BioPsychology Exam 2
Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as __.
Across-fiber
Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.
All-trans-retinal
Loudness is to __ as pitch is to __.
Amplitude; frequency
Human newborns come into the world predisposed to pay more attention to ____ than any other stationary displays.
Answer: c) Faces
Astigmatism refers to the _____.
Asymmetric curvature of eyes
A tonotopic map refers to a(n) __.
Auditory cortex map of sounds
What is the shape of the reflective field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
Bar in a particular orientation
What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
Bar in particular orientation
The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.
Blind spot
Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was __.
Chemical
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by _____.
Contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.
Contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others.
Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred as __.
Cross-adaptation
Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?
Dressing themselves
In foveal vision, __.
Each ganglion cell is excited by a single cell
In foveal vision, _______.
Each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone
Meissner's corpuscles are __.
Elaborate neuron endings for touch
Ruffini's endings are __.
Elaborate neuron endings for touch
The law of specific nerve energies states that __.
Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
The law of specific nerve energies states that ______.
Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
True or False: An object's location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.
False
True or False: Conductive deafness is primarily a problem with the auditory nerve.
False
True or False: Following exposure to painful stimuli, brain activation is limited to the somatosensory cortex.
False
True or False: Itching appears to be a type of pain message.
False
True or False: Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns.
False
True or False: Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision.
False
True or False: The cornea is an adjustable structure in the eye that focuses light.
False
True or False: Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention.
False.
True or False: The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.
False.
_____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus.
Feature detectors
The __ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.
Frequency
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
Ganglion cells
A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter __. A more intense pain also releases __.
Glutamate; Substance P
The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks _____.
Have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina
In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?
Horizontal cells
How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?
Hundreds
Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?
Inferior temporal cortex
Which of the following is true for nerve deafness?
It can result from damage to the cochlea
Which statement characterizes the fovea?
It has the greatest perception of detail
What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?
Lateral inhibition
Cutting the left optic nerve in front o the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the _____.
Left eye
What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?
Loudness
What sounds characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?
Loudness and timing
The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to _____.
Magnocellular neurons in the periphery
Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it __.
May return to the primary visual cortex
Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it _______.
May return to the primary visual cortex
In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to __.
Mechanical displacement
Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape's _______
Mirror-reversal
Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of ____.
Motion perception
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to _____.
Movement
What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?
Nerve
Where are the auditory receptors located?
On the basilar membrane
Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?
Opponent-process theory
Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells?
Parvocellular
_____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.
Photopigments
The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following?
Place theory only
Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the __.
Primary visual cortex
Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ______.
Primary visual cortex
The __ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.
Receptive field
The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.
Receptive field
The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____.
Receptive field
A person with visual agnosia is unable to _____.
Recognize visual objects
In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty _____.
Recognizing different kinds of plants and animals
Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____.
Recognizing faces
Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with _____.
Recognizing faces
Difficulty distinguishing between _____ and ______ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.
Red; green
Chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane __.
Reduce the intensity of salty tastes
Anti-Inflammatory drugs, such as Ibuprofen, relieve pain by __.
Reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the _____.
Relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths
V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing _____.
Repeating stripes on a flag
Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ______ theory of color vision.
Retinex
In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.
Sensitive to detail
Stimulation of a touch receptor opens __ channels in the axon.
Sodium
The sensory aspect of pain activates the __ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the __ cortex.
Somatosensory; cingulate
Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing __.
Sudden-onset sounds
A person who "sees" spoken language or music may be experiencing __.
Synesthesia
To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent?
Temporal
Blindsight refers to _____.
The ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field.
Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?
The left half
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?
Three kinds of cones
Why does fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?
Tightly packed receptors
The primary visual cortex sends its information __.
To area V2
The primary visual cortex sends its information _____.
To area V2
In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____.
To bipolar cells within the retina
Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?
To the lateral geniculate
The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ______ theory of color vision.
Trichromatic
What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (cloudy vision).
Trouble describing the shapes of objects
True or False: Johannes Muller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.
True
True or False: Phase differences are usable for detecting localization of low frequency sounds.
True
True or False: Taste receptors are continually being replaced.
True
True or False: The amplitude of a sound wave is its intensity.
True
True or False: The pinna helps us identify the location of a sound.
True
True or False: Amacrine cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.
True.
True or False: Photopigments are stable in the dark.
True.
The eardrum is also known as the __.
Tympanic membrane
Cortical area _____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.
V1
The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the __.
Ventral stream
The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the _____.
Ventral stream
The current view of how you perceive high frequencies is based on __.
Where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly