Biology Exam 2
Tertiary structure
3D molecules are made, protein is functional
Triglycerides
A single glycerol unit attached to three fatty acid chains of varying length. Function- Energy storage
Which of the following statements best describes ATP?
ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.
Secondary Structure
Amino acids interact with each other
Which of the following is an organic molecule?
C6H12O6
Cholesterol
Carbons arrange in a ringlike structure. Function- cell membrane function & hormone production
Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.
Based on the structure and arrangements of nucleotides in the __________ molecule, the molecule is an information molecule. It stores instructions and is read to produce proteins that direct cellular reproduction, produce new cellular components, and initiate cellular reproduction.
DNA
Quaternary Structure
Different polypeptides interact with each other, forming more complex molecules.
If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?
GGU, proline
Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?
Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.
Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?
Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.
Primary Structure
Linear sequence of amino acids
Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?
Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.
Which of the following are examples of genetic diseases? Select all that apply.
Sickle-cell disease Cystic fibrosis
What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?
They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.
Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?
To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.
Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an) ________ and females have (an) ________.
X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes
During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in
a diploid zygote.
Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by?
a single mutation on a single gene.
Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?
absorb nutrients
Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?
absorption of water
Variations in genes are called ________. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these.
alleles
Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?
amino acid—protein
DNA is a double helix consisting of two strands orientated in an __________ configuration meaning the 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to direction of the other strand.
antiparallel
Chemical Energy
energy found in bond of chemical compounds
Solar energy
energy from the sun; source of energy for all life.
Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell?
facilitated diffusion
Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?
genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA
Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes
have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.
__________, a four-polypeptide chain protein found in the red blood cells of the circulatory system, plays a crucial role in making sure cells in the body have oxygen they need to perform their functions.
hemoglobin
Polymers are broken down into monomers through ____________ reactions.
hydrolysis
Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?
nucleotides forming DNA
If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?
pepsin and hydrochloric acid
Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?
red blood cells
In humans, male gametes are called ________, while female gametes are called ________.
sperm; eggs
During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?
tRNA
Osmosis
the diffusion of water towards areas of high solute (sugar, salts, dissolved molecules) concentration.
Erwin Chargaff's research determined the composition of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that
the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.
Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means
two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.
Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.
What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?
DNA polymerase
The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ________ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.
DNA sequencing
Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the __________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does.
nucleotide
Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ________ cells and carries ________ to all cells of the body.
red blood; oxygen
Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis
results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.
Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in
two monomers
The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with
Proteins
Mechanical energy
energy of motion (kinetic energy) or position of object before it moves (potential energy)
Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?
enzymatic activity
The process of __________ is when the information contained within the nucleotides of a DNA molecule is expressed as functional product called a protein.
gene expression
DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
semiconservative
Review the following statements about hemoglobin. Which of the statements is true?
Hemoglobin, a globular protein with an embedded heme group, efficiently binds to oxygen from the lungs and releases it near cells that are performing cellular respiration.
Which of the following characteristics are associated with a gene being inheritable? Select all that apply.
A trait must be encoded in the genes of our DNA A copy of the trait must be able to pass from one generation to another One copy for every gene in an organism is inherited from each of their parents
Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity?
Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.
Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?
Genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA
Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?
It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.
Once upon a time, there was a king and a queen. The king wanted to have a male successor. The queen, however, gave birth to a daughter. So the king exiled the queen. Based on your biology knowledge, the king's action is
It's not the queen's fault, the Y chromosome carried by the sperm determines the sex of the child
Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.
Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?
Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.
Which of the following statements concerning the basic characteristics of a gene is false?
The majority of genes contain information to code for physical traits.
Which of the following statements are true concerning genes? Select all that apply.
When a gene codes for a protein product, that gene is involved in the expression of a trait. Genes code genetic information for the transmission of inherited traits. It is rare for a gene to function by itself. Instead, complex interactions and environmental influences determine how the information in a gene is actually expressed as a trait.
Select the correct association.
carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy
The nucleotides along one side of a DNA molecule are connected to each other by __________ between phosphate groups and sugar molecules.
covalent bonds
The principal role for sugars in living organisms is to
create cellular energy.
During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called ________.
crossing-over
Which of the following statements concerning chromosomes is/are true? Select all that apply
Chromosomes are composed of DNA and packaging proteins called histones so they may fit tightly into the nucleus of a cell. Located on each chromosome are segments of DNA known as genes or units of inheritance that code for functional products.Located DNA replication occurs prior to the cell cycle, in which copies of each homologous chromosomes are made and each of these copies are called sister chromatids. After replication, sister chromatids, which are identical copies of a chromosome, contain identical allele combinations.
Review the following statements about mutations. Which of the statements concerning mutations is false?
Due to multiple mutations in the hemoglobin gene, these changes prevent the complex hemoglobin protein to fold correctly, resulting in the sickle cell shape of the red blood cells.
Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?
Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.
Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?
Eye Color
Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?
Red blood cells
Fatty Acids can be:
Saturated -straight chains Unsaturated- bent chains
Which of the following statements concerning DNA replication is/are true? Select all that apply.
Starting off as a single cell with a combination of genetic information from both parents, copies of DNA are passed on from cell to cell in the bodies of multicellular organisms. Each of the parental strands of DNA acts as a template for the construction of a new daughter strand. There is complementary base pairing between the DNA strands: a cytosine on one strand is paired to guanine on the other side, resulting in daughter strands that are complementary to the template strand. The appropriate adjective to describe DNA replication is semiconservative since after replication, each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
A(n) __________ disease is one that is caused by a change in the DNA sequence of an individual. If the abnormality occurs within the gametes, the abnormality can be passed on from one generation to the next.
genetic
When performing an examination of human blood, Dr. Zoey noted that there are different components of blood and each vary in their abilities to carry oxygen. First, the liquid portion of human blood is unable to absorb large quantities of oxygen and cannot meet the body's oxygen demands. Secondly, __________, the protein inside red blood cells, is responsible for transporting most of the oxygen in human blood.
hemoglobin
PCR is a technique used in the laboratory to __
make millions of copies of a gene of interest.