biology test 1
Most of the prokaryotes known as ___________live in extreme environments, such as salty lakes.
archea
Female fireflies choose mates based on the specific flash pattern displayed by males flying nearby. This is an example of ________.
behavioral isolation
. In ________________________, glucose levels remain higher than normal.
both types
A sudden volcanic eruption kills many members of a population of elk. By chance, the individuals that remain do not have the same mix of genes as the original population. The mechanism of evolution is
bottleneck effect
the skulls of humans and other primates have the same basic layout of bones, even though the heads are drastically different sizes and shapes. The type of evidence is
comparative anatomy
The process of ______________involves the building of a physical bridge between two bacteria. DNA then moves across this bridge from a donor cell to a recipient cell.
conjugation
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called
homestasis
If you look at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells?
lack a nucleus
Blood calcium level regulation controlled by the release of hormones when blood calcium levels change is an example of _____________.
negative feedback mechanism
Which one of the following soil-borne organisms can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium and other nitrogen compounds that can be taken up and used by plants?
nitrogen fixing bacteria
A research team designs an experiment to increase the speed of athletes. The athletes' diet and sleep routines are altered for two weeks. Is this an example of a controlled study?
no, a controlled study only changes one variable at a time
________________are groups of several organs that work together to perform the functions of the body.
organ systems
A scientist has collected data on the stomach contents of raccoons. He finds that they eat marsh grasses, crayfish, clams, insects, and food items discarded by people. What type of graph would be the best way to show the percentages of each of the components of the raccoons' diet?
pie chart
A ______________ is a small circular molecule of DNA that reproduces independently of the larger bacterial chromosome
plasmid
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another is a
population
p value less than .05
statistically significant
_______________are a group of cells with a common structure and function.
tissues
The process of _____________ occurs when a bacterium internalized bits of DNA from its environment.
transformation
_________________fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.
transitional
Binary fission produces __________.
two genetically identical cells
In ______________diabetes, no insulin is produced.
type 1
In _____________diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.
type 2
Which of the following represents a blind study? a) The test group does not know whether they are receiving a placebo or the actual treatment, but the researchers do. b) Neither the test group nor the researchers know whether the test group is receiving a placebo or the actual treatment until all the data are collected. c) The test group knows whether they are receiving a placebo or the actual treatment, and so do the researchers. d) The test group knows whether they are receiving a placebo or the actual treatment, but the researchers do not know until all the data are collected.
a
Mutations are always __________.
a change in an individual's DNA
This video explains the terms hypothesis and theory. Which of the following phrases best describes a hypothesis? a proposed explanation for an observation or question an explanation supported by a wide variety of evidence an explanation that is already known to be correct an explanation well established by the scientific community
a proposed explanation for an observation or question
Which of the following is a tetrapod?
a reptile a bird a mammal an amphibian
Kingdom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that obtain their food by ingesting (eating) other organisms.
animilia
Male fireflies signal to females of the same species by blinking their tail lights at a particular rhythm. Females only respond to signals sent by males of their species. The type of evidence is
behavioral isolation
Which of the following features would be useful in identifying pseudoscience?
beliefs
Most bacteria (and many other single-celled organisms) reproduce via ______________, the process of dividing a cell in half, yielding two genetically identical offspring cells
binary fission
An ostrich and an emu are both flightless birds found on completely different continents (ostrich in Africa, emu in Australia). These birds have slightly different evolutionary histories, but have independently evolved similar adaptations due in part to the similar habitats they occupy. What type of evidence for evolution do these birds present?
biogeography
Sixty-five million years ago, approximately 50 percent of all species became extinct, including dinosaurs. This event marks the start of which era?
cenozoic
A(n) _________________involves running a test multiple times while changing one variable, leaving the others the same.
controlled experiment
Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions?
endospore
People with diabetes have trouble regulating the levels of ___________in the blood
glucose
The protective covering of the body is called the ____________________
integumentary system
By definition, a theory ________________. leads to testable predictions involves experimentation is supported by a large body of evidence is falsifiable
is supported by a large body of evidence
While working as a microbiologist, you discover a new species of Clostridium. Which of the following is true? It is harmless. It is most likely harmless. It is disease causing. It is most likely disease causing.
it is most likely harmless
________ proposed that species evolved by the inheritance of characteristics acquired by their parents.
lamarck
Which of the following is true about the scientific name of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca?
melanoleuca refers to the species
Which of the following gases was the least abundant in the earth's early atmosphere?
oxygen
__________is anything that prevents successful interbreeding between species.
reproductive barrier
A(n) __________________ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.
theory
How long ago were the organisms that produced the oldest fossil records alive?
