Biology - Biotechnology, BIOLOGY DFGHUIOLP:"DFGHJKL:"RHJKL:", Big Biology Test, BIology protein, Biology Biology Biology, Mendelian Genetics, biology iportant, Biology Reproduction, Biology ~ Viruses
If meiosis continues in this case and produces gametes, what statement concerning their genetic variability would be MOST accurate? A)Genetic variability would increase because of insertion.B)Genetic variability would increase because of crossing over.C)Genetic variability would decrease because of translocation.D)There would be no change in the genetic variability in this case.
.B)Genetic variability would increase because of crossing over
Red flowers (dominant) crossed with white flowers (recessive) can yield pink flowers. Pink is the heterozygous condition in a trait that shows incomplete dominance. If pink flowers are crossed with white flowers, assuming random chromosome segregation, what percentage is expected to be red flowers?
0%
The building of proteins, or translation, occurs on which number-labeled organelle?
1
1) Ability to reproduce independently 2) Can have a DNA genome 3) May mutate and evolve 4) Not made of cells 5) Protein coat instead of membrane 6)The ability to grow which ones are only living organism characteristics?
1) ability to reproduce independently (asexual) (remember viruses rely on hosts to give them energy to reproduce) 6) the ability to grow
Ex of a phenotypic ratio when there is a red flower 2 pink flowers and a white flower
1:2:1
Example of a phenotypic ratio with a RR 2 RWs and 1 WW
1:3:1
1) Ability to reproduce independently 2) Can have a DNA genome 3) May mutate and evolve 4) Not made of cells 5) Protein coat instead of membrane 6)The ability to grow which ones are both virus and living organism characteristics?
2) Can have a DNA genome 3) May mutate and evolve
In rabbits, the allele for black fur, B, is dominant over the allele for brown fur, b.Calculate the probability of a homozygous dominant (BB) offspring resulting from a cross between two parents with the genotype Bb.
25%
When Mendel's first generation pea plants were allowed to self-pollinate, the ratio of tall (dominant) to short (recessive) plants in the second generation was
3:1
1) Ability to reproduce independently 2) Can have a DNA genome 3) May mutate and evolve 4) Not made of cells 5) Protein coat instead of membrane 6)The ability to grow which ones are only virus characteristics?
4) Not made of cells 5) Protein coat instead of membrane
The heterozygous condition of sickle cell anemia results in resistance to malaria. If a homozygous normal father and a heterozygous mother have a child, what are the chances of that child being resistant to malaria but not having sickle cell anemia?
50%
According to reports by National Public Radio, sales of products labeled Non-GMO have more than doubled over the past two years, jumping from $7 billion to $16 billion. At the same time, organic foods have also been gaining in popularity, though at a much slower rate. What do you know about GMO's? All organic foods contain GMO ingredients, as set forth in USDA guidelines. 85% of the U.S. corn is GMO; modified to be resistant to herbicides. The U.S. does not require that GMO foods be labelled as such. Example of GMO: cross-pollinating plants for a desired trait. Technology now allows us to transfer genes between organisms of different species and even kingdoms. Extensive testing has been conducted on GMO-foods to ensure that there will be no adverse allergic reactions or health risks.
85% of the U.S. corn is GMO; modified to be resistant to herbicides. The U.S. does not require that GMO foods be labelled as such. Technology now allows us to transfer genes between organisms of different species and even kingdoms.
base (biology)
A general name for the nitrogen-containing organic group present in nucleic acids. There are four different bases in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil (U).
nucleic acid
A macro molecule that holds cell information in a coded form. (ex. DNA and RNA)
Who has a higher change of being affected by x-linked recessive traits a mape or a female?
A male
VIRUS
A microscopic parasite that infects cells in biological organisms.
Insertion
A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
silent mutation
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
nonsense mutation
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
Which example represents a DISADVANTAGE of asexual reproduction?
A single antibiotic is able to quickly and easily kill millions of genetically identical bacteria.
codon
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
This question is debated among scientists throughout the world.Viewpoint #1 - Man's initial interest in viruses began with their association with disease. The word "virus" has its origins in the Latin term for "poison." In the late 19th century, scientific researchers discovered agents that behaved like bacteria causing diseases such as rabies and hoof-and-mouth, but were much smaller. Like bacteria, viruses contain one of two nucleic acids: DNA or RNA It was apparent that these particles could be spread from one person to another, with serious consequences: illness and death. At this time it became the general view that viruses were biologically "alive," the simplest of all life on Earth.An important characteristic of life is the response to stimuli. Scientists noted that viruses may exist in two distinct states. When not in contact with a host cell, the virus remains entirely dormant. Today, this is called the lysogenic cycle. During this time there are no biological activities occurring and the virus is nothing more than a static particle. Viruses can remain in this non-living state for extended periods of time, waiting to come into contact with the appropriate host. When the virus comes into contact with the appropriate host, it becomes active, reacts to its environment and/or host and directs all its efforts toward self-replication. This cycle is referred to as the lytic cycle. The viral goal now is to produce more viruses that then attack more host cells.Viewpoint #2 - In 1935 scientists discovered and crystalized the virus responsible for the tobacco mosaic virus. They further demonstrated that the particles lacked any mechanisms necessary for metabolic function. Researchers were also able to determine, at this time, that viruses consisted of a nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell. Once again, the scientific view changed: viruses may be complex biochemical mechanisms but they are not alive.Viruses apparently parasitize the biomolecular aspects of life. They depend on the host cell for the raw materials and energy necessary for nucleic acid and protein synthesis, as well as all other biochemical activities that allow the virus to multiply and spread. Most simple life forms use cell division to reproduce, while viruses spontaneously assemble within cells. One might then conclude that even though these processes come under viral direction, viruses are simply nonliving parasites of other life forms.The simple question of whether or not viruses are alive, has defied a simple answer because it raises the fundamental issue: What defines life? Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), infects humans and produces most cold sores. The virus is contagious. Herpes simplex can be spread through contact with saliva, such as sharing drinks. HSV-1 persists in the body by becoming latent and hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies of neurons. After the initial or primary infection, some infected people experience sporadic episodes of viral reactivation or outbreaks. How would scientists with Viewpoint #1 respond to the description the herpes virus?
