Biology Midterm
Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. Several common isotopes exist, with mass numbers from 92-100. Therefore, which of the following can be true? a. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons b. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 protons c. Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 electrons d. Isotopes of Molybdenum have different numbers of electrons
A
Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents a. shortening of microtubules b. elongation of microtubules c. nuclear envelope breakdown d. formation of a cleavage furrow
A
Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? a. Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge b. Ammonia has an overall positive charge c. Ammonia has an overall negative charge d. The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge
A
The chromosomes align at the midpoint of the spindle during _________. a. metaphase b. anaphase c. interphase d. telophase e. cytokinesis f. prophase
A
The first step in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to: a. ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) b. phosphoglycerate c. diphosphoglycerate (GAP) d. RuBisCo e. none of the above
A
The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is: a. to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. b. to form ATP c. to produce CO2 d. to store the high energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain e. to accept electrons directly from either NADH or FAHD2
A
Cells from advanced malignant tumors often have very abnormal chromosomes and an abnormal number of chromosomes. What might explain the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities? a. Transformation introduces new chromosomes into cells. b. Cell cycle checkpoints are not in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities. c. All of the above are true d. Cancer cells are no longer density-dependent e. Cancer cells are no longer anchorage-dependent
B
Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvic acid molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule? a. one b. two c. three d. four e five
B
Cytokinesis in plant cell mitosis occurs by the formation of a(n): a. golgi complex b. cell plate c. cell wall d. mitotic spindle e. aster
B
During aerobic respiration, oxygen is: a. formed b. reduced c. oxidized d. catabolized e. decarboxylated
B
Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants? a. calcium b. iodine c. sodium d. phosphorus
B
Upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 438 amino acids. how many peptide bonds are present in this protein? a. 20 b. 437 c. 438 d. 439 e. 876
B
Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes? a. none of the above b. synthesis of ATP c. splitting of water d. the absorption of light energy by the chlorophyll molecule e. the flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I
B
By definition, substances that absorb visible light are called: a. porphyrins b. pigments c. hydrocarbons d. nucleotides e. photons
B
A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Since the spaceship will be too far from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed. What wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimum of energy expenditure? a. full spectrum white light b. green light c. blue and red light d. UV light
C
According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids _____ a. have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane b. frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other c. can move laterally along the plane of the membrane d. occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane
C
Aerobic respiration is classified as: a. a synthesis reaction. b. a hydrolysis c. a redox process d. a polymerization reaction e. an anabolic process
C
After mitosis, the chromosome number of a descendant cell is _________ the parent cell's. a. one half of b. double compared to c. the same as d. rearranged compared to
C
All of the following bases are found in DNA except a. thymine b. adenine c. uracil d. guanine e. cytosine
C
All of the following statements are correct regarding the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis except: a. the reactions are all enzyme mediated b. the 5 carbon sugar RuBP is constantly being regenerated c. these reactions begin soon after sundown and end before sunrise d. the intermediate product is PGAL e. the energy source utilized is the ATP and NADPH obtained through the light reactions
C
Based on Bohr models, which of the elements in the world exhibit a chemical behavior most like that of oxygen? a. carbon b. nitrogen c. sulfur d. phosphorus
C
Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ________ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 e. 6
C
How many neutrons are present in the nucleus of a phosphorous-32 (³²P) atom? (no pic) a. 15 b. 16 c. 17 d. 32
C
If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create ____ a. a cation b. an anion c. an isotope d. a different element
C
In another experiment mice were allowed to breathe oxygen gas laced with radioactive oxygen. in this experiment the radioactive oxygen atoms quickly showed up in a. carbon dioxide b. NADH c. water d. glucose e. ethanol
C
In glycolysis, fructose-1, 6-biphosphate splits, forming two molecules of. a. ADP b. citric acid c. PGAL d. glucose e. acetyl CoA
C
In intervals of interphase, G stands for _________. a. genome b. growth c. gap d. gene
C
Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following? a. the number of electrons in the element b. the number of protons in the element c. the number of protons plus neutrons in the element d. the number of protons plus electrons in the element
C
Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as: a. protons b. electrons c. photons d. radiation e. neutrons
C
Most of the ATP made during cellular respiration occurs during a process known as a. substrate level phosphorylation b. pyruvic acid -> acetyl CoA c. Chemiosmosis d. Fermentation e. glycolysis
C
When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results? a. an ionic bond b. a hydrogen bond c. a nonpolar covalent bond d. a polar covalent bond
C
Which component is a microfilament (actin filament) of the cytoskeleton a. A b. B c. C d. D
C
The major function(s) of proteins includes: a. catalyzing chemical reactions b. controlling the expression of genes c. strengthening and protecting cells and tissues d. both a and b e. a, b, and c are correct
E
The reactions that occur in the a. the energy-releasing reactions b. the carbon fixation reactions c. the light-dependent reactions d. the sugar- producing reactions e. the photorespiration reactions
E
What results from the chemical reaction illustrated? The reactants have no charge. {a molecule giving an electron to another molecule} a. a cation with a net charge of +1 and an anion with a net charge of +1 b. a cation with a net charge of -1 and an anion with a net charge of -1 c. a cation with a net charge of -1 and an anion with a net charge of +1 d. a cation with a net charge of +1 and an anion with a net charge of -1
D
Which component is a peripheral protein a. A b. B c. C d. D
D
Which component is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix a. E b. C c. B d. A
D
Which of the following are compounds? a. H2O, O2, and CH4 b. H2O and O2 c. O2 and CH4 d. NaCl and CH4, but not O2
D
Which of the following is responsible for the alpha-helical structure of proteins? a. hydrophobic interactions b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. ionic interactions d. hydrogen bonds e. polar covalent bonds
