Biology Final Exam (End of Chapter Q's & Quizzes)

(23) Which of the following is true of vitamin D? A. A deficiency can interfere with the formation of bones and teeth B. sunlight is the only source C. leafy green vegetables are an excellent source D. it is a water-soluble vitamin

A. A deficiency can interfere with the formation of bones and teeth

(Q1) Scientists working for a major cosmetics company are attempting to determine if a new face cream can reduce the number of fine lines and wrinkles on a person's face. This is an example of A. Applied research B. Basic research C. Meta-analysis D. A cohort study

A. Applied research

(Q1) A prejudice of opinion for or against something is called a A. Bias B. Cohort C. Fact D. Case-control

A. Bias

(Q1) A scientific paper that combines results from several cohort studies and a case-control study would be considered a(n) _____-analysis. A. Meta B. Beta C. Omega D. Pseudo

A. Meta

(1)Which of the following is a living organism? (select all that apply) If not living, which criterion, or criteria, does it not meet? A. Oak Tree B. Influenza Virus C. fungus that causes white-nose syndrome in bats D. diamond E. your teacher

A. Oak Tree, C. fungus that causes white-nose syndrome in bats, E. your teacher. Viruses meet no criteria except for evolving as groups. The diamond meets no criteria.

(Q1) A tissue is defined as A. a group of cells that perform a unique set of tasks in the body B. two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds C. the basic unit of life D. a network of organs that perform a wide range of functions

A. a group of cells that perform a unique set of tasks in the body

(17) Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. a singly evolutionary line led from Ardipithecus romidus to modern humans B. some hominid traits evolved more rapidly than others C. brain size increased greatly from early hominids to Homo sapiens D. toolmaking technology has improved greatly over the past 300,000 years

A. a singly evolutionary line led from Ardipithecus romidus to modern humans

(Q1) When a group of organisms expands to take on new ecological roles ad to form new species and higher taxonomic groups is A. adaptive radiation B. mass extinction C. genus D. biodiversity

A. adaptive radiation

(17) The out-of-Africa hypothesis states that A. all new species of hominins arose in Africa and then migrated to the rest of the world B. many new species of hominins arose outside of Africa and then migrated back to Africa later C. all hominin speciation events occurred outside of Africa D. all speciation events occurred in Africa, but only Homo sapiens distributed itself across the globe

A. all new species of hominins arose in Africa and then migrated to the rest of the world

(22) Tissues A. are composed of cells that work in an integrated manner B. have a distinctive shape and location in the body C. are composed of multiple organs D. are composed of only one cell type

A. are composed of cells that work in an integrated manner

(6) Which of the following is NOT a contributor to genetic variation? A. binary fission B. crossing-over of homologous chromosomes C. random assortment of homologous chromosomes D. fertilization

A. binary fission

(22) What is the typical oder of events to produce an embryo? A. gamete development, ovum release, intercourse, fertilization, implantation B. gamete development. ovum release, intercourse, implantation, fertilization C. gamete development, ovum release, intercourse, implantation, fertilization D. ovum release, gamete development, intercourse, fertilization, implantation

A. gamete development, ovum release, intercourse, fertilization, implantation

(Q2) A segment of DNA that codes for a distinct genetic characteristic is called a ____. A. gene B. tissue C. cell D. atom

A. gene

(Q1) Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as A. homeostasis B. evolution C. reproduction D. sensation

A. homeostasis

(3) The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? A. hydrogen bond B. van der Waals interaction C. ionic bond D. covalent bond E. hydrophilic bond

A. hydrogen bond

(14) The term "Cambrian explosion" refers to A. increase in biodiversity B. mass extinction C. atmospheric detonation due to increasing gas concentrations D. oceanic eruptions caused by underwater volcanic activity

A. increase in biodiversity

(Q2) After reciting a vaccine a person begins to produce antibodies. This demonstrates a(n) ____ immune response. A. innate B. secondary C. active D. passive

A. innate

(25) The ___ is the immune system's second line of defense against pathogens. A. innate immune system B. adaptive immune system C. combination of physical and chemical barriers to pathogen entry D. all of the above

A. innate immune system

(Q2) During the process of ____, water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient). A. osmosis B. simple diffusion C. facilitated diffusion D. pinocytosis

A. osmosis

(Q2) Prokaryotes that are observed attaching onto nonliving surfaces most likely possess ____. A. pili B. a flagellum C. a capsule D. a nucleus

A. pili

(3) The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of ____ in the atom. A. protons B. neutrons C. electrons D. electrons plus neutrons plus protons

A. protons

(Q2) Disease-causing bacteria in a human begin to multiply rapidly when they sense that their numbers are high enough to overpower an immune response. This is possible because of _____. A. quorum sensing B. a bacterial cell wall C. a limited amount of DNA in the bacteria D. sporulation

A. quorum sensing

(6) Which of the following is NOT a contributor to genetic variation? A. replication of sister chromatids B. crossing-over of homologous chromosomes C. random assortment of homologous chromosomes D. fertilization

A. replication of sister chromatids

(5) Enzymes A. speed up reactions that would otherwise occur much more slowly B. spur reactions that would otherwise never occur C. provide energy for anabolic but not catabolic pathways D. are consumed during the reactions they catalyze

A. speed up reactions that would otherwise occur much more slowly

(Q1) At the base of the evolutionary tree of all life is the ____ ancestor. A. universal B. convergent C. derived D. descended

A. universal

(24) Which blood vessels carry blood back toward the heart? A. veins B. arteries C. ventricles D. capillaries

A. veins

(Q2) _____ contains information used to construct proteins. A. binary fission B. DNA C. pili D. flagellum

B. DNA

(Q1) Claims that are characterized by scientific-sounding statements, beliefs, or practices but are not actually based on scientific method are properly viewed as _____. A. Meta-analysis B. Pseudoscience C. Omega science D. Beta science

B. Pseudoscience

(25) Which of the following is/are NOT a part of the innate immune system? A. phagocytes B. antibodies C. inflammation D. clotting

B. antibodies

(24) In a neuron, the ___ conducts signals to other cells. A. dendrite B. axon C. nucleus D. cell body

B. axon

(Q2) Prokaryotes typically reproduce by splitting in two through a process called ___. A. nutrient cycling B. binary fission C. phagocytosis D. diffusion

B. binary fission

(Q1) The caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hick's team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the ____ where the bats lived. A. biosphere B. biome C. ecosystem D. community

B. biome

(Q1) Which term best describes the temperate deciduous forests that cover the northeastern United States, including the Adirondack Mountains? A. biosphere B. biome C. ecosystem D. community

B. biome

(6) Loss of cell cycle control may lead to A. pregnancy B. cancer C. fertilization D. crossing-over of homologous chromosomes

B. cancer

(Q1) In an evolutionary tree, a given ancestor and all its descendants make up a _____, or branch. A. node B. clade C. domain D. universe

B. clade

(Q1) The group of subjects in an experiment that is maintained under a standard set of conditions with no change in the independent variable A. organ system B. control group C. treatment group D. atoms

B. control group

(15) Quorum sensing A. is the transfer of plasmid DNA from one bacterium to another B. enables bacteria to form biofilms C. is the formation of thick-walled dormant structures, called spores, under conditions unfavorable for growth D. enables bacteria to switch from cellular respiration to fermentation when they sense that oxygen levels are low

B. enables bacteria to form biofilms

(Q1) Canis lupus is the scientific name for wolves. Canis refers to the ___ name. A. kingdom B. genus C. phylum D. species

B. genus

(Q1) The first two steps of the scientific process typically include making an observation and forming a A. experiment B. hypothesis C. law D. paper

B. hypothesis

(12) Which of the following statements about convergence evolution is true? A. it demonstrates how similar environments can lead to different physical structures B. it demonstrates how similar environments can lead to the same physical structures C. it demonstrates that similarity of structures is due to descent from a common ancestor D. it demonstrates that similarity of structures is due to random chance