A virus is alive; it can respond and/or adapt to changes in the environment
In humans, curly hair is dominant over straight hair. Which cross below has the correct probabilities listed? A)a woman heterozygous for hair curl, a man heterozygous for hair curl will produce 25% straight hair, 75% curly hair B)a woman homozygous recessive for hair curl, a man homozygous recessive for hair curl will produce: 100% curly hair C)a woman heterozygous for hair curl, a man homozygous recessive for hair curl will produce: 75% straight hair, 25% curly hair D)a woman homozygous dominant for hair curl, a man homozygous recessive for hair curl will produce: 50% straight hair & 50% curly hair
A)a woman heterozygous for hair curl, a man heterozygous for hair curl will produce 25% straight hair, 75% curly hair
Sexual reproduction promotes genetic variation. One way variation occurs is via the production of gametes during meiosis. Sexual organisms are the product of sperm and egg, receiving chromosomes from both parents. But what mechanisms are at work during meiosis to promote genetic variation? Review the prompt and select all that apply. A. crossing over B. genetic drift C. law of dominance D. random segregation E. independent assortment
A. crossing over D. random segregation E. independent assortment
This bonds to thymine (T) in DNA.
Adenine
4 bases of dna
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What part of the cell theory most implies that viruses, for all of their similarities to living cells, cannot be considered a life form according to definition?
All living things are made of cells
Start with the P generation with the following genotypes (AA x aa). Based on classical Mendelian inheritance, how will a cross between two homozygous parents, one dominant and one recessive, influence future generations? A)The F1 generation will show an even split between the dominant phenotype and the recessive phenotype. B)The F1 generation will all show the dominant trait and future crosses will continue to produce genotypes expressing the dominant trait. C)Although the F1 generation will all show the dominant trait, the offspring will all be heterozygous and increase chances of future variation. D)The F1 generation will show a mix of the dominant phenotype and recessive phenotype and over generations the recessive trait will increase in number.
Although the F1 generation will all show the dominant trait, the offspring will all be heterozygous and increase chances of future variation.
protein
An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
put the following characteristics in groups of asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, and both. 2 daughter cells, 4 daughter cells, cell divides once, celll divides twice, dna replicates, growth and repair.
Asexual: 2 Daughter cells, cell divides once, growth and repair. Sexual: 4 Daughter cells, cell divides twice. Both: DNA replicates.
Yeast cells reproduce quickly by budding. This is a form of ___________ reproduction so all the yeast cells ____________.
Asexual; are identical
Yeast cells reproduce quickly by budding. This is a form of ___________ reproduction so all the yeast cells _______________
Asexual; are identical
What do you do if a sex linked trait doesn't tell you if its recessive or dominant?
Assume it's recessive unless told otherwise
Based on the pedigree chart, what should you assume about the parental generation? A)The father was a carrier for a sex-linked disease. B)The mother was a carrier for a sex-linked disease.
B) the mother was a carrier for a sex-linked disease
In a classic experiment using pea shape, Mendel conducted two separate genetic crosses. In the first cross the parent plants were "true breeding" for pea shape; one had round peas ( R )and the other had wrinkled (r). The first cross produced a filial 1 generation of all round peas. In the second cross, Mendel bred plants from the filial 1 generation. This cross produced different results. Out of approximately 1000 plants, about 75% were round and 25% were wrinkled.From these experiments, Mendel developed four hypotheses. They include all BUT A)one heritable factor may be dominant and mask the other factor. B)any organism that "shows" a heritable factor must be homozygous. C)an organism has two "heritable factors", now called genes, one from each parent. D)a sperm or egg carries only one heritable factor for each trait in the offspring.
B)any organism that "shows" a heritable factor must be homozygous.
All BUT one of these occur during metaphase I of meiosis. Which of these would NOT occur during the metaphase I phase of meiosis? A)independent assortment of the homologous pairs B)sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles C)spindle fibers attached to the centromere of the chromosomes D)homologous pairs of chromosomes lined up along the equator of the cell
B)sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles
All BUT one of these occur during metaphase I of meiosis. Which of these would NOT occur during the metaphase I phase of meiosis? A)independent assortment of the homologous pairs B)sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles C)spindle fibers attached to the centromere of the chromosomes D)homologous pairs of chromosomes lined up along the equator of the cell
B)sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles
While conducting experiments with E. coli, Meselson and Stahl established that during DNA replication, each of the two strands that compose the double helix were used as a template for the new strands of DNA. The scientists described the replication method as semi-conservative. Explain what this means in terms of DNA replication.
Base pairing would result in two double-stranded DNA molecules that would include one parental or old strand and one daughter or new strand.
A simplified model of protein synthesis is shown here. How might this model be revised to show a more accurate depiction of protein synthesis?
Between processes 1 and 2, the mRNA must be modified before leaving the nucleus.
