Biology Test Chapter 4-7
What kind of acid builds up in human muscle during strenuous activity?
lactic acid
Each long chromatin fiber constitutes one what?
Chromosome
How many molecules of ATP can be produced from one molecule of glucose during fermentation?
2
What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production by ATP synthase?
A concentration gradient of H+across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
What is the role of mRNA in making a protein?
A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene (DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.
What is cellular respiration?
A process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other food molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP
Lysosome?
A sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells. They develop from vesicles that bud off from the Golgi. Enzymes within a lysosome can break down large molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids
In addition to conveying electrons from the water-splitting photosystem to the NADPH-producing photosystem, the electron transport chains of chloroplasts provide the energy for the synthesis of ___________.
ATP
What consists of an organic molecule called adenosine plus a tail of 3 phosphate groups?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What requires that a cell expend energy to move molecules across a membrane?
Active Transport
How does an enzyme affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
An enzyme lowers the activation energy
What are organisms that make all their own organic matter from nutrients that are entirely inorganic? (self feeders)
Autotrophs
What chemical ingredients do plants require from the environment in order to synthesize their own food?
CO2, H2O, and soil minerals
The amount of energy that can raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
Calorie
Contained in most animal cells, these allow cells in a tissue to function in a coordinated way.
Cell junctions
States that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.
Cell theory
What is the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules?
Cellular Respiration
What polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls/?
Cellulose
What can account for more than half the volume of a mature plant cell, and stores organic nutrients such as proteins stockpiled in the vacuoles of seed cells?
Central Vacuole
Pores in the nuclear envelope allow what?
Certain materials to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
The molecules of food, gasoline, and other fuels have a special form of potential energy called what?
Chemical energy
The green color of chloroplasts is from what?
Chlorophyll
What is the specific name of the pigment that absorbs energy during the light reactions?
Chlorophyll a
All green parts of plant have what and can carry out photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
Which organelles perform photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis takes place within organelles called ___________ using gases that are exchanged via pores called ___________.
Chloroplasts; stroma
Within the nucleus, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called what?
Chromatin
What is a region in which the substance's density changes?
Concentration gradient
What principle states that it is not possible to destroy or create energy?
Conservation of energy
Biologists refer to heterotrophs as what?
Consumers
What is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm which serves as both skeleton and "muscles" for the cell, functioning in support and movement?
Cystoskeleton
The entire region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane is called what?
Cytoplasm
The movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out into the available space?
Diffusion
This type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to resolve objects. Has much better resolving power than the light microscope.
Electron microscope
What takes material into the cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane?
Endocytosis
This system includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vaculoles.
Endomembrane system
What is the capacity to perform work?
Energy
What is a measure of the amount of disorder, or randomness, in a system?
Entropy
What are proteins that speed up chemical reactions?
Enzyme
Organisms of the domain protists, plants, fungi, and animals are composed of what type of cells?
Eukaryotic cells
When proteins exit the cell from transport vesicles that fuse from the plasma membrane this is called?
Exocytosis
Found in animal cells, a sticky coat which holds cells together in tissues, and it can also have protective and supportive functions.
Extracellular matrix
Substances that do not cross membranes spontaneously can be transported via what?
Facilitated diffusion
What is the anaerobic harvest of food energy called?
Fermentation
Fluid mosaic?
Fluid because the molecules can move freely past one another and a mosaic because of the diversity of proteins that float like icebergs in the phospholipid sea.
What is a type of Kinetic energy contained in the random motion of atoms and molecules?
Heat
Humans and other animals are organisms that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones called what? (other feeders)
Heterotrophs
The solution with a higher concentration of solute is said to be what?
Hypertonic
The solution with the lower solute concentration is said to be what?
Hypotonic
How can defective lysosomes result in excess accumulation of a particular chemical compound in a shell?
If the lysosomes lack an enzyme needed to break down the compound, the cell will accumulate an excess of that compound
Solutions of equal solute concentration are said to be what?
Isotonic
How can an object at rest have energy?
It can have potential energy because of its location and structure
What is the function of NADPH in the Calvin cycle?
It provides the high energy electrons that are added to CO2 to form G3P sugar
What is the energy of motion?
Kinetic
What does the process of photosynthesis accomplish?
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in food molecules
The type of microscope used by Renaissance scientists. Visible light is projected through the specimen, such as a single-celled protist. Glass lenses enlarge the image and project it into a human eye or a camera.
Light Microscope
An increase in the object's apparent size compared its actual size.
Magnification
What is the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism?
Metabolism
What are straight, hollow tubes composed of proteins?
Microtubules
The sites of cellular respiration
Mitochondria
What is a prominent structure within the nucleus which is the site where the components of ribosomes are made?
Nucleolus
The most important organelle which houses most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane
Nucleus
Membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions
Organelles
The control of water balance is called what?
Osmoregulation
What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
What is the loss of electrons during a redox reaction?
Oxidation
Diffusion across a membrane when the cell does not expend any energy for it to happen?
Passive Transport
Two layered membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
What is a process whereby plants, algae, and certain bacteria transform light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water as starting materials?
Photosynthesis
What uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that builds organic molecules?
Photosynthesis
All cells are bounded by a thin outer membrane which regulates the traffic of molecules between the cell and its surroundings called what?
Plasma membrane.
What is energy that an object has because of its location or structure?
Potential energy
Biologists refer to plants and other autotrophs as what?
Producers
These types of cells characterize the organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic cells
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
What are chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another substance?
Redox Reactions
What is the acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction?
Reduction
What is an aerobic process?
Requires oxygen
The ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate.
Resolving power
Tiny structures that build proteins according to instructions from DNA
Ribosomes
What makes rough ER rough?
Ribosomes attached to the membrane
This type of microscope is used to study the detailed architecture of the cell surface.
Scanning electron microscope
What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the ER in a protein-secreting shell?
The Golgi receives proteins from the ER via vesicles, finishes processing the proteins, and then dispatches them in vesicles.
Why do phospholipids tend to organize into a bilayer in an aqueous solution?
The bilayer structure shields the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to water.
How does the cytoskeleton function in both support and movement within the cell?
The cytoskeleton serves as an anchor onto which organelles can attach and also provides tracks along which organelles can move.
The nucleus is bordered by a double membrane called what?
The nuclear envelope
Why is water required as a reactant in photosynthesis?
The splitting of water provides electrons for converting NAD+ to NADPH (which will be used in converting CO2 to sugar in the Calvin cycle)
This type of microscope is especially useful for exploring the internal structure of a cell.
Transmission electron microscope
Membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane?
Transport Proteins
What is anaerobic?
Without oxygen