B. it demonstrates how similar environments can lead to the same physical structures

(Q1) The second highest hierarchical level in the organization of life is the A. domain B. kingdom C. phylum D. class

B. kingdom

(23) Vitamin K is A. a necessary dietary mineral B. manufactured by intestinal bacteria C. important for good eyesight D. a water-soluble vitamin

B. manufactured by intestinal bacteria

(25) Which of the following is NOT true of hormones? A. distributed through body fluids B. must be present in large amounts to be effective C. produced by specialized cells D. act on target cells

B. must be present in large amounts to be effective

(Q2) The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the ____. A. plasma membrane B. nuclear envelope C. nuclear pore D. cytosol

B. nuclear envelope

(1)What scientist use the word "theory," they mean A. educated guess B. overarching explanation of an interrelated set of observations C. wild speculation D. experimental prediction E. fact proved by many experiments

B. overarching explanation of an interrelated set of observations

(14) The production of ___ by prokaryotes increased its atmospheric concentration and enabled more complex forms of life to evolve. A. carbon dioxide B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. all of the above

B. oxygen

(6) Homologous chromosomes are A. same thing as sister chromatids B. pair of chromosomes of the same kind C. identical copies of the same chromosome D. always haploid

B. pair of chromosomes of the same kind

(12) Unlike natural selection, ___ is not related to an individual's ability to survive and may result in offspring that are less well adapted to survive in a particular environment. A. genetic drift B. sexual selection C. directional selection D. convergent evolution

B. sexual selection

(11) If two different organism are closely related evolutionarily, then they will A. be similar in size B. share a recent common ancestor C. have very different DNA sequences in their genes D. be randomly located throughout the world

B. share a recent common ancestor

(5) The major product of photosynthesis is A. lipids B. sugar C. amino acids D. nucleotides

B. sugar

(Q2) ______ thrive in extremely hot temperatures where nothing else can live. A. animals B. thermophiles C. amoebas D. halophiles

B. thermophiles

(2) Which of the following should receive the least consideration which evaluating a scientific claim? A. scientific credentials of the person making the claim B. your personal beliefs and values C. whether the study supporting the claim has been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal D. whether the study supporting the claim meets the standards of the scientific method E. any possible biases of the person making the claim

B. your personal beliefs and values

(14) The first single-celled organisms on Earth probably evolved A. 3,700 years ago B. 3.7 million years ago C. 3.7 billion years ago D. we have no idea when the first life on Earth appeared

C. 3.7 billion years ago

(5) The most common energy-carrying molecule in all organisms is A. carbon dioxide B. water C. ATP D. rubisco

C. ATP

(Q1) Peer-reviewed scientific journals, technical reports, conference proceedings, and dissertations are considered ____ literature. A. Secondary B. Social media C. Primary D. Quaternary

C. Primary

(Q1) ______ gives an overview of scientific findings on a subject. A. Basic research B. Primary literature C. Secondary literature D. Applied research

C. Secondary literature

(Q2) _____ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane requires the input of energy from the cell, whereas ____ transport of molecules across a semipermeable membrane does not require the use of cellular energy. A. gene; expression B. passive; active C. active; passive D. expression; gene

C. active; passive

(24) In humans, where is the gas exchange surface located? A. pharynx B. bronchus C. alveolus D. bronchiole

C. alveolus

(5) Metabolic pathways A. always break down large molecules into smaller units B. only link smaller molecules together to create polymers C. are often organized as multistep sequence of reactions D. occur only in mitochondria

C. are often organized as multistep sequence of reactions

(Q1) The variety of all the world's life-forms, as well s their interactions with each other and the ecosystems they inhabit is called A. domain B. cellularity C. biodiversity D. convergence

C. biodiversity

(11) Intermediate fossils A. share some similarities with their ancestral group B. share some similarities with their descendant groups C. both of the above D. none of the above

C. both of the above

(Q2) The smallest and most basic unit of life is called the ____. A. atom B. molecule C. cell D. gene

C. cell

(22) Homeostasis does NOT maintain A. cellular pH B. body temperature C. environmental temperature D. blood oxygen levels

