Biology Test Chapter 4-7

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What kind of acid builds up in human muscle during strenuous activity?

lactic acid

Each long chromatin fiber constitutes one what?

Chromosome

How many molecules of ATP can be produced from one molecule of glucose during fermentation?

2

What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production by ATP synthase?

A concentration gradient of H+across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

What is the role of mRNA in making a protein?

A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene (DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.

What is cellular respiration?

A process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other food molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP

Lysosome?

A sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells. They develop from vesicles that bud off from the Golgi. Enzymes within a lysosome can break down large molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids

In addition to conveying electrons from the water-splitting photosystem to the NADPH-producing photosystem, the electron transport chains of chloroplasts provide the energy for the synthesis of ___________.

ATP

What consists of an organic molecule called adenosine plus a tail of 3 phosphate groups?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

What requires that a cell expend energy to move molecules across a membrane?

Active Transport

How does an enzyme affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

An enzyme lowers the activation energy

What are organisms that make all their own organic matter from nutrients that are entirely inorganic? (self feeders)

Autotrophs

What chemical ingredients do plants require from the environment in order to synthesize their own food?

CO2, H2O, and soil minerals

The amount of energy that can raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Calorie

Contained in most animal cells, these allow cells in a tissue to function in a coordinated way.

Cell junctions

States that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.

Cell theory

What is the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules?

Cellular Respiration

What polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls/?

Cellulose

What can account for more than half the volume of a mature plant cell, and stores organic nutrients such as proteins stockpiled in the vacuoles of seed cells?

Central Vacuole

Pores in the nuclear envelope allow what?

Certain materials to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

The molecules of food, gasoline, and other fuels have a special form of potential energy called what?

Chemical energy

The green color of chloroplasts is from what?

Chlorophyll

What is the specific name of the pigment that absorbs energy during the light reactions?

Chlorophyll a

All green parts of plant have what and can carry out photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

Which organelles perform photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis takes place within organelles called ___________ using gases that are exchanged via pores called ___________.

Chloroplasts; stroma

Within the nucleus, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called what?

Chromatin

What is a region in which the substance's density changes?

Concentration gradient

What principle states that it is not possible to destroy or create energy?

Conservation of energy

Biologists refer to heterotrophs as what?

Consumers

What is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm which serves as both skeleton and "muscles" for the cell, functioning in support and movement?

Cystoskeleton

The entire region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane is called what?

Cytoplasm

The movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out into the available space?

Diffusion

This type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to resolve objects. Has much better resolving power than the light microscope.

Electron microscope

What takes material into the cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane?

Endocytosis

This system includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vaculoles.

Endomembrane system

What is the capacity to perform work?

Energy

What is a measure of the amount of disorder, or randomness, in a system?

Entropy

What are proteins that speed up chemical reactions?

Enzyme

Organisms of the domain protists, plants, fungi, and animals are composed of what type of cells?

Eukaryotic cells

When proteins exit the cell from transport vesicles that fuse from the plasma membrane this is called?

Exocytosis

Found in animal cells, a sticky coat which holds cells together in tissues, and it can also have protective and supportive functions.

Extracellular matrix

Substances that do not cross membranes spontaneously can be transported via what?

Facilitated diffusion

What is the anaerobic harvest of food energy called?

Fermentation

Fluid mosaic?

Fluid because the molecules can move freely past one another and a mosaic because of the diversity of proteins that float like icebergs in the phospholipid sea.

What is a type of Kinetic energy contained in the random motion of atoms and molecules?

Heat

Humans and other animals are organisms that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones called what? (other feeders)

Heterotrophs

The solution with a higher concentration of solute is said to be what?

Hypertonic

The solution with the lower solute concentration is said to be what?

Hypotonic

How can defective lysosomes result in excess accumulation of a particular chemical compound in a shell?

If the lysosomes lack an enzyme needed to break down the compound, the cell will accumulate an excess of that compound

Solutions of equal solute concentration are said to be what?

Isotonic

How can an object at rest have energy?

It can have potential energy because of its location and structure

What is the function of NADPH in the Calvin cycle?

It provides the high energy electrons that are added to CO2 to form G3P sugar

What is the energy of motion?

Kinetic

What does the process of photosynthesis accomplish?

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in food molecules

The type of microscope used by Renaissance scientists. Visible light is projected through the specimen, such as a single-celled protist. Glass lenses enlarge the image and project it into a human eye or a camera.

Light Microscope

An increase in the object's apparent size compared its actual size.

Magnification

What is the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism?

Metabolism

What are straight, hollow tubes composed of proteins?

Microtubules

The sites of cellular respiration

Mitochondria

What is a prominent structure within the nucleus which is the site where the components of ribosomes are made?

Nucleolus

The most important organelle which houses most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane

Nucleus

Membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions

Organelles

The control of water balance is called what?

Osmoregulation

What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Osmosis

What is the loss of electrons during a redox reaction?

Oxidation

Diffusion across a membrane when the cell does not expend any energy for it to happen?

Passive Transport

Two layered membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer

What is a process whereby plants, algae, and certain bacteria transform light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water as starting materials?

Photosynthesis

What uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that builds organic molecules?

Photosynthesis

All cells are bounded by a thin outer membrane which regulates the traffic of molecules between the cell and its surroundings called what?

Plasma membrane.

What is energy that an object has because of its location or structure?

Potential energy

Biologists refer to plants and other autotrophs as what?

Producers

These types of cells characterize the organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotic cells

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

What are chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another substance?

Redox Reactions

What is the acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction?

Reduction

What is an aerobic process?

Requires oxygen

The ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate.

Resolving power

Tiny structures that build proteins according to instructions from DNA

Ribosomes

What makes rough ER rough?

Ribosomes attached to the membrane

This type of microscope is used to study the detailed architecture of the cell surface.

Scanning electron microscope

What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the ER in a protein-secreting shell?

The Golgi receives proteins from the ER via vesicles, finishes processing the proteins, and then dispatches them in vesicles.

Why do phospholipids tend to organize into a bilayer in an aqueous solution?

The bilayer structure shields the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to water.

How does the cytoskeleton function in both support and movement within the cell?

The cytoskeleton serves as an anchor onto which organelles can attach and also provides tracks along which organelles can move.

The nucleus is bordered by a double membrane called what?

The nuclear envelope

Why is water required as a reactant in photosynthesis?

The splitting of water provides electrons for converting NAD+ to NADPH (which will be used in converting CO2 to sugar in the Calvin cycle)

This type of microscope is especially useful for exploring the internal structure of a cell.

Transmission electron microscope

Membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane?

Transport Proteins

What is anaerobic?

Without oxygen


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