Honors Biology ~ Pedigrees Elyse
Biology Unit E test study guide
Are viruses alive? This question is debated among scientists throughout the world. Consider the following passage. Scientific researchers discovered agents that behaved like bacteria causing diseases such as rabies and hoof-and-mouth, but were much smaller. Viruses exist in two distinct states. When not in contact with a host cell, the virus remains entirely dormant. During this time there are no biological activities occurring and the virus is nothing more than a static organic particle. In this state viruses can remain for extended periods of time, waiting to come into contact with the appropriate host. When the virus comes into contact with the appropriate host, it becomes active, reacts to its environment and/or host and directs its efforts toward self-replication. The viral goal now is to produce more viruses to attack host cells. The debate regarding viruses continue. According to this passage, some consider viruses to be alive because they A)reproduce.B)cause disease.C)respond to stimuli.D)contains DNA or RNA.
C) respond to stimuli
In pea plants, round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seed color (Y) is dominant to green seed color (y) . The gene for seed shape and the gene for seed color follow the law of independent assortment and are not sex-linked. In a cross between two RrYy parents, predict the fraction of offspring with round, yellow seeds.
C)9/16
A researcher observes that a ribosome attached to an mRNA molecule as it is being produced, allowing for the processes of transcription and translation to occur simultaneously in a cell. In what cell type is the researcher likely making this observation?
C)Cyanobacteria, a prokaryote
I. deletionII. nondisjunctionIII. replicationIV. transformation Which of these processes can be associated with producing genetic abnormalities? A)I onlyB)I and III onlyC)I, II, III, and IVD)none of these cause genetic abnormalities
C)I, II, III, and IV
Approximately twenty plant species provide about 90% of the world's food. All major food crops, including corn, wheat, and soybeans, are becoming more and more genetically modified (GM) and exhibit less and less genetic variation. The crops we grow are drought tolerant and able to withstand herbicide spraying. They are more resistant to insect pests. One wild relative of corn called milpilla or Zea diploperennis, is exceptionally disease-resistant and is the only perennial in the corn family. Zea diploperennis grows on only one mountain in western Mexico. There are conflicting opinions about the use of GM crops. Imagine this scenario:Today we are faced with diseases we have never had to combat before; HIV-AIDS, ebola. Imagine our agricultural corn crops are hit by a similar virulent pathogen; one that attacks members of the Zea species. Given the history of corn in the western hemisphere, what would be the best strategy for survival of the Zea species? A)Conduct research to find a way to kill the pathogen. B)Decrease the gene variation in favor of more GM corn varieties. C)Increase genetic variation and breed plants to contain the wild variety .D)Conduct research to find a natural predator of the disease-causing pathogen..
C)Increase genetic variation and breed plants to contain the wild variety
How many possible genotypes and phenotypes are there for a single gene trait that shows dominance in any given population?
C)Three genotypes, two phenotypes
At the end of meiosis II, how does the DNA in each of the four new cells compare to the DNA from the original cell? A)half as much and genetically the same as the original B)twice as much and genetically the same as the original C)half as much and genetically different from the original D)twice as much and genetically different from the original
C)half as much and genetically different from the original
During DNA replication, what would be the complementary strand to the original DNA segment of GCTAAT?
CGATTA
All BUT one of the following are involved in the transfer of a genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosome. That is
CO2
Translocation
Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.
: This is the structure in the cell nucleus that houses a cell's genetic information.
Chromosomes
This is a 3 letter sequence of DNA or messenger RNA code that stands for one amino acid in a protein.
Codon
This bonds to guanine (G) in DNA.
Cytosine
During meiosis chromosomes move randomly to separate poles. A human gamete will end up with 23 chromosomes after meiosis, but ________________ assures that each gamete will have one of many different combinations of chromosomes. A)law of dominance B)meiotic divisions C)reduction division D)independent assortment
D) Independent assortment
Translation and protein synthesis is occurring at the ribosome. If the tRNA anticodon being matched at the ribosome is AUG, what would be the matching mRNA codon? A)AUGB)TACC)TAGD)UAC
D) UAC
A species of mice can have long or short tails. If you crossed a male mouse which is heterozygous and has a long tail with a female mouse with a short tail, what would the expected phenotypic outcome be and why? A)100% long tails due to the Law of Dominance. B)There is no way to predict the phenotypic ratio since one of the parents is heterozygous. C)75% long tails and 25% short tails because the dominant allele for long tail still masks the recessive short tail allele. D)50% long tails and 50% short tails because the heterozygous genotype increases the percentage of offspring that might show the recessive phenotype, short tail.
D)50% long tails and 50% short tails because the heterozygous genotype increases the percentage of offspring that might show the recessive phenotype, short tail.
The image is showing two possible ways non-homologous chromosomes may line up during metaphase 1 of meiosis 1. Which of Mendel's laws is this image depicting?
D)Mendel's law of independent assortment
Tay-Sachs Disease (TSD) is a neurological disease that is autosomal recessive. If a mother and father are both unaffected carriers for this gene, what will be true of their offspring? A)All will be homozygous for the disease. B)All will be heterozygous for the disease. C)There is a 75% chance that each child would have the disease. D)There is a 25% chance that each child would have the disease.
D)There is a 25% chance that each child would have the disease.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Which process MUST occur before mitosis and meiosis can occur?
DNA Replication
Translation and protein synthesis are taking place at the ribosome in this illustration. Where did the original instructions for this process originate?
DNA in nucleus
Both viruses and organisms contain what?