3.5 billion
How does a bacterial cell obtain new DNA during the process of transformation? Naked DNA from the surrounding environment is taken up by a bacterium. One bacterial cell transfers DNA to another through a physical bridge called a pilus. Bits of DNA can be carried by a virus that infects the bacterial cell. A duplicated plasmid is sent from one bacterial cell to another.
A
Body cells that respond to insulin include
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
When blood glucose levels are low
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
When blood glucose levels are high
The pancreas releases insulin.
What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?
Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.
How did Darwin's ideas on evolution conflict with contemporary religious dogma? a) In contrast to biblical teaching, Darwin argued that the earth was very old, and that species are constantly changing. b) Darwin argued that humans have no soul. c) Darwin argued that the universe arose from a "Big Bang." d) Darwin argued that life on earth was created by a meteor strike.
a
Which of the following conditions are required for evolution to occur? Select all that apply. a) Resources in the environment must be limited. b) Most offspring must survive. c)Resources must increase at the same rate that the population grows. d)Traits must be heritable. e)Individuals within a population must vary in their ability to compete for resources. f)There must be equal reproductive success among individuals in a population.
a, d, e
Which of the following lists the steps of the process of science in correct order? Observation, testing, communication, and outcomes Observation, communication, outcomes, and testing Observation, communications, testing, and outcomes
any of the above
Cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and kohlrabi are all the same species of plant. What is responsible for the differences in these vegetables?
artificial selection
Which of the following best describes a hypothesis-driven controlled experiment? a) Testing a hypothesis by carefully observing what is naturally happening b) Testing a hypothesis using groups that differ only by the one variable under consideration c) Testing the hypothesis by changing a variable and running the experiment only collecting data from that group d) Testing a hypothesis when the researchers and test subjects are both blind to the conditions
b
how does blood glucose level change (or not change) in a non-diabetic human? a) Blood glucose level decreases drastically if you skip a meal. b) Blood glucose level hovers within a narrow range. c) Blood glucose level stays exactly the same at all times. d) Blood glucose level increases drastically after every meal.
b
Bacteria with rod-shaped cells connected end-to-end are called _________.
bacili
are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.
bacteria
In the Galapagos Islands, birds called blue-footed boobies will mate only after a specific "dance" is performed where a potential mate displays bright blue feet. The type of evidence is
behavioral isolation
Most of the animals found on the island of Madagascar are found nowhere else, indicating they evolved from ancestral populations after Madagascar was isolated from other continents. The type of evidence is
biogeography
Comparision of DNA sequences among single-celled organisms suggests that eukaryotes are more closely related to archaea than bacteria. The type of evidence is
bioinformatics
The ________________ concept defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring.
biological concept
Which of the following phrases best describes a theory? Select all that apply. broad and comprehensive in scope is the same as a hypothesis has no expectation of truth is proposed early after an initial observation has withstood the test of time supported by a wide variety of evidence
broad and comprehensive in scope bas withstood the test of time supported by a wide variety of evidence
A C. diff outbreak occurs in a nursing home. Which of the following would likely be best to stop the outbreak? Require hand-washing with an antibacterial soap when entering and leaving a room. Wash all the bedding in bleach. Disinfect all areas for spores. Prescribe antibiotics for all patients and employees.
disinfect all areas for spores
Organisms with prokaryotic cells are separated into two ____________, bacteria and archea
domains
All organisms with eukaryotic cells are grouped in domain
eukarya
Compact, complex animals have specialized internal__________________that provide a large surface area.
