Biology Chapter 6

34% of the energy stored in glucose is captured in cellular respiration as ATP. What happens to the rest of the energy?

It is released as heat.

The electron transport chain is, in essence, a series of redox reactions that conclude cellular respiration. During these redox reactions, _____.

NADH is oxidized, which then reduces an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Organisms can use other molecules as fuel for cellular respiration. When protein molecules are used, _____ are produced as waste.

amino groups

Humans depend on oxygen to sustain life. However, at the cellular level, muscle cells are _____.

facultative anaerobes

Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is _____.

found in NADH and FADH2

In cellular respiration, _____ gains electrons.

molecular oxygen

The principal molecules involved in transporting electrons to the electron transport chain are composed of _____.

nucleotides

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to _____.

pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to _____.

recycle NADH through fermentation

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and toxic gas. However, breathing carbon monoxide will still allow you to produce _____ from one glucose molecule.

2 ATP

Sodium fluoroacetate, or compound 1080, is a rodent poison that probably disrupts the citric acid cycle. In the body, the molecule is converted to a compound that prevents citrate from being used. Initially, when first exposed to this molecule, what is the theoretical energy produced per glucose molecule through the process of cellular respiration?

2 ATP 4 NADH, and 0 FADH2

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each molecule?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

The overall efficiency of respiration is approximately _____.

40%

In cellular respiration, which one of the following is performed directly by the electron transport chain (or its components)?

A proton gradient is formed.

Cellular respiration takes place in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells.

False. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria consume O2 to breakdown glucose into CO2 and H2O and the cell captures the energy released in ATP.

What is the process that splits glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, with net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH?

Glycolysis

What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of an organism?

The membrane is impermeable to H+.

Of the metabolic pathways listed below, the only pathway found in almost all organisms is _____.

glycolysis

Primarily, cellular respiration serves to _____.

make ATP to power the cell's activities

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage even compared to carbohydrates because _____.

with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons