Biology - Chapter Five

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In a coupled reaction, released from the energy-releasing reaction is used to drive an reaction

1. Energy 2. Energy-requiring

During muscle contraction, ATP binds to filaments, which change shape following ATP breakdown and bind to filaments

1. Myosin or thick 2. Actin or thin

Features of Metabolic Pathways

1. Pathways are organized 2. Chemical reactions are linked to each other 3. One reaction leads to the next reaction

Features of an enzyme

1. Speeds up a reaction 2. Protein based molecule

After an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has been completed, the product(s) is/are released and the ________ site of the enzyme returns to its original shape, ready to bind another______ molecule.

1. active 2. substrate

Energy flows between chloroplasts and mitochondria as they carry out chemical reactions; the _________ of the cellular respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the ____________ for photosynthesis, and vice versa

1. products 2. reactants or substrates

A solution is composed of a ________ dissolved in a ___________

1. solute 2. solvent

In order for ATP to be stable there needs to be __________ phosphate groups.

2 or two

Which of the following statements explain the name of the "induced fit model" 1. The Induced fit model described how the substrate is induced to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit with its enzyme 2. The induced fit model describes how the enzymes is induced to undego a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit with its substrate.

2. The induced fit model describes how the enzymes is induced to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit with its substrate

A cell contains a 4% concentration of salt. The cell's environment is isotonic. Which is a possible salt concentration outside the cell

4%

A cell with a 0.5% concentration of salt inside it is placed into a solution. The cell begins to shrink. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell?

5.0%

When ATP is used as a energy source, a phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis. How is ATP regenerated during the ATP cycle?

ATP is regenerated in mitochondria during cellular respiration

When ATP is used as an energy source, a phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis. How is ATP regenerated during the ATP cycle?

ATP is regenerated in mitochondria during cellular respiration

The portion of an enzyme that accommodates the substrate(s) is termed the _____________ _______________

Active Site

Aquaporins are categorized as which type of proteins

Channel Proteins

In what type of reaction is the energy released from one reaction used to drive a second, energy-required reaction

Coupled reaction

Define osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

The process by which substances are moved into a cell by vesicle formation is called

Endocytosis

What process do cells use to engulf larger substances, encase them in vesicles, and bring them into the cell?

Endocytosis

Plants wilt because their cell membranes are no longer pushing against their cell walls. What process have such plant cells undergone?

Plasmolysis

Which cellular process occurs in chlorplasts

Photosynthesis

Mitochondria utilize chemical energy and oxygen produced during

Photosynthesis to carry out cellular respiration

What is the term that means that a cell membrane has pulled away from a cell wall due to water loss?

Plasmolysis

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what will occur?

Water will enter the cell from the solution

The amount of energy for activation needed for an reaction is decreased when a(n) _____________ is present

catalyst or enzyme

In a chemical reaction, an enzyme speeds up the rate of the reaction by _____ the energy of an activation needed for the reaction to occur.

decreasing

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy or carrier proteins is called simple _______________

diffusion

Active Transport requires __________ to move molecules

energy or ATP

bulk transport

energy used to move large substances

In a hypotonic solution the concentration of water inside the cell is ________ than the concentration of water in the surrounding solution

less

In a hypotonic solution the concentration of water inside the cell is __________ than the concentration of water in the surrounding solution

less

The energy of activation

limits how fast a reaction can proceed

Within a solution, the solvent is the _______________ portion

liquid

Molecules that undergo exocytosis from a cell are enclosed in _____________

vesicles

Why does active transport require energy?

- Molecules are moved against the concentration gradient

The correct differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and pinocytosis

- Unlike pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis allows cells to take in a specific molecule - Unlike pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis requires a specific receptor protein to recognize a specific molecule

The sodium-potassium pump involves active transport in which type of animal cells

- nerve - muscle cells

Identify the cells that would use pinocytosis to ingest substance

- white blood cells - plant root cells

A cell a 0.5% concentration of salt inside it is placed into a solution. The cell begins to swell. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell?

0.1%

How many substrates can an enzyme fit into

1

Which of the following are ways in which ATP hydrolysis is coupled to an energy-required reaction

1. ATP is using to change the shape of a reactant 2. ATP is used to energize reactant

Which three of the following are advantages of using ATP as a energy carrier in living systems

1. ATP releases energy quickly, which facilitates the speed of enzymatic reactions. 2. When ATP becomes ADP+P, the amount of energy released is usually just enough for a biological purpose. Breaking down an entire carbohydrate or fat molecule would be wasteful, because it would release much more energy than is needed. 3. The structure of ATP allows its breakdown to be easily coupled to an energy-requiring reaction as described next.

A series of linked chemical reactions that produce an end product is

A Metabolic Pathway

Which of the following might be a target of phagocytosis

A cell

The energy currency of the cell is

ATP

Which of the following is a channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane

Aquaporin

Ideally, which molecules are broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondria

Carbohydrates

The breakdown of fats and provides the majority of energy for ATP synthesis in a cell.