DNA or RNA. These are needed for the genetic code of proteins. Without an information code, viruses and organisms cannot copy themselves and continue.
Central Dogma of molecular biology
DNA to RNA to protein1. The DNA replicates its information in a process involving many enzymes (replication).2. The DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) (Transcription) In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is processed (splicing) and migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.3. mRNA carries coded information to ribosomes. The ribosomes "read" this information and use it for protein synthesis (Translation).
A genetic mutation caused by the loss of a chromosomal segment.
Deletion
This is an organism or cell with two sets of chromosomes.
Diploid
Are viruses alive? This question is debated among scientists throughout the world. Consider the following passage. Scientific researchers discovered agents that behaved like bacteria causing diseases such as rabies and hoof-and-mouth, but were much smaller. At this time it became the general view that viruses were biologically "alive." This perception changed in 1935 when the tobacco mosaic virus was crystallized and scientists demonstrated that the particles lacked any mechanisms necessary for metabolic function. It was determined that viruses consisted of a nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell and the scientific view changed: viruses are complex biochemical mechanisms but not alive. According to the passage, the MOST IMPORTANT evidence supporting the opinion that viruses are not alive is that they...
Do not have cellular structure
DNA stores the information needed to build and control the cell. The transmission of this information from mother to daughter cells is called vertical gene transfer and it occurs through the process of DNA replication. Use the model to explain how the structure of DNA faciltates the process of DNA replication?
During DNA replication, the molecule unzips and each side provides a template for the new side of the ladder following the base pair rule.
Law of segregation
During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other, so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
law of independent assortment
Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
Josh is assigned a project in class to make a strand of m-RNA from DNA.The DNA code that he has been assigned is CGG TCG AGT GAT. What would be the correct code for Josh to use in his transcription?
GCC AGC UCA CUA
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. How is biotechnology being used in the fields of medicine, forensics, or agriculture? Choose ALL that apply. Gel electrophoresis is used for the separation and analysis of DNA, RNA and proteins, based on their size and charge. In the future, scientists hope gene therapy will allow doctors to treat a genetic disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery. DNA sequencing may be used along with DNA profiling methods for forensic identification and paternity testing. Gene therapy is currently being used to correct genetic mutations by inserting functional genes in their place. Therapeutic cloning could allow an individual's own cells to be used to treat or cure that person's disease, without risk of introducing foreign cells that may be rejected.
Gel electrophoresis is used for the separation and analysis of DNA, RNA and proteins, based on their size and charge. DNA sequencing may be used along with DNA profiling methods for forensic identification and paternity testing. Therapeutic cloning could allow an individual's own cells to be used to treat or cure that person's disease, without risk of introducing foreign cells that may be rejected.
I. deletionII. nondisjunctionIII. replicationIV. transformation Which of these processes can be associated with producing genetic abnormalities?
I. II. III. AND IV.
This is a trait that is a blend of the dominant and recessive gene: tall X short = medium height
Incomplete dominance
This is a type of mutation that occurs when a nucleotide base pair is added into a genetic sequence.
Insertion
Cell Cycle Diagram
Interphase(G1 cell grows. S-Phase DNA is replicated or synthesized. G2 Prepares for mitosis) M Phase (Prophase nuclear membrane dissapears. Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle. Anaphase Chromosomes seperate and move away. Telophase Nuclear memberane comes back and chromosmomes dissapear. Cytokenisis Cytoplasm splits 2 new cells.
This reverses a segment within a chromosome.
Inversion
How does a viruses lytic cycle occur?
It occurs when the virus replicates in a host cell
How does a viruses lysogenic cycle occur?
It occurs when viral DNA incorporates itself into the cell"s DNA and multiplies when the cell multiplies
According to Mendel's _______________, one copy of a gene is passed randomly from each parent to their offspring. This is why gametes have half the usual number of chromosomes.The ______________ states that different genes are not connected. In other words, the gene for eye color is not influenced by, nor does it influence, the gene for hair color. This allows gametes to form with a random mixture of traits.The cell division that creates gametes according to these principles is known as __________.
Law of Segregation; Law of Independent Assortment; meiosis
Genes for different traits assort independently of one another in the formation of gametes.
Law of independent assortment
All individuals have two alleles for a given trait. According to Mendel's ____________, these alleles are passed down one each from both mother and father.
Law of segregation
The two members of a gene pair (alleles) separate from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele.
Law of segregation
In the diagram shown, ___________ are represented by the squares.
Males
On the graphs what do squares represent
Males
This is a process where a parent cell divides into four sex cells with half the chromosomes.
Meiosis
If we examine the diagrams of mitosis and meiosis, we see that in both cases, DNA replication occurs. Yet one process ensures, mitosis, genetic continuity while the other, meiosis, facilitates genetic variation of daughter cells. Identify the choice that does not explain genetic variation of daughter cells following meiosis.
Meiosis is followed by fertilization: the union of gametes to create a diploid zygote.
The law of segregation
Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete.p8pp
All organisms undergo DNA replication for reproduction, growth, repair, etc. DNA replication occurs just before the process of
Mitosis
The process of nuclear division in cells that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
Mitosis
which ones are Natural Selection and which ones are Artificial Selection Moth population in a forest with many white barked birch trees are predominantly white. Darwin's Finches on different islands in the Galapagos are different species. Some pure breed dogs show more violent tendencies. Race horses are faster runners than other types of horses. Darwin's Finches on different islands in the Galapagos are different species. Royalty, who would only marry each other, in the middle ages had head deformities and a greater rate of certain diseases than the general population. Apple trees in an orchard grow trees that will taste different than those in a nearby forest..
Natural Selection Moth population in a forest with many white barked birch trees are predominantly white. Darwin's Finches on different islands in the Galapagos are different species. Artificial Selection Some pure breed dogs show more violent tendencies. Race horses are faster runners than other types of horses. Royalty, who would only marry each other, in the middle ages had head deformities and a greater rate of certain diseases than the general population. Apple trees in an orchard grow trees that will taste different than those in a nearby forest..
Can viruses reproduce on their own?
No. They reproduce only by invading and controlling other cells and controlling other cells, as they lack the cellular machinery for self reproduction.
Consider the abbreviated model of meiosis. The end result of meiosis should be the production of four haploid gametes. In this example, an error has taken place. Describe and name this error.
Nondisjunction of sister chromatids during meiosis II. Sister chromatids fail to separate.
The sequence of ________________ in a DNA molecule determines the protein that will be produced.
Nucleotides
These are the descendants of the parent generation.
Offspring
This is a model of translation in which the genetic code carried on mRNA is used to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a particular amino acid. Using the model, where would you find a codon?
On mRNA
Bacteria
One celled organisms that reproduce by fission
7 criteria for life
Organization, Metabolism, Growth, Homeostasis, Response to Stimuli, Adaptation, Reproduction
This is the generation that produces the offspring.
Parent
During the 1950's, several scientists were responsible for discovering the structure of DNA. One scientist, Erwin Chargaff, found that in DNA, the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are always equal. Which model best represents Chargaff's rule?
Picture in the middle
This is a genetic mutation caused by the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide. This term also includes insertions or deletions of a single base pair.
Point mutation
DNA translation
Process by which mRNA is converted into a protein
crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
Mitosis - responsible for growth, repair, and development in all cells. Can you place the stages of mitosis in correct order? (Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis, New nucleus formed, Metaphase.
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase New nucleus formed Cytokinesis
A macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, which is used by the body for growth and repair.
Protein
The central dogma of molecular biology is centered upon the process of _________, in which the information from DNA is transcribed and translated, resulting in amino acids being joined into polypeptides.
Protein Synthesis
The central dogma of molecular biology is centered upon the process of protein synthesis, in which the information from DNA is transcribed and translated, resulting in multiple amino acids being joined to form _______________.
Proteins
A virus is referred to as a particle rather than a cell because structurally it is a...
RNA or DNA core surrounded by a protein coat
A virus is referred to as a particle rather than a cell because, structurally it is a...
RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat
A student makes a claim that a cell is undergoing the process of transcription. What evidence would be present to support this claim?
RNA polymerase is using a single strand of the DNA molecule as a template for mRNA production.
translation
RNA to protein
This is a form of a gene that is hidden by another, dominant, form of the same gene.
Recessive Allele
Before mitosis begins, a cell makes a copy of the DNA in the nucleus. What term is used to describe this process of making an exact copy of the DNA
Replication
This is the biological process of creating a new organism.
Reproduction
Put the following characteristics into three groups, sexual, asexual, and both. DNA replicated Genetic sameness Genetic variation Meiosis Mitosis Nuclear division Produces gametes
Sexual : Genetic variation Produces gametes Meiosis Asexual Reproduction: Genetic sameness Mitosis Both: DNA replicated Nuclear division
Put the following characteristics into two groups, sexual and asexual. Horse egg and sperm unite, a yeast cell develops a "bud", a mushroom releases spores, gametes from protozoans fuse, strawberry plant with runners, bacteria swap DNA during conjugation, a pine tree releases pollen that gets trapped in a seed cone, bacteria divide by fission.
Sexual Reproduction: Bacteria swap DNA during conjugation. Gametes from protozoans fuse. Horse egg and sperm unite. A pine tree releases pollen that gets trapped in a seed cone. Asexual Reproduction: Strawberry plant with runners Bacteria divide by fission. A yeast cell develops a "bud". A mushroom releases spores.
Put the following characteristics into two groups, sexual and asexual. Creation of fruit Stem cuttings of plants Production of seeds Budding in yeast Mushrooms producing spores Creation of an egg
Sexual: Creation of fruit Production of seeds Creation of an egg Asexual: Mushrooms producing spores Budding in yeast Stem cuttings of plants
DNA structure
Sugar (deoxyribose) bases a t c g double stranded base
when DNA is turned into mRNA T is switched to G is
T = U G = C C=G U = A
How does the structure of DNA deterine the structure of proteins
The DNA sequence codes for the RNA sequence, which codes to the amino acids.
Scientists use DNA sequencing to understand relationships among life on Earth. The chart illustrates differences between five species and humans. Although the DNA sequence of each may vary, all BUT ONE statement concerning the organisms is true.
The DNA sequences may vary but the amino acid sequences are identical
law of independent assortment
The alleles of different traits get started into gametes independently of one another. Gametes may end up with dominant alleles for some traits and recessive alleles for others.
The cellular process of creating two new DNA molecules from one original copy is called replication. Which statement is the BEST description of this process? A)DNA opens up and RNA copies it.B)DNA opens up and completely unwinds to make two new molecules.C)DNA opens up and each strand is used as a template for a new strand.D)RNA opens up the DNA and uses each strand as a template for a new strand.
The cellular process of creating two new DNA molecules from one original copy is called replication. Which statement is the BEST description of this process? .C)DNA opens up and each strand is used as a template for a new strand.
the process in producing additional DNA, replication, is identical in all six. All organisms have the same four nucleotides arranged differently in their DNA. Therefore the DNA sequences vary, as seen here. If the DNA sequences vary, then when they are transcribed to make proteins, the amino acid sequences in the proteins may also vary. The processes, replication, transcription, and translation, however, are identical.
The process in producing additional DNA, replication, is identical in all six.
Trisomy
The result of fertilization of sperm C with a normal egg containing the haploid chromosome number
cell
The structural and functional unit of all living organisms
Why aren't viruses living?
They aren't cellular, they cant keep themselves in a stable state, they don't grow, and they can't make their own energy.
Why do some scientist believe that virus responds to the environment.
They believe that a virus responds to its environment when it changes from a dormant to an active form.
DNA
This holds an organisms hereditary information
atgccatccg -> atgctatccg During replication, the DNA segment in a somatic cell undergoes the mutation seen here. What type of mutation has occurred? If this DNA molecule proceeds to transcription and translation, explain the impact of this mutation on the production of a protein?
This is a point mutation, resulting from the substitution of one nitrogen base. If this strand of DNA is used for transcription, it will affect the coding of ONE amino acid, resulting in placing the correct amino acid in the protein, placing the wrong amino acid in the protein, or coding for the protein to stop building.
Identify the mutation and explain the effect it would have on protein synthesis.
This mutation is a deletion mutation resulting in a frameshift. This would result in a different reading of the codons following the mutation, causing a different translation from the original strand. The protein being created could be abnormally short, abnormally long, and will most likely not be functional.
During the process of _______________, the genetic message from DNA is transformed into mRNA.
Transcription
Transcription
Transcription is the first of several steps of DNA based gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
transformation of DNA
Transformation is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell.
Consider the abbreviated model of meiosis and the four gametes produced at the completion of meiosis II. Imagine that these gametes represent four sperm. If sperm C. fertilizes a normal egg, what will be the result?
Trisomy
This is the result of nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis. This mutation results in three copies, instead of the normal two. It can happen with sex or autosomal chromosomes.
Trisomy
When comparing to found out organisms that are closely related, how do you tell which organisms are the most closely related?
You find out which pair of organisms have the least amount of differences.
in dna a goes to c goes to
a = t c = g
Nucleotide
a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. It builds DNA.
Trisomy
a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities.
zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
gamete
a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
ribosome
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
biopolymer
a polymeric substance occurring in living organisms, e.g. a protein, cellulose, or DNA.
Translation of the DNA sequence AAGCTGGGA would result in
a sequence of three amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
amino acids
a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group. (building blpcks of protein)
multiple trait allele
a trait with more than two alleles
Are viruses alve?Viewpoint #1 - The word virus has its origins in the Latin term for poison. In the late 19th century, scientists discovered agents that behaved like bacteria causing diseases such as rabies and hoof-and-mouth, but were much smaller. Like bacteria, viruses contain one of the two nucleic acids: DNA or RNA. The scientists noticed that these particles could be spread from one person to another, with serious consequences: illness and death. At this time it became the general view that viruses were biologically alive, the simplest of all life on Earth.An important characteristic of life is the response to stimuli. Scientists noted that viruses may exist in two distinct states. When they are not in contact with a host cell, the virus remains dormant. Today, this is called the lysogenic cycle. During this time there are no biological activities occurring and the virus is really just a particle. Viruses can remain in this dormant, non-living state for extended periods of time, waiting to come into contact with a host cell. When the virus comes into contact with the host, it becomes active, reacts to its environment and/or host and directs all its energy toward reproduction. This cycle is referred to as the lytic cycle. The viral goal now is to produce more viruses that then attack more host cells.Viewpoint #2 - In 1935 scientists discovered and crystalized the virus responsible for the tobacco mosaic virus. They discovered that viruses consisted of a nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell. Viruses did not have a cellular structure; a key characteristic of life. Scientist suggested that viruses may be complex biochemical particles but they are not alive.Viruses depend on the host cell for the raw materials and energy necessary for nucleic acid and protein synthesis, as well as all other biochemical activities that allow the virus to multiply and spread. Most simple life forms use cell division to reproduce, while viruses spontaneously assemble within cells. They concluded that even though reproduction occurs under viral direction, viruses are simply nonliving parasites of other life forms. The simple question of whether or not viruses are alive, has defied a simple answer because it raises the fundamental issue: What defines life? choose all that apply a) Some scientists support the idea that viruses are alive because they contain a nucleic acid. b) One key argument against viruses not being alive is that they do not have a cellular structure. c)A virus can reproduce asexually via cell division. d)Because viruses can spread disease from one organism to another, they are in fact reproducing. e) Some scientists believe that a virus responds to its environment when it changes from a dormant to an active form. f) Living in a host cell as a parasite qualifies an organism as alive.
a) Some scientists support the idea that viruses are alive because they contain a nucleic acid. b) One key argument against viruses not being alive is that they do not have a cellular structure. e) Some scientists believe that a virus responds to its environment when it changes from a dormant to an active form.
which criteria of life do viruses meet?
adaptation, and organization. The two possibilities are reproduction and metabolism. The unknown is response to stimuli.