exchange surfaces
The oldest known and most primitive bird is the 150-million-year old Archaeopteryx. Its remains display feathered wings, but its skeleton is otherwise similar to the two-legged dinosaurs that lived at that time. The type of evidence is
fossil record
Tristan da Cunha is a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1814, 15 people formed a colony there, one of whom carried a rare gene for blindness. The frequency of this gene is now 10 times higher on the island than on the mainland from which the settlers arrived. The mechanism of evolution is
founder effect
Kingdom __________includes eukaryotic organisms that mostly decompose organic wastes and absorb nutrients into their cells.
fungi
Within the open ocean, many species of sea slug release gametes simultaneously, but eggs of each species cannot be fertilized by sperm of a different species. The type of evidence is
gametic incompatibility
As habitats change, populations of northern pine trees that were once separated can now exchange pollen. This exchange of genes between populations is allowing the previously isolated gene pools to mix. The mechanism of evolution is
gene flow
Insecticide resistance among mosquitos is spreading around the world after mutations that originate in one population are spread to other populations through matings. The mechanism of evolution is
gene flow
Habitat loss has driven the population of the Florida panther (Puma concolor cougar) to extremely low numbers. Which mechanism of microevolution is likely at play in this species?
genetic drift: bottleneck effect
In North America, one species of garter snake lives primarily in the water, while another species lives primarily on land. Therefore, they rarely meet and mate. The type of evidence is
habitat isolation
Some fish-such as salmon-hatch in fresh water, move to the ocean to mature, and return to fresh water to reproduce. The concentration of sodium in the blood of the fish does not change very much when they swim from a river to the sea or return to the river. This is an example of ______________.
homestasis
Although some closely related (but separate) species of salamander can mate with each other to produce offspring, the offspring fail to develop normally and cannot reproduce. The type of evidence is
hybrid weakness
A(n)________________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments
hypothesis
When glucose levels get too high in the blood, the pancreas releases ____________, whereas when glucose levels get too low, the pancreas releases ____________.
insulin; glucagon
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
liver cells
Certain species of plants require hummingbirds to transfer pollen from the male parts of one flower to the female parts of another flower. The shape of the plant flower is compatible only with the one species of hummingbird that transfers its pollen. The type of evidence is
mechanical incompatability
Some closely related species of snails cannot mate because their shells spiral in opposite directions, making it impossible for their reproductive organs to be aligned. The type of evidence is
mechanical incompatability
The thyroid gland plays a major role in the regulation of ____________________.
metabolism
Response to a stimulus, such that the effect of the stimulus is counteracted, is called a ________ feedback.
negative
Most of the control mechanisms that maintain an internal steady state are based on ___________________, in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change.
negative feedback
In the Grand Canyon, fossils in rock layers at the bottom of the canyon are __________ than those in layers closer to the top.
older
_______________are usually composed of several types of tissues that together perform a specific task
organs
Kingdom _______ consists of multicellular eukaryotes that produce their food by photosynthesis.
plantae
The domain Eukarya is divided into kingdoms. Which of these kingdoms includes members that are highly diverse and do not fit neatly into a single classification scheme?
protists
are a diverse collection of mostly single-celled eukaryotes, which are sorted into several kingdoms to reflect their evolutionary relationships.
protists
Scientists use a general process known as the _____________ to ask and answer questions about nature.
scientific method
Researchers discovered that female gray tree frogs prefer to mate with males who sound the longest mating calls. The mechanism of evolution is
sexual selection
The process that gives rise to new species is called
speciation
Due to differences in mating times, two sub-populations of frogs form into separate species, even though they occupy the same pond. This overall process is known as ________.
sympatric speciation
Two populations of flowers do not produce offspring because one blooms during early spring and the other blooms during late spring.
temporal isolation
Darwinian fitness is measured only in terms of _____________.
the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation in comparison to the contributions from other individuals
What do the following groups of organisms have in common: methanogens (methane-producing organisms), halophiles (salt-loving organisms), and thermophiles (heat-loving organisms)?
they are all archaea
Calcitonin is released from the _______________ and parathyroid hormone is released from the _______________.
thyroid; parathyroid
The process of _____________ involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus.
transduction
p value more than 0.05
NOT statistically significant
A liver cell responds to insulin by
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.