D
Which of the following is true of osmosis a. Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process b. In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration c. Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells d. In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration
D
Which of the following is(are) located between the primary walls of adjacent cells a. intermediate filaments b. myosin c. actin filaments d. middle lamella e. secondary wall
D
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to all cells? a. photosynthesis b. electron transport chain c. citric acid cycle d. glycolysis e. none of the above
D
Which of the following most accurately describes selectively permeability a. Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane b. An input of energy is required for transport c. There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane d. Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane
D
Which of the following steps in the Kreb's cycle directly produced a molecule of ATP? a. Citric acid -> isocitrate b. isocitrate -> ketoglutamic acid c. fumaric acid -> malic acid d. succinate -> fumeric acid e. malic acid -> oxaloacetic acid
D
The function(s) of lipids includes: a. storing energy b. serving as structural components of cellular membranes c. serving as hormones d. both a and b e. a, b, and c are correct
E
The functions of mitotic cell division in the life cycles of an organism may include a. growth b. replacement of older cells c. repair of injured tissues d. asexual reproduction e. all of the above
E
The spindle attaches to chromosomes at the _________. a. centrosome b. contractile ring c. centromere d. centriole e. kinetochore of the centromere
E
The tertiary structure of proteins is typified by the: a. association of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds b. order in which amino acids are joined in a peptide chain c. bonding of two amino acids to form a dipeptide d. folding of a peptide chain to form an alpha helix e. three-dimensional shape due to bonding of the individual R groups
E
When do chromosomes appear singly? a. G2, metaphase, anaphase b. G1 c. G2 d. S e. G1, anaphase, telophase
E
Which of the following descriptions or structures does NOT match the cell type a. Sperm cells have flagella b. Nerve cells have long thin extensions c. Epithelial cells are rectangular d. White blood cells can change shape e. All of these are correct
E
Which of the following is not associated with the thylakoid membranes? a. cytochrome complex b. ATP synthase c. electron transport chain d. photosystem I and II e. the Calvin cycle
E
Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration? a. glucose b. fats c. proteins d. polysaccharides e. all of the above
E
Which of the following molecules is not grouped with the lipids? a. waxes b. steroids c. cholesterol d. estrogen e. none of the above, all are lipids
E
Which of the following statements is false? a. DNA is usually composed of two nucleotide strands b. DNA contains deoxyribose c. DNA does not normally contain uracil d. the nucleotides of DNA are linked by phosphodiester linkages e. DNA does not normally contain a phosphate group
E
Which process does not match the products? a. electron transport and chemiosmosis - ATP, H2O b. citric acid cycle - CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP c. formation of acetyl CoA - Acetyl CoA, CO2 d. glycolysis - pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH e. all of these processes match the products
E
Which of the following correctly describes all chemical equilibrium? a. Forward and reverse reactions continue with no net effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products b. Concentrations of products are higher than the concentrations of the reactants c. There are equal concentrations of products and reactants while forward and reverse reactions continue d. There are equal concentrations of reactants and products, and the reactions have stopped
A
Which of the following is not one of the intermediates or products of the carbon fixation reactions? a. NADPH b. Phosphogylcerate (PGA) c. ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate d. PGAL e. glucose
A
Which of the following processes includes all others a. passive transport b. facilitated diffusions c. transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient d. osmosis
A
Which of the following statements is true of proteins? a. proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if their three-dimensional structure is disrupted b. proteins are composed of ribose, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base c. the activity of proteins is independent of temperature and d. denaturation is usually reversible e. all proteins are enzymes
A
Which of these carbohydrates is a disaccharide? a. sucrose b. cellulose c. glucose d. fructose e. galactose
A
Which of these is NOT a formula for a monosaccharide? a. C2H4O2 b. C4H8O4 c. C6H12O6 d. C7H14O7 e. C5H10O5
A
Which process does not match the location in skeletal muscle? a. glycolysis - mitochondrion b. formation of acetyl coenzyme A - cytosol c. citric acid cycle - mitochondria d. electron transport - mitochondria e. all of the processes are matched to the correct location
A
You need to write down information about a molecule, but need to indicate only the type and number of atoms it contains. Which representation would work best? a. molecular formula b. structural formula c. ball-and-stick model d. space-filling model
A
What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion concentration of about 0.9 percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water a. The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC b. The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC c. The cell would remain the same size because the solution outside the cell is isotonic d. The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC
B
When a plant cell, such as one from a rose stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur a. Plasmolysis will shrink the interior b. The cell will become turgid c. The cell will burst d. The cel will become flacid
B
Which of the following are most directly arranged from DNA structure? a. polysaccharides b. polypeptides c. nucleotides d. triglycerides e. fatty acids
B
A salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. Therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a _____. a. slightly damp surface b. surface of hydrocarbons c. surface of mostly carbon-oxygen bonds d. surface of mostly carbon-nitrogen bonds
B
ATP is formed when ___________ the thylakoid lumen. a. electrons enter b. hydrogen ions leave c. electrons leave d. hydrogen ions enter e. water is split in
B
Diffusion ________ a. requires an expenditure of energy by the cell b. is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration c. requires integral proteins in the cell membranes d. is very rapid over long distances
B
Diffusion rate depends on a. energy from the cell b. kinetic energy c. the plasma membrane d. the flow of water
B
During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields: a. 1ATP, 4NADH, and 2CO₂ b. 1ATP, 2NADH, and 2CO₂ c. 3ATP, 2NADH, and 1CO₂ d. 4ATP, 2NADH, and 1CO₂ e. 1ATP, 2NADH, and 4CO₂
B
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described in the picture? Atom 1: Atom 2: ¹₁H ³₁H a. They are isomers. b. They are isotopes. c. They contain 1 and 3 protons, respectively. d. They contain only 1 neutron.