C. environmental temperature

(4) To be able to recognize a colony of bacteria that had grown from cells of Mycoplasma capricolum in which DNA had been replaced by a synthetic DNA of Mycoplasma mycoides. Daniel Gibson added a ___ that coded for a blue pigment. A. cell B. chromosome C. gene D. bacteria

C. gene

(23) Which nutrient is most important for energy storage? A. proteins B. carbohydrates C. lipids D. all of the above

C. lipids

(Q1) A period of time during which a great number of Earth's species goes extinct is a called a A. kingdom B. life event C. mass extinction D. adaptive radiation

C. mass extinction

(Q2) Heterotrophic bacteria and archaeans that are decomposers are important in ____. A. water cycling B. capture sunlight energy C. nutrient cycling D. carbon fixation

C. nutrient cycling

(Q2) When a white blood cell engulfs an entire bacterial cell by surrounding it with plasma membrane and bringing it into the cell in a vesicle, the white blood cell is accomplishing _____. A. diffusion B. osmosis C. phagocytosis D. expression

C. phagocytosis

(12) Evolution is most accurately described as a change in allele frequencies in ___ over time. A. individual B. species C. population D. community

C. population

(Q1) A _____ is a unique feature common to all members of a group that originated in the group's most recent common ancestor and then were passed down in the group. A. clade B. node C. shared derived traits D. common ancestor

C. shared derived traits

(25) Hormones are A. secretory cells B. endocrine glands C. signaling molecules D. target cells

C. signaling molecules

(Q2) Which of the following groups characteristics define prokaryotes? A. single-celled, membrane-enclosed organelles, nucleus, asexual reproduction B. single or multi-cellular, no nucleus, single loop of DNA, sexual reproduction C. single-celled, single loop of DNA, no membrane-enclosed organelles, asexual reproduction D. single or multi-cellular, no nucleus, single loop of DNA, sexual reproduction

C. single-celled, single loop of DNA, no membrane-enclosed organelles, asexual reproduction

(11) When two organisms are very distantly related in an evolutionary sense, A. they should have extremely similar embryonic development B. they must share a very recent common ancestor C. the sequences of DNA in their genes should be less similar (more different) than those of two more closely related organisms D. they should share more homologous treats than two more closely related organisms share

C. the sequences of DNA in their genes should be less similar (more different) than those of two more closely related organisms

(15) Prokaryotes are extremely abundant because A. they can survive in a narrow range of environments B. they have a single loop of DNA C. they reproduce very rapidly D. they are able to form biofilms E. all of the above

C. they reproduce very rapidly

(2) Scientific literacy means that you A. are able to easily read and understand a scientific journal article B. have taken a university-level science course C. understand the process of science and basic scientific facts and theories D. enjoy reading current science news in newspaper and blogs E. are a good critical thinker

C. understand the process of science and basic scientific facts and theories

(Q1) Observational studies that follow a particular group of individuals over a certain time period are ___ studies. A. Case-control B. Meta-analysis C. Beta-analysis D. Cohort

D. Cohort

(5) Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration B. Glycolysis can proceed under low oxygen levels with the assistance of fermentations C. Glycolysis produces less ATP than does either the Krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation D. Glycolysis produces most of the ATP required by aerobic organisms like us

D. Glycolysis produces most of the ATP required by aerobic organisms like us

(Q1) ______ is protection against disease that is brought about by vaccination of a critical portion of a population. A. Fact B. Primary literature C. Cohort D. Herd immunity

D. Herd immunity

(4) A phospholipid is a biomolecule composed of a phosphate group that disbanded to two lipid chains. Which of the following correctly describes the nature of those two components? A. the phosphate group is hydrophobic, and the lipid chains are hydrophilic B. Both the phosphate group and the lipid chains are hydrophilic C. Both the phosphate group and the lipid chains are hydrophobic D. The phosphate group is hydrophilic, and the lipid chains are hydrophobic