What part of the cell theory MOST implies that viruses, for all of their similarities to living cells, cannot be considered a life form according to definition?
all living things are made of cells
Bacteria can reproduce quickly by means of binary fission. Because of this, after binary fission
all the offspring will be genetically identical
an analysis of how molecule 2 acts a template to make molecule 1 Transcription is the process of making a single stranded RNA molecule by reading the DNA strand. This occurs in the nucleus.
an analysis of how molecule 2 acts a template to make molecule 1
Scientific researchers discovered agents that behaved like bacteria causing diseases such as rabies and hoof-and-mouth, but were much smaller. It became the general view that viruses were biologically "alive." This perception changed in 1935 when the tobacco mosaic virus was crystallized and scientists demonstrated that the particles lacked any mechanisms necessary for metabolic function. It was determined that viruses consisted of a nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell. Viruses exist in two distinct states. When not in contact with a host cell, the virus remains entirely dormant. During this time there are no biological activities occurring and the virus is nothing more than a static organic particle. Viruses can remain like this for extended periods of time, waiting to come into contact with the appropriate host. When the virus comes into contact with a host, it becomes active, reacts to its environment and/or host and directs its efforts toward self-replication. The viral goal now is to produce more viruses to attack host cells. The characteristics of life: many are listed in the passage describing viruses. One important piece of evidence arguing against life for viruses is implied by the passage; not stated directly. Viruses are not living, because, as implied by the passage, they......
are not cellular
Arrange the stages of mitosis shown in the diagrams in sequential order. Use the ABCDE labels on the drawings to indicate the order.
c - d - e - b - a
According to Mendel's law of dominance, which statement best describes the result of a cross between parents with genotypes Rr and Rr? A)Only RR offspring will have red flowers.B)Only Rr offspring will have red flowers.C)All offspring with at least one R will have red flowers.D)Because of the law of dominance, all offspring will have red flowers.
c) All offspring with at least one R will have red flowers.
Multicellular organisms use cell division, mitosis, for growth and the maintenance and repair of cells and tissues. There are few cells in the body that do not undergo mitosis: most somatic cells divide regularly, some more than others. Single-celled organisms may use cell division as their method of reproduction. Regardless of the reason for mitosis, the process ensures genetic continuity. Consider the model of the cell cycle. Which detail(s) from the model best support the argument that cell division promotes genetic continuity? A)mitosis and cytokinesis B)DNA restriction point and inclusion of G0 C)checkpoints throughout and replication during mitosis D)the template DNA provides for making copies during replication
c. checkpoints throughout and replication during mitosis
Messenger RNA
carries the dna code out of the nucleus and the ribosome
point mutation
caused by a defective dna sequence
Viruses have all of the characteristics of living things EXCEPT
cells
Mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
During cell division, or mitosis, an exact duplicate of the original cell is produced. The instructions for cell division are found in the __________ in the __________.
chromosomes; nucleus
A cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype in which both of the parental traits appear together. Blood type AB.
co dominance
mrna can be split into 3 base segments called
codons
Diploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. 46 chromosomes. "2n"
Parents can pass on chromosomes to their children that are different than their own when the new gene combinations are created by
crossing over of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
A genetic mutation caused by the loss of a chromosomal segment.
deletion
During DNA replication, the original DNA strand GTC ACA GGC ATC is copied into complementary strand CAG CCG TAG. This is an example of
deletion
genetic continuity
describes the fact that when a cell divides, the resulting two daughter cells have the same number and type of genes as the original cell. It also describes the fact that when two sexually reproducing organisms mate, the offspring have the same number of genes as the parent organisms.
What is a possible benefit of regulating the process of cell differentiation?
developement of organs for transplantation
According to cell theory...
even primitive cells, like the prokaryote, can carry out the functions of life.
Mitosis is responsible for growth, repair, and maintenance in an organism because
exact duplicates of each mother cell are produced.
Crossing over
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. It results in new combinations of Gene's in each chromosome
The process of one gamete (sex cell) joining another.
fertilization
This is a genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides that changes the amino acid sequence from the site of the mutation forward.
frameshift mutation
This is a haploid cell with half the reproductive information from the parent.
gamete
The picture shows the process of asexual reproduction in hydra. According to the illustration, all offspring are
genetically identacle to parent
At the end of meiosis II, how does the DNA in each of the four new cells compare to the DNA from the original cell?
half as much and genetically different from the original
Haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. 23 chromosomes. "n" ex. egg or sperm
Haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. 23 chromosomes. "n" EX. egg or sperm
Sickle cell disease in an inherited blood disorder. It is a recessive trait. That means you can carry one recessive allele for the disease and not have the symptoms. In this case, if you were a carrier and did not have the disease, your genotype for sickle cell would be
heterozygous
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
information DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Virus? Living or not? If we use the image as an indicator, we might say living because...
it contains nucleic acid
trna does what
it reads the mrna and brings amino acids
Scientific researchers discovered agents that behaved like bacteria causing diseases such as rabies and hoof-and-mouth, but were much smaller. At this time it became the general view that viruses were biologically "alive." This changed in 1935 when the tobacco mosaic virus was crystallized and scientists demonstrated that the particles lacked any mechanisms necessary for metabolic function. It was determined that viruses consisted of a nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell and the scientific view changed: viruses are complex biochemical mechanisms but not alive. When not in contact with a host, the virus remains dormant. During this time there are no biological activities occurring and the virus is nothing more than a static organic particle. In this state viruses can remain for extended periods of time, waiting to come into contact with the appropriate host. When in contact with a host, it becomes active, reacts to its environment and/or host and directs its efforts toward self-replication. The viral goal now is to produce more viruses to attack host cells. According to the passage all BUT ONE is a reason to classify viruses as living. That is they...
lack mechanisms for metabolic function
This law states an organism has two different alleles for a trait and the allele that is expressed in the phenotype, masking the expression of the other allele,is said to be dominant.