B
Electrons that are excited to a higher energy level may be transferred to an electron acceptor or may return to a ground state. If the latter occurs, energy will be released in a process known as: a. photoelectron degradation b. fluorescence c. porphyrin d. photoelectron hydrolysis e. photoelectron deconfiguration
B
Ester linkages would be formed during condensation reactions that produce: a. polysaccharides b. triacylglycerols c. polypeptides d. nucleic acids e. all of the above contain ester linkages that are formed during condensation reactions
B
Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by: a. the cell theory which states that the cell is the basic unit of life b. the fact that all new cells come from previously existing cells c. the fact that cells are the building blocks of most complex d. basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry e. the fact that cells are the smallest units that can carry out all life activities
B
For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be ____ a. exposed on only one surface of the membrane b. amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region c. hydrophobic d. hydrophilic
B
How many electron pairs are shared between carbon atoms in a molecule that has the formula C2H4? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
B
How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond? a. one b. two c. three d. four
B
How many electrons are needed to reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
B
Human saliva contains enzymes that hydrolyze starch. if a baby chews up a cracker, what is the starch broken down into in the baby's mouth? a. a polysaccharide b. glucose c. fatty acids d. cellulose e. an organic compound containing a carboxyl group
B
In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to: a. carbon in a series of steps b. oxygen in a series of steps c. NADH in a series of steps d. the mitochondrial membranes e. hydrogen ions
B
In figure 03-02, ionic attractions would form between the R groups of which amino acids? a. 1 and 3 b. 2 and 4 c. 3 and 5 d. 4 and 6 e. none of the above
B
In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from _________, thus forming fructose-1, 6-1 biphosphate. a. ADP b. ATP c. a bisphosphate group d. fructose-1, 6-biphosphate e. PGAL
B
In the Krebs acid cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are metabolized to a. 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2NADPH + 2FADH b. 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP c. fructose-1, 6-biphosphate d. glucose + 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATPs e. 2 G3P
B
Which of the following events does not occur in prophase? a. condensation of chromatin into chromosomes b. formation of a new cell membrane c. formation of the spindle d. None of them e. removal of the nuclear membrane
B
Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton a. centrosome b. microtubules c. DNA d. ribosomes e. endoplasmic reticulum
B
11. Hydrophobic interactions would occur between the R groups of which two amino acids in figure 03-02? a. 1 and 4 b. 2 and 5 c. 3 and 6 d. 2 and 4 e. 3 and 5
C
Write the equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 +6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 *sunlight is over the arrow*
10. Refer to the figure. If you examine side A after three days, you should find ____ a. a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level b. a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level c. a in the concentration of NaCl, an increase in water level, and no change in the concentration of glucose d. no change in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level
A
7. Refer to the Figure 4-2. The cellular structure indicated by the arrows is called a(n): a. Ribosome b. Centrosome c. Lysosome d. Nucleosome e. None of Those
A
9. Refer to the figure. At the beginning of the experiment a. side A is hypertonic to side B b. side A is hypotonic to side B c. side A is hypotonic to side B with respect to NaCl d. side A is hypertonic to side B with respect to glucose
A
A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in ______ a. lysosomes b. vacuoles c. Golgi vesicles d. secretory vesicles
A
A cellular structure found in plant but not animal cells in the: a. chloroplasts b. ribosome c. endoplasmic reticulum d. microtubule e. microfilament
A
A covalent bond is likely to be polar when ____ a. one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom b. the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative c. carbon is one of the two atoms sharing electrons d. the two atoms sharing electrons are the same elements
A
A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex sequence: a. cis face to medial region to trans face b. trans face to cis region to medial face c. trans face to medial region to cis face d. cis face to trans region to medial face e. medial face to trans region to cis face
A
A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the: a. nucleus b. nucleolus c. microtuble d. mitochondria e. lysosome
A
A sodium-potassium pump _____ a. move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell while consuming an ATP for each cycle b. move three potassium ions out of a cell and two sodium ions into a cell while consuming 2 ATP in each cycle c. move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell and generates an ATP for each cycle d. move three potassium ions out of a cell and two sodium ions into a cell while producing an ATP for each cycle
A
An atom has four electrons in its valence shell. What types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming? a. single, double, or triple b. single and double only c. single bonds only d. double bonds only
A
An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a _____________ atomic orbital to a ________________ atomic orbital. a. low energy; high energy b. fluorescing; ground state c. high energy; low energy d. ground state; low energy e. none of the answer choices are correct
A
Analysis of a certain complex compound shows that it contains phosphate groups, ribose groups, and pyrimidines. based on this information, which of the following is the best description of this compound? a. it is most likely ribonucleic acid b. it is DNA c. it is an inorganic compound d. it contains thymine e. it is a polypeptide
A
As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances a. eventually becomes balances on both sides of a membrane b. always remains greater inside a membrane c. always remains greater on the outside of a membrane d. becomes imbalance on both sides of a membrane
A
At which level of protein structure are peptide bonds most important? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary e. globular
A
Cyclin dependent kinase is _________. a. an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins b. all of the above c. the enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of chromosomes to microtubules d. inactive, or turned off in the presence of cyclin e. present only during the S phase of the cell cycle
A
Fluorine has an atomic number of 9. Which of the following would you do to a neutral fluorine atom to complete its valence shell? a. add 1 electron b. add 2 electrons c. remove 1 electron d. Nothing. If fluorine is neutral, it has a complete valence shell
A
Glucose molecules can enter ells through the process of a. facilitated diffusion b. ion pumps c. exocytosis d. osmosis
A
How many electrons will a single atom of sulfur with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell? a. 6 b. 8 c. 16 d. 32
A
11. The graph in Figure 9-2 represents the: a. electromagnetic spectruM b. action spectrum of photosynthesis c. absorption spectra for chlorophylls a and b d. Z scheme for photosynthesis e. None of these
C
How would you rid your muscles of the painful lactic acid build up after strenuous exercise? a. participate in light exercise while breathing deeply b. lay in a hot tub with the remote control c. cry while eating ice cream d. alternate heat and ice while eating tons of chocolate e. do nothing, it will go away in a month or so