D. The phosphate group is hydrophilic, and the lipid chains are hydrophobic

(Q2) Which of the following accurately describes viruses? A. They are small, cellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell, and they can attack plants as well as animals B. Each is typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, and they can reproduce on their own C. They can attack plants, animals, and protozoans, and each is typically a piece of self-replicating genetic material encased in proteins D. Typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria

D. Typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria

(14) Which of the following terms most specifically describes what occurs when a group of organisms expands to take on new ecological roles, forming new species and higher taxonomic groups in the process? A. speciation B. mass extinction C. evolution D. adaptive radiation

D. adaptive radiation

(17) Which of the following features do sponges lack that some other animals have? A. segmented body plan B. symmetrical body plan C. backbone D. all of the above

D. all of the above

(22) Denmark's birth rate is dropping because A. women are now older when they begin a family B. men are now older when they begin a family C. exposure to chemicals is decreasing the sperm count in men D. all of the above

D. all of the above

(24) Blood plasma transports A. waste products B. water C. solutes D. all of the above

D. all of the above

(25) Adrenaline A. produced in the adrenal glands B. increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream C. suppresses immune system activity D. all of the above

D. all of the above

(2) "Correlation does not prove causation" means that A. if two variables are correlated, one is likely to have caused the other B. if changed in one variable causes changes in another, the variables are not correlated C. only experimental research can answer questions about the natural world D. although two variables are interrelated, changes in one do not necessarily cause changes in the other E. none of the above

D. although two variables are interrelated, changes in one do not necessarily cause changes in the other

(22) Which of the following stimulate cells to develop the characteristics of maleness? A. estrogen B. spermatogens C. progestogens D. androgens

D. androgens

(15) Prokaryotes include A. archaeans B. bacteria C. fungi D. both A and B E. Both B and C

D. both A and B

(Q1) Evolutionary tree diagrams representing the relationship between various organisms can be drawn only when those organisms share a A. common cellular metabolism B. distinct lineage C. common cellular organization D. common ancestor

D. common ancestor

(24) Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the nephron? A. filtration B. re-absorption C. secretion D. deletion

D. deletion

(3) the atomic mass number of an atom is determined by the sum of the number of _____ in the atom. A. protons plus electrons plus neutrons B. protons plus electrons C. neutrons plus electrons D. neutrons plus protons

D. neutrons plus protons

(Q2) Prokaryotes can convert nitrogen gas in the air into a form that plants can use through a process called ____. A. quorum sensing B. sporulation C. reproduction D. nitrogen fixation

D. nitrogen fixation

(Q1) A researcher studying a group of individuals of the same species living and interaction in a shared environment is said to be working at the level of a A. biome B. biosphere C. community D. population

D. population

(Q2) If a bottle of perfume was spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. What phenomenon has occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air? A. osmosis B. active transport C. facilitated diffusion D. simple diffusion

D. simple diffusion

(23) Which of the following is NOT true of the small intestine? A. specialized for absorption B. absorbs nutrients through villi and micro-villi C. secretes digestive enzymes D. specialized for elimination of waste

D. specialized for elimination of waste

(Q1) In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypothesizes supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a A. law B. mathematical theorem C. hypothesis D. theory

D. theory

(8) A particular person is said to be a carrier of a genetic trait. What does this tell you about their phenotype? A. they physically show the trait B. they physically show the trait more than a non carrier would show the trait C. they are almost normal but show an intermediate phenotype for the trait D. they are completely normal and do not physically show the trait

D. they are completely normal and do not physically show the trait

(15) Some prokaryotes can A. break down chemicals for energy B. use sunlight for energy C. create their own energy D. harvest energy from other organisms E. all the above

E. all the above

(7) A single phenotype that results from a combination of two different genes in which one gene interferes with the expression of another gene is known as A. pleiotropy B. complete dominance C. incomplete dominance D. codominance E. epistasis

E. epistasis

(7) Before Mendel conducted his experiments with pea plants, people believed that offspring were a "blend" of their parents and would show intermediate levels of their parents' traits. What would Mendel's F1 pea flowers have looked like if this were true? A. white B. purple C. red D. yellow E. light purple

E. light purple