law of dominance
All individuals have two alleles for a given trait. According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, these alleles are passed down one each from both mother and father.They are passed down through gametes from each parent, which are created by the process known as _________.
meiosis
The process of ____________ increases genetic variability as it produces gametes for sexual reproduction.
meiosis
no genetic variation (mitosis or meiosis)
meiosis
produces gametes (mitosis or meiosis)
meiosis
produces genetic variation (mitosis or meiosis)
meiosis
sexual reproduction (mitosis or meiosis)
meiosis
produces gametes (mitosis or meiosis)
meisos
Scientists can produce many plants in the lab by cloning; culturing a few plant cells in a test tube of chemical medium. Few cells grow into a new plant. It is easy for scientists to produce many plants from just a few cells.Where would you add "cloning" to the Venn diagram?
mitosis
asexual reproduction (mitosis or meiosis)
mitosis
no genetic variation (mitosis or meiosis)
mitosis
one cell splits into two cells (mitosis or meiosis)
mitosis
produces diploid cells (mitosis or meiosis)
mitosis
The concept of natural selection is a mechanism of evolution where environmental pressures select for phenotypes that exist in populations based on genetic variation. Which process below would not contribute to the genetic variation in a population of mice? Mitotic growth or sexual reproduction.
mitotic growth
does virus go under mendelian or mutation
mutation
frameshift mutation
mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence
Central dogma includes the following:The DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription.In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is processed and migrates from the _________ to the _________.Messenger RNA carries coded information to the __________. where this information is translated and used i for protein synthesis.Fill in the blanks within the text.
nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
Recessive alleles
only seen if dominant trait isn't there. Lowercase letter.
This is a genetic mutation caused by the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide.
point mutation
amino acids join together to form a
protein
you can see phenotype because of
ptrotein
The four organisms illustrated are all capable of various forms of asexual reproduction. What processes, involving DNA and RNA, are necessary for all four of these organisms to successfully make replicas of themselves?
replication, transcription, translation
This is a type of reproduction where there is a exchange of genetic information in order to create new individuals.
sexual
You look out over a field of sunflowers. A farmer has grown the sunflowers to harvest and sell the seeds. Some of the sunflowers are tall; some short. Some of the flowers are bright yellow; others more multicolored. Some heads are full of seeds; some are not full.How were these sunflowers most likely produced?
sexually using seeds
the process ends at
stop codon
RNA structure
sugar: ribose bases: adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine single stranded phosphate
mRNA
the form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome.
A population of red squirrelfish breeds and produce offspring, 75% are still red but 25% are yellow. This variation in the color of the squirrelfish can be explained by
the presence of a recessive allele for yellow color that was masked by a dominant red color allele.
protein synthesis
the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation.
vertical gene transfer
the transfer of genetic information, including any genetic mutations, from a parent to its offspring.
Which statement describes ALL living things? A)They must reproduce sexually.B)They are composed of one or more cells.C)They are capable of making their own food.D)They have organ systems to carry out the processes of life.
they are composed of one or more cells
Messenger RNA carries a(n) ___________ of the DNA's instructions out of the nucleus to the ___________.
transcript; ribosome
What process IMMEDIATELY preceeded protein synthesis at the ribosome?
transcription
When DNA is turned into mRNA, it is called
translation
mrna leaves nucleus and
travels to the ribosome
Viewpoint #1 - The word "virus" has its origins in the Latin term for "poison." In the late 19th century, scientists discovered agents that behaved like bacteria causing diseases such as rabies and hoof-and-mouth, but were much smaller. Like bacteria, viruses contain one of the two nucleic acids: DNA or RNA. The scientists noticed that these particles could be spread from one person to another, with serious consequences: illness and death. At this time it became the general view that viruses were biologically "alive," the simplest of all life on Earth.An important characteristic of life is the response to stimuli. Scientists noted that viruses may exist in two distinct states. When they are not in contact with a host cell, the virus remains dormant. Today, this is called the lysogenic cycle. During this time there are no biological activities occurring and the virus is really just a particle. Viruses can remain in this dormant, non-living state for extended periods of time, waiting to come into contact with a host cell. When the virus comes into contact with the host, it becomes active, reacts to its environment and/or host and directs all its energy toward reproduction. This cycle is referred to as the lytic cycle. The viral goal now is to produce more viruses that then attack more host cells.Viewpoint #2 - In 1935 scientists discovered and crystalized the virus responsible for the tobacco mosaic virus. They discovered that viruses consisted of a nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell. Once again, the scientific view changed: viruses may be complex biochemical particles but they are not alive.Viruses depend on the host cell for the raw materials and energy necessary for nucleic acid and protein synthesis, as well as all other biochemical activities that allow the virus to multiply and spread. Most simple life forms use cell division to reproduce, while viruses spontaneously assemble within cells. They concluded that even though reproduction occurs under viral direction, viruses are simply nonliving parasites of other life forms.The simple question of whether or not viruses are alive, has defied a simple answer because it raises the fundamental issue: What defines life?Viral Replication What piece of evidence supports the viral model presented in Viewpoint #2 that viruses are non-living?
viruses do not undergo mitosis
mutation
when an amino acid becomes less functional or not functional
What is incomplete dominance?
when one allele is not completely dominant over the other so there is a blending of traits.
Law of Dominance
when the two alleles of a pair are different, one can be dominant and the other recessive, dominant will mask recessive
Dominant alleles
will be seen if present. Capital letter.