A
If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first? a. protein synthesis b. DNA synthesis c. movement d. energy storage e. active transport
A
In an experiment, mice were fed glucose containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in a. carbon dioxide b. NADH c. ATP d. oxygen e. none of the above
A
In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change color. This is because chlorophyll is degraded and ______ a. carotenoids and other pigment are still present in the leaves b. the degraded chlorophyll changes into many colors c. water supply to the leaves has been reduced d. sugars are sent to must of the cells of the leaves
A
In glycolysis, a six carbon glucose is converted into two tree-carbon molecules of: a. pyruvic acid b. acetate c. coenzyme A d. oxaloacetic acid e. citric acid
A
Membrane-bounded organelles facilitate faster chemical reactions because: a. reactants are within close proximity to each other b. membranes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions c. membrane-bounded organelles act as catalysts for biochemical reactions d. reactants move faster within membrane-bounded organelles e. reactants are less likely to encounter each other within membrane-bounded
A
Only _________ is not a stage of mitosis. a. interphase b. prophase c. metaphase d. anaphase e. telophase
A
Plants store excess glucose in the form of _____ a. glucose b. glycogen c. cellulose d. chitin e. amylose
A
Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes _______ a. consist of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids b. consist of a mosaic of polysaccharides and proteins c. are a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of hydrophilic proteins d. are a single layer of phospholipids and proteins
A
The following (P through U) are main steps of ATP synthesis in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Which answer places them in correct order? P. H+ concentration gradient established Q. H+ diffuses through a transport protein R. Carriers use energy from electron to move H+ across membrane S. electrons from photosystem II pass along electron transport chain T. Light excites electrons in photosystem II. U. Energy of H+ flow and ATP Synthetase makes ATP. a. TSRPQU b. TSRUQP c. PQTSRU d. PQUSTR e. STPQRU
A
The formation of carbohydrates for carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of Figure 4-4 a. A [Stroma] b. B [Outer membrane] c. C [Inner membrane] d. D [Granum] e. E [Thylakoid]
A
The major difference between a structural lipid, such as those in cell membranes, and a storage fat is the fact that the structural lipid: a. most commonly contains phosphate b. does not contain glycerol c. has four fatty acids attached to glucose d. is entirely hydrophobic e. is nonpolar
A
The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionary beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts is supported by all following except a. chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells. b. chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA. c. chloroplasts and mitochondria have small ribosomes for protein synthesis. d. chloroplasts and mitochondria are approximately the same size as prokaryotic cells. e. chloroplasts and mitochondria have the same shape as prokaryotic cells.
A
There are 20 different amino acids in the proteins that make up the tissues of living organisms. the primary difference between these amino acids is in their: a. R or functional groups b. number of potassium groups c. number of phosphate groups d. number of carbonyl groups e. number of asymmetric carbons
A
Three molecules of fatty acid joined to an alcohol is a(n) a. triglyceride b. steroid c. phospholipid d. wax e. oil
A
Ubiquinol or coenzyme Q10: a. transfers electrons b. oxidizes glucose c. is the ultimate source of energy in the citric acid cycle d. transfers phosphate to ATP e. reduces glucose
A
Van der Walls interactions may result when _____. a. electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule b. molecules held by ionic bonds react with water c. two polar covalent bonds react d. a hydrogen atom loses an electron
A
When a human red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, it will a. undergo cytolysis b. be at equilibrium c. undergo plasmolysis d. experience a decrease in osmotic pressure
A
When the blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals) what reserves will be used first? a. glycogen b. lipids c. proteins d. steroids e. amino acids
A
Which bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water? a. covalent bonds between carbon atoms b. hydrogen bonds c. ionic bonds d. ionic and hydrogen bonds
A
Which component is a glycolipid a. B b. E c. C d. A
A
Which component is cholesterol a. E b. C c. B d. D
A
24. the number of electron pairs shared between carbon 2 and 3 in the accompanying figure is: a. one b. one and a half c. two d. three e. none of the above
C
3. Refer to the figure. Initially, in terms of tonicity the solution in side A witch respect to the solution in side B is _____ a. isotonic b. hypertonic c. hypotonic d. saturated
C
3. The structures indicated by the arrows in Figure 4-3 are a. intermembrane space b. grana c. cristae d. matrices e. plastids
C
4. The main proces that occurs at the site of the structures marked by the arrows in Figure 4-3 is: (cristae) a. Protein Synthesis b. Photosynthesis c. Conversion of food molecules to ATP d. processing and packaging of proteins e. transcription
C
A basal body is most closely related to a: a. ribosome b. thylakoid c. centriole d. peroxisome e. lysosome
C
A calcium ion channel will allow a. any kind of ion to pass through it b. positive ions to pass through it c. only calcium ions to pass through it d. none of the above
C
This molecule transmits heredity information: a. cholesterol b. adenosine triphosphate c. nucleic acid d. fatty acid e. polysaccharide
C
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ________ synthesis a. glucose b. NADP c. ATP d. RuBP e. PEP
C
Water molecules are attracted to one another by ____ a. nonpolar covalent bonds b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. hydrophobic interactions
C
What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a molecule containing two carbon atoms? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
C
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily a. large polar b. large and hydrophobic c. small and hydrophobic d. ionic
C
When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell a. All movement of molecules is directed by active transport b. There is no movement of substances into and out of the cell c. There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell d. There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell
C
When are atoms most stable? a. when they have the fewest possible valence electrons b. when they have the maximum number of unpaired electrons c. when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled d. when all electrons are paired
C
When molecules are broken apart in respiration a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP d. ATP is converted into ADP. e. ADP is released as a waste product
C
Which chemical has the most energy? a. ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) b. phosphoglyceraldhyde (PGAL) c. glucose d. diphosphoglycerate (GAP) e. phosphoglycerate
C
Which monomer is incorrectly matched with the corresponding polymer? a. amino acids are used to build proteins b. monosaccharides are used to build polysaccharides c. fatty acids are used to build nucleic acids d. glucose molecules are used to build starches e. all of these monomers are correctly matched with the corresponding polymer
C
Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes
C
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane a. It has no hydrophobic regions b. It works against diffusion c. It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule. d. It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function