Carbohydrates

During muscle contraction ATP provides the for the contraction

Energy

What is the term used when an active enzyme is prohibited from joining with its substrate, thus preventing the progress of a reaction

Enzyme inhibition

What type of transport across cell membranes involves the use of carrier proteins

Facilitated diffusion

True or False: During enzyme inhibition, the unused portion of the enzyme is degraded or recycled

False

What kind of solution contains a comparatively higher concentration of solute than can be found inside a cell

Hypertonic solution

To maintain turgor pressure, plant cells must exist in a slightly ______ environment.

Hypotonic

Which of the following describes how the structure of ATP makes it a good energy source for cells

It can be easily broken down and coupled to energy-requiring reactions,

The following diagram shows the ATP cycle. What happens to the phosphate that is hydrolyzed to provide the energy for cellular work.

It is joined to an ADP molecule using the energy from cellular respiration

Why is it the induced fit of an enzyme important as it binds its substrates

It results in optimum fit between the two

Why is the induced fit of a enzyme important as it binds its substrate

It results in optimum fit between the two

What happens to an enzyme after it has catalyzed a reaction?

It returns to its original shape

Turgor pressure is created by the force of the cell pushing against what?

Its cell wall

Which of the following is true about diffusion

Molecules move down their concentration gradients

Bulk transport must be utilized for which of the following classes of molecules

Molecules that are too large to fit through carrier proteins

Define pinocytosis

Process by which vesicle formation brings a liquid or very small particles into the cell.

An enzyme is a ______ molecule that functions as a organic catalyst to speed a chemical reaction

Protein

During a chemical reaction involving an enzyme, the enzyme specifically acts on the _________

Substrates

Three structural features of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).

Sugar ribose, the nitrogen-containing base adenine, and three phosphate groups.

A cell with 0.2% concentration of salt is placed in an isotonic solution. What is the concentration of salt in that solution

The concentration of salt in that solution must be 0.2%.

Which of the following statements explains that name of the "Induced fit model"?

The induced fit model describes how the enzyme is induced to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit with its substrate

Define facilitated diffusion

The movement of molecules across a membrane using carrier proteins

The sodium-potassium pump acts alternately to move sodium and potassium in and out of animal cells by what means

The pump undergoes a change in shape

Which of the following best explains why a hypertonic solution causes a cell to shrink

Water rushes out of the cell

Why are the phosphates groups unstable within the ATP molecule

The three phosphate groups repel each other

Why is it beneficial to a cell for feedback inhibition to regulate the activity of an enzyme in a reaction

This ensures that the enzyme is only active when levels of the product of the reaction are low

Why is it eneficial to a cell for feedback inhibition to regulate the activity of an enzyme in a reaction

This ensures that the enzyme is only active when levels of the product of the reaction are low

What makes a portion of the ATP molecule makes its unstable

Three Phosphate Groups

True or False: ATP stores more potential energy than ADP

True

True or False: Receptor-mediated endocytosis requires a specific receptor protein to recognize a specific molecule

True

Aquaporins allow which type of molecule to travel more rapidly through the membrane?

Water Molecule

Enzyme inhibition occurs when

a molecule binds to the enzyme that prevents the substrate from binding.

The energy that must be supplied in order to cause molecules to react with one another is called the energy of

activation

Which of the following bases are found in ATP

adenine

Enzymes will

alter the rate of a reaction

The activity of most enzymes and metabolic pathways is regulated by ________

feedback inhibition

Which of the following is the preferred source of energy of the production of ATP in a cell?

glucose

If a cell is surrounded by a hypertonic solution, the solution has a ___________ solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm

higher

During osmosis, water moves from a region of ___________ concentration of water, to one of _______________ concentration of water

higher to lower

Which type of substances are moving across the membrane during facilitated diffusion

ions

When the concentration inside a cell is the same as outside, the cell is said to be in an ___________ solution

isotonic

The process of cellular respiration in organelles is called

mitochondria

A cell placed in hypotonic solution has solute that are _________ concentrated inside the cell than in the solution outside the cell.

more

active transport

movement against a concentration gradient

passive transport

movement from high to low concentration

When we measure diffusion, we are actually measuring _____________

net molecular movement

The plasma membrane only allows some substances to cross, which means it is selectively

permeable

The process by which a cell takes in larger particles by means of vesicle formation is called

phagocytosis

The process by which cells can take in liquid or small particles in called

pinocytosis

The process by which cells can take in liquids or small particles is called

pinocytosis

What function does ATP have in a cell

provides readily accessible energy

Proteins in the cell membrane involved in active transport of sodium and potassium across the membrane are also called ______

pumps

ATP is coupled to an energy-requiring reaction when ATP is used to energize, or change the of a reactant.

shape

Chloroplast capture energy

solar

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing ____________ substances to cross

some


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