islets: secretes hormones that regulate glucose uptake and utilization by body tissue. -pineal glands: secretes melatonin which affects reproductive functions and helps establish circadian - parathyroid glands: regulate calcium ion levels in body fluids Secondary organs: Heart: secretes hormones involved in regulating blood volume. Thymus: regulates in stimulating and coordinating the immune response. Digestive tract: coordinating system functions, glucose metabolism, and appetite. kidneys: gonads:

List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans.

maintain circadian rhythms, affect the timing of sexual maturation, and protect against damage of free radicals.

Increased amounts of light would inhibit the production of which hormone?

melatonin

Identify three main causes of hormone hyposecretion.

metabolic factors, physical damage, and congenital disorders

Identify some clinical problems associated with diabetes mellitus

some clinical problems are diabetic retinopathy, blockage of the heart circulations , heart attach

What is the effect of increased glucagon levels on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver?

stimulates glycogen to glucose

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is there a collapse of vital systems?

the collapse of virtual systems occurs during the exhaustion phase of the general adaption syndrome.

16.2 Explain the chemical classification of hormones.

thyroid hormones (Thyroid hormones), Catecholamines ( epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine), Tryptophan Derivatives (melatonin), Prohormones, Eicosanoids ( leukotrienes, prostaglandins), Steroid Hormones (estrogens and progesterone, androgens)

What kind of effect do hormones have if they produce different but complimentary effects?

integrative effects

16.1 Describe the similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems and their specific modes of intercellular communication.

-Both systems rely on the release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors on their target cells. -The two systems share chemical messengers; for example, norepinephrine and epinephrine are called hormones when released into the bloodstream, but they are called neurotransmitters when released across synapses. -both are regulated by negative feedback control mechanisms.

Define hormone receptor

A hormone receptor is a protein molecule, located either on the plasma membrane or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone.

Define synergistic effect

A synergistic effect is when two hormones have an effect where the net result is greater than the sum of the hormones' individual effects.

Describe the structural classification of hormones.

Amino acid (thyroid hormones, catecholamines, Tryptophan Derivatives) Peptide hormone (glycoproteins or short polypeptide chains) which are chains of amino acids that are synthesized as prohormones. and lipid derivatives (eicosanoids and steroid hormones) which contain carbon rings and side chains that are built from fatty acids or cholesterol

Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm?

Steroid hormones diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to plasma membrane and bind to intracellular or nucleus.

Name the regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep.

The regions adrenal capsule, adrenal cortex, and the adrenal medulla. The zones: zona g, zona f, and zona r

Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus.

The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance.

Differentiate between a first and second messenger.

a first messenger is a hormone whose binding to a protein receptor in the plasma membrane gives rise to a second messenger in the cytoplasm. a second messenger changes the rate of various metabolic reactions by acting as an enzymes activator, inhibitor or a cofactor.

List the three phases of the stress response.

alarm phase, resistance phase, exhaustion phase

What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration?

aldosteronism

Identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each.

alpha cells- glucagon, beta cells- insulin, pancreatic polypeptide or pp- pancreatic polypeptide hormone

Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in negative feedback response?

antagonistic effect

What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose levels?

elevated glucose levels

Define the prefixes hyper and hypo in the context of endocrine disorders.

hyper- excessive hypo inadequate

The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentrations?

insulin

Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland.

pinacocytes