C
Which of the following is not one of the stages of cell respiration? a. glycolysis b. formation of acetyl CoA c. hydrolysis d. citric acid cycle e. electron transport
C
Which of the following is the best description of an atom's physical structure? a. An atom is a solid mass of material b. The particles that form an atom are equidistant from each other c. Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble d. Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated on the outside surface of the bubble
C
Which of the following is true for this reaction? 3H2 + N2 >< 2NH3 a. The reaction is nonreversible b. Hydrogen and nitrogen are the reactants of the reverse reaction c. Ammonia is being formed and decomposed simultaneously d. Only the forward or reverse reactions can occur at one time
C
Which of the following is true of ions and their transport across cell membranes a. Electrical or chemical signs may control the movement of ions across cell membranes b. The 'gates' for ion channels are always open c. Because they are charged particles, the movement of ions across cell membranes requires energy input d. Ion channels always allow any type of ion to pass through them
C
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched a. chloroplasts - storage of enzymes b. lysosome - powerhouse of the cell c. centrosome - cell division d. plastids- structural support of the cell e. Golgi complex - production of energy
C
Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between RNA and DNA? a. RNA is a protein and DNA is a nucleic acid b. DNA is a polymer and RNA is a monomer c. DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis d. RNA is a single-stranded form of DNA e. DNA is the primary energy currency of all cells
C
Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE a. They are present in most animal cells but not most plant cells b. They are duplicated before cell division c. They play a role in ribosomal RNA synthesis d. They are found in the centrosome e. They are thought to play a role in microtubule assembly
C
Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is correct? a. they are more common in animals b. they have no double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids c. they are generally liquids at room temperature d. they contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms e. they have fewer fatty acids per fat molecule than do saturated fats
C
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most abundant elements of living matter b. Some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms c. All life requires the same essential elements d. Iron is needed by all humans
C
Which of the following structures of activities is NOT directly part of the endomembrane system a. budding b. lysosomes c. ribosomes d. peroxisomes e. Golgi Complex
C
Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? a. glucose b. an amino acid c. CO2 d. K+
C
Which one of the following carbohydrates is the most structurally complex? a. sucrose b. fructose c. cellulose d. glucose e. a disaccharide
C
White blood cells engulf bacteria using ____ a. receptor-mediated exocytosis b. pinocytosis c. phagocytosis d. osmosis
C
22. The most abundant molecules in this structure are: a. structural proteins b. polysaccharides c. triacylglycerols d. phospholipids e. polypeptides
D
26. Refer to Figure 4-4. If you treated this organelle to remove ONLY the chlorophyll, which label indicates the portion of the organelle that would most directly affected by this treatment a. A [Stroma] b. B [Outer membrane] c. C [Inner membrane] d. D [Granum] e. E [Thylakoid]
D
4. Refer to the figure. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed a. The water level is unchanged b. The water level is higher in side A than in side B c. The molarity of sucrose is higher than that of glucose on side A d. The water level is higher in side B than in side A
D
In the process of carbon fixation. RuBP attaches a carbon dioxide to produce a six carbon molecules, which is then split to produce two molecules of phosphglycerate (PGA). After phosphorylation and reduction produces PGAL what more is needed to complete the Calvin cycle? a. addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH b. regeneration of RuBP c. regeneration of NADP+ d. regeneration of ATP from ADP
B
Mature nerve cells, which don't undergo cell division are arrested in _________ of the cell cycle. a. cytokinesis b. G1 phase c. G2 phase d. metaphase e. S phase
B
Mitosis and cytoplasmic division function in _________. a. growth and tissue repair in multicelled species b. asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes and growth tissue repair in multicelled species c. asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes d. gamete formation in bacteria and archaeans
B
NADH and FADH2 are the products of: a. decarboxylation reactions b. reduction reactions c. glycolysis d. formation of acetyl coenzyme A e. chemiosmosis
B
Nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making: a. proteins b. RNA c. ribosomes d. lipids e. hormones
B
Oxygen produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis comes directly from: a. glucose b. H2O c. CO2 d. light e. ATP
B
Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from: a. NADP+ b. PGAL c. RuBP d. CO2 e. pyruvate
B
Select the processes that are matched with the incorrect amount of ATP produced by that process per glucose molecule. a. glycolysis- 2ATP (net) b. citric acid cycle - 4ATP c. electron transport chain- 32ATP d. alcohol fermentation- 0ATP e. Lactate fermentation- 0ATP
B
The *cis face* of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which of the following a. packaging molecules in vesicleS b. accepting vesicles from the ER c. synthesizing proteins d. transporting molecules out of the Golgi e. catalyzing the efficient folding of proteins
B
The _________ is responsible for the separation of the chromosomes during _________ of mitosis. a. centromere; telophase b. mitotic spindle; anaphase c. kinetochore; prophase d. cell wall; anaphase e. flagellum; metaphase
B
The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. What is the formula for magnesium chloride? a. MgCl b. MgCl2 c. Mg2Cl d. MgCl3
B
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen-15 has a greater mass number than nitrogen-14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen-15 contains ____. a. 7 neutrons b. 8 neutrons c. 8 protons d. 15 protons
B
The chemical interactions of large hydrocarbons are largely determined by: a. their solubility in water b. their functional groups c. their polar nature d. isomerization of these hydrocarbons into other forms e. the hydrogens bonded to the carbon atoms
B
The dispersal of ink in a beaker of water is an example of a. active transport b. diffusion c. osmosis d. endocytosis
B
The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located in the: a. mitochondria b. thylakoid membrane c. cristae d. outer chloroplast membrane e. chloroplast stroma
B
The energy of a photon of light is least for _________ light. a. orange b. red c. blue d. violet e. green
B
The kinetochore serves which of the following functions? a. Kinetochores anchor spindle fibers to the centrioles b. Kinetochores attach to microtubules during mitosis c. Kinetochores regulate the length of the cell cycle d. Kinetochores are the site of DNA synthesis e. Kinetochores are involved in cytokinesis
B
The molecular fragment represented in figure 03-03 is: a. ATP b. RNA c. a protein d. a nucleotide e. a polysaccharide
B
The most important photosynthetic pigment(s) is(are): a. carotenoids (yellow, orange) b. Chlorophyll a c. xanthophyll (brown) d. chlorophyll b e. all of the above
B
The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an __________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of ______________ down their concentration gradient. a. energy-releasing; hydrogen ions b. energy-acquiring; electrons c. exergonic; electrons d. endergonic; protons e. oxidation; water
B
The voltage across a membrane is called the _____ a. osmotic potential b. membrane potential c. electrochemical gradient d. chemical gradient
B
What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? a. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of single electrons between atoms b. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between charged atoms c. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons between charged atoms d. Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between charged atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
B
What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that an oxygen atom with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6
B
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? a. transport RuBP out of the chloroplast b. synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide c. split water and release oxygen d. use NADPH to release carbon dioxide
B
What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms? a. a nonpolar covalent bond b. a polar covalent bond c. an ionic bond d. a hydrophobic interaction
B
5. The organelle featured in Figure 4-3 a. is present in few prokaryotes b. is the major site of protein synthesis in the cell c. plays a vital role in packaging materials to be secreted d. plays a central role in energy metabolism e. is located in the nucleus
D
8. Which of the following functions would most likely be occurring in the structure surrounded by the box in Figure 4-2 a. Apoptosis b. dynein movement c. formation of hydrogen peroxide d. protein synthesis e. cholesterol synthesis
D
A cell is in metaphase if: a. the nuclear envelope is clearly visible b. none of the above c. the chromosomes are visible as thread-like structures d. the chromosomes are aligned on the equatorial plane of the cell e. the chromosomes are separated into distinct groups at opposite poles of the cell
D
A culture of mouse cells is treated with a chemical that interferes with the activity of microfilaments. Which of the following will probably be affected the most? a. pairing of chromosomes in S phase b. cytokinesis c. joining of sister chromatids at the centromere d. mitosis e. chromosome duplication
D
A duplicated chromosome has _________ chromatid(s). a. three b. one c. four d. two
D
A group of thylakoid discs make up: a. a vacuole b. the stroma c. the mesophyll d. a granum e. a chloroplast
D
The transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than direct transfer. This is because: a. it is chemically impossible to transfer electrons directly from glucose to oxygen. b. then chemical intermediates donate some of their electrons in order to increase the electron pool. c. the energy of the electrons can be used to make ADP d. the energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP e. none of the above
D
The type of connection between the atoms at the point labeled 1 in figure 03-03 is: a. a peptide bond b. a glycosidic linkage c. a disulfide bond d. a phosphodiester linkage e. a hydrogen bond
D
To prevent disastrous consequences, the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by a. helper viruses b. environmental signals c. a very detailed rigid genetic program d. a series of cell cycle checkpoints e. the mitochondria
D
Which of the following correctly describes a reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium? a. The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction b. All of the reactants have been converted to the products of the reaction c. All of the products have been converted to the reactants of the reaction d. Both the forward and the reverse reactions have stopped, with no net effect on the concentration of the reactants and the products
A
Some regions of the plasma membrane called lipid rafts , have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. At higher temperatures, these regions _____ a. are more fluid than the surrounding membrane b. detach from the plasma membrane and clog arteries c. have higher rates of lateral diffusion of lipids and proteins into and out of these regions d. are less fluid than the surrounding membrane
D
The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____ a. transmembrane pumps; electron transport b. phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP c. the concentration gradient; ADP d. the concentration gradient; ATP
D
The primary function of the leaf structure labeled 5 in Figure 9-1 is: a. food storage b. photosynthesis c. water transportation d. gas exchange e. nutrient absorption
D
The reactants of the Calvin cycle are: a. CO₂, H2O, and ATP b. H₂O, ATP, and NADPH c. CO₂, ADP, and NADP+ d. CO₂, ATP, and NADPH e. H₂O, ATP, and NADPH
D
The reactions of photosynthesis are divided into two categories: a. light-independent reactions and carbon fixation reactions b. light-dependent reactions and citric acid cycle c. carbon fixation reactions and oxygen fixation reactions d. light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions e. chemiosmosis and photochemical reactions
D
The regenerated molecule in the Krebs Cycle is a. pyruvic acid b. acetyl CoA c. fructose biphosphate d. oxaloacetic acid e. citric acid
D
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: a. is absent in most plant cells b. synthesizes proteins c. provides structural support d. synthesizes lipids e. is required for ribosome synthesis
D
12. According to the graph, in Figure 9-2, chlorophyll a absorbs light most strongly in the: a. UV and infrared wavelengths b. red and blue wavelengths c. green and yellow wavelengths d. UV and red wavelengths e. blue and green wavelengths
B
17. If the differently shaded portions of this molecule represent different polypeptide chains, then this figure is representative of: a. an amino acid b. the quaternary structure of a protein c. a steroid hormone d. cellulose e. a carotenoid
B
8. Chloroplasts will be found in the greatest density in the area of Figure 9-1 labeled a. 1 and 2 [top layer] b. 3 and 4 [oval things and under the top layer] c. 4 and 5 [middle and bottom of leaf] d. 6 and 7 [center of leaf] e. 7 and 8 [center of leaf]
B
A carbohydrate energy storage molecule found in animal liver and muscle cells is: a. starch b. glycogen c. cellulose d. fatty acids e. cholesterol
B
A cell in G2: a. is in cytokinesis b. has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus c. lacks a visible nuclear membrane d. has visibly distinct chromosomes e. is in mitosis
B
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. which of the following statements is true concerning this compound? a. it is probably a lipid b. it should dissolve in water c. it should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent d. it won't form hydrogen bonds with water e. it is hydrophobic
B
A nursing infant is able to obtain disease fighting antibodies, which are large protein molecules from its mother's milk. These molecules enter the cells lining the baby's digestive tract via a. passive transport b. phagocytosis c. pinocytosis d. osmosis
B
A picture of a dividing pigeon cell taken through a microscope shows that the cell contains 7 chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids. This picture could have been taken during a. metaphase of mitosis b. all of the above c. G2 of the cell cycle d. S phase of the cell cycle e. prophase of mitosis
B
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep a membrane more fluid at lower temperatures a. Unsaturated fatty acids are more polar than saturated fatty acids b. The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly. c. The double bonds block interaction among the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids d. Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content and; therefore, more cholesterol in membranes
B
Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP a. movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose than inside the cell b. movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid c. movement of carbon dioxide out of a paramecium d. facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride channel
B
Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. chloroplasts d. vacuoles e. peroxisomes
B
Which of the following structures would not be found in cells of a plant's roots a. mitochondria b. chloroplast c. endoplasmic reticulum d. nucleus e. Gogli complex
B
Which of these are NOT embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer at all a. integral proteins b. peripheral proteins c. transmembrane proteins d. All of these are embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer
B
Which of these colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis? a. blue b. green c. red d. orange e. violet
B
Which of these organisms are capable of hydrolyzing cellulose? a. humans b. termites c. cockroaches d. fungi e. all of the above
B
Which process is a transition from glycolysis to the Krebs Cycle? a. conversion of PGAL to pyruvic acid b. acetyl CoA formation c. regeneration of reduced NAD+ d. oxidative phosphorylation e. substrate level phosphorylation
B
Which term is not correctly matched with the appropriate energy source or carbon source? a. autotroph--carbon fixation b. heterotroph--light energy sources c. chemotroph--chemical energy sources d. phototroph--light energy sources e. all of the choices are correct
B
You have just discovered a new flower species that has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this pigment? a. green and yellow b. red and yellow c. green, blue, violet d. blue and violet e. blue, green, and red
B
The splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as: a. anabolism b. metabolism c. catabolism d. redox e. photosynthesis
C
A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks aldolase. he wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. The reason that he cannot do this is because a. bacteria are anaerobes that don't need to undergo glycolysis b. glycolysis produces so little ATP that the drug will have little effect c. human cells also undergo glycolysis, so the drug might also poison them d. glycolysis can occur without the actions of enzymes e. actually, the drug will have little effect on the bacteria.
C
A covalent chemical bond is one in which ____. a. electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so the the two atoms become oppositely charged b. protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms c. outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill their respective orbitals d. outer-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to fill the inner electron shell of another atom
C
A human bone marrow cell in prophase of mitosis contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain altogether? a. 46 b. 46 or 92 depending on when during prophase you look c. 92 d. 23 e. 23 or 46 depending on when during prophase you look
C
A molecule of a saturated triacylglycerol contains: a. the maximum number of double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains b. the maximum number of triple bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains c. the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains d. fatty acid chains with both amino and carboxyl groups e. alternating single and double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains
C
All organisms are classified into two general trophic groups. These two groups are: a. consumers and decomposers b. anaerobic autotrophs and aerobic autotrophs c. autotrophs and heterotrophs d. organic and inorganic e. autotrophs and producers
C
As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in one hour. You find that 30,000 molecules of ATP were consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH were consumed. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from? a. photosystemII b. photosystem I c. cyclic electron flow d. linear electron flow
C
Besides the ability of some cancer cells to over proliferate, what else could logically result in a tumor? a. inability to form spindles b. inability of chromosomes to meet at the metaphase plate c. lack of appropriate apoptosis d. changes in the order of cell cycle stages e. none of the above
C
Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are ____ a. hydrogen bonds b. polar covalent bonds c. non polar covalent bonds d. ionic bonds
C
Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon and has a mass number of 12. However, the average atomic mass of carbon found on the periodic table is slightly more than 12 daltons. Why? a. The atomic mass does not include the mass of electrons b. Some carbon atoms in nature have an extra proton c. Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons d. Some carbon atoms in nature have a different valence electron distribution
C
Chlorophyll: a. transmits red and blue light, and absorbs green light b. transmits red and blue light, and reflects green light c. absorbs red and blue light, and reflects green light d. reflects red and blue light, and absorbs green light e. absorbs red, blue and green light
C
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis? a. on the outside of vesicles b. on the inside surface of the cell membrane c. on the inside surface of the vesicle d. on the outer surface of the nucleus
C
In what way are the elements in the same column of the periodic table the same? They have the same number of _____. a. protons b. electrons when neutral c. electrons in their valence shell when neutral d. electron shells when neutral
C
In which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond? a. fatty acids + glycerol = fat b. glucose + fructose => sucrose c. glycogen => glucose d. alanine + glycine => dipeptide e. glucose => cellulose
C
It is advantageous for cells to be small because: a. a small cell size prevents a cell from weighing too much b. a small cell size occupies less space in nature where space is limited c. a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport d. a small cell has a small surface area relative to volume, thereby facilitating ion balance e. a small cell is better able to converse energy than a larger cell
C
Noncyclic electron transport needs a constant supply of electron. These are obtained from: a. glucose b. ATP c. H2O d. light e. CO2
C
One product of the initial (first) reaction of the Krebs cycle is: a. ATP b. NADH c. citric acid d. oxaloacetate e. acetyl-CoA
C
Substrate level phosphorylation a. requires the presence of oxygen b. requires the presence of NADH c. occurs during glycolysis d. produces most of the ATP during aerobic respiration e. is not a part of cellular respiration
C
The ______ can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center a. centriole b. centrosome c. Golgi complex d. vacuole e. cytoskeleton
C
The cell surface protein that carries a carbohydrates chain making it the 'name tag' of the cell is the a. enzymes b. channels c. markers d. receptors
C
The exoskeletons of arthropods are formed from the structural polysaccharide a. cellulose b. amylopectin c. chitin d. amylose e. glycogen
C
The first event in photosynthesis is the: a. formation of phosphogylceric acid b. fixation of carbon dioxide c. donation of an electron from the photosystem to an acceptor d. formation of phosphoglyceraldehyde e. breakdown of the thylakoid membrane
C
The process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules is: a. fermentation b. diffusion c. photosynthesis d. respiration e. none of these
C
The sodium-potassium pump is called an a. is used to drive the transport of other molecules against a concentration gradient b. ionizes sodium and potassium atoms c. contributes to the membrane potential d. pumps equal quantities of NA+ and K+ across the membrane
C
A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? a. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells b. The patient's red blood cells will burst up because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells c. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells d. The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells
D
About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter? a. carbon, sodium, hydrogen, nitrogen b. carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen c. oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen d. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
D
All of the following functions are performed by plant vacuoles EXCEPT a. maintaining hydrostatic (turgor) pressure b. waste storage and recycling c. storage of proteins d. breakdown of unneeded cellular materials e. storage of nucleic acid
D
An organism with a cell wall would most likely be unable to take in materials through ______ a. osmosis b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. phagocytosis
D
Can the atomic mass of an element vary? a. No, it is fixed. If it changes at all then you have formed a different element b. Yes. Adding or losing electrons will substantially change the atomic mass c. Yes. Adding or losing protons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element d. Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element
D
Celery stalks that are immerser in fresh water for several hours become stiff. Similar stalks left in a 0.15M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the fresh water _____ a. and the salt solution are both hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks b. is isotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks c. is hypertonic and the salt solution is hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks d. is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks
D
Differential centrifugation is a process that: a. separates different components of the cell that function differently b. separates components of the cell that have a different chemical makeup c. analyzes the chemical components of the cell d. separates components of the cell that have different densities e. allows researches to view the contents of the cell
D
From its atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has ____ a. 5 neutrons, 5 protons, and 5 electrons b. 15 neutrons and 15 protons c. 8 electrons in its outermost electron shell d. 15 protons and 15 electrons
D
How many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond? a. one b. two c. three d. four
D
If an atom has a charge of +1, which of the following must be true? a. It has two more protons than electrons b. It has the same number of protons as electrons c. It has one more electron than it does protons d. It has one more proton than it does electrons
D
In C3 plants, the ______________ are typically closed at night and open during the daytime to allow for gas exchange. a. grana b. epidermis c. cuticles d. stomata e. spongy mesophyll
D
In a chloroplast, there is an outer and an inner membrane. The inner membrane encloses a fluid filled region called the: a. thylakoid b. electron acceptor c. grana d. stroma e. pigment
D
In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the: a. mitochondrial inner membrane b. lysosomes c. Golgi complex d. cytosol e. mitochondrial matrix
D
In the overall reactions of photosynthesis, it appears that hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate. This type of reaction is classified as: a. a hydrolytic reaction b. a catabolic reaction c. a redox reaction d. an oxidation reaction e. an anaerobic reaction
D
In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary? a. only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable b. Some membranes have hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the cytoplasm, while others have hydrophilic surfaces facing the cytoplasm c. Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes d. Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.
D
Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when _________. a. mitosis proceeds b. a cell ceases to function c. the spindle forms d. a cell grows and duplicates its DNA
D
Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels down _____ a. their concentration gradients b. their chemical gradients c. their electrical gradients d. their electrochemical gradients
D
Lactic acid production in muscle cells is a. temporary b. due to oxygen deficiency c. an NAD generator d. temporary and due to oxygen deficiency e. permanent, and due to oxygen deficiency
D
Oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvic acids yields: a. two glucose molecules b. two ATP four CO2 and two NADH c. Two PGAL d. two acetyl groups and two CO2 e. One fructose-1, 6-biphosphate
D
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and most commonly, a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom? a. approximately 8 grams b. approximately 8 daltons c. approximately 16 grams d. approximately 16 daltons
D
Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within the: a. lysosomes b. nucleus c. mitochondria d. Golgi complex e. peroxisomes
D
Regulatory proteins: a. defend against foreign invaders b. store nutrients c. catalyze a specific chemical reaction d. control the expression of specific genes e. strengthen and protect cells and tissues
D
Select the anaerobic pathway: a. oxidative respiration b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain d. fermentation e. None of the choices are anaerobic.
D
25. The structure in the micrograph are a. chloroplasts b. cilia c. rough ER d. flagella e. B and D
E
27. The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure is: a. The first step in the citric acid cycle b. the energy producing step of glycolysis c. fermentation d. part of the electron transport chain e. none of the above
E
31. All of the following types of chemical bonds are responsible for maintaining the tertiary structure of this polypeptide except: a. ionic bonds b. hydrogen bonds c. hydrophobic interactions d. disulfide bonds e. peptide bonds
E
A eukaryotic cell: a. is usually smaller than a prokaryotic cell b. has its DNA concentrated in one area of the cell without a nuclear membrane c. typically has a cell wall, in addition to a plasma membrane d. is exemplified by bacteria e. has a variety of membranous organells
E
A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of: a. fermentation b. the electron transport chain c. glycolysis d. ATP synthesis in the mitochondria e. the citric acid cycle
E
All the following are proteins except a. hemoglobin b. antibodies c. collagen d. enzymes e. cellulose
E
Catabolic reactions: a. are generally exergonic b. usually produces ATP c. are part of metabolism d. may produce monosaccharides from polysaccharides e. all of the above
E
Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the: a. stroma b. stroma grana c. mesophyll membranes d. light reaction centers of the stroma lamellae e. thylakoid membranes
E
DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex called: a. chromosomes b. nucleoli c. nucleus d. genes e. chromatin
E
Decarboxylations: a. occur as part of the citric acid cycle b. produce CO2 that is then exhaled via breathing c. involve the removal of a carbon dioxide from a substrate d. are one type of general reaction that occurs during aerobic respiration e. all of the above
E
Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvic acid is reduced to form lactic acid or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step a. removes poisonous oxygen from the environment b. extracts more energy from glucose c. enables the cell to recycle NAD+ d. inactivates pyruvic acid e. extracts no ATP from pyruvic acid
E
Glucose is converted into glycogen primarily in the a. brain b. blood c. pancreas d. spleen e. liver
E
In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine will form hydrogen bonds with a. deoxyribose b. ribose c. adenine d. thymine e. guanine
E
Most cells spend the majority of their lives in _________. a. metaphase b. prophase c. telophase d. anaphase e. interphase
E
One function of peroxisomes involves the process of: a. cell death b. water storage c. protein synthesis d. DNA replication e. detoxification
E
Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are: a. inorganic synthesizers b. consumers c. chemosynthetic d. independent trophs e. producers
E