Biovascular plants
gynoecium
Comprises all the carpels of a flower; female part of a flower
endospory
Condition in which the gametophyte develops within the spore wall, rather than externally
Pinus
Coniferophyta
If carpellate and staminate flowers occur on separate plants, that species is...
diecious
terminal cell
divides several times to form a spherical proembryo attached to the suspensor, eventually giving rise to most of the embryo.
Elkinsia polymorpha
earliest known seed plant (seed fern); seeds along branches without specialized structures
corymb
flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height
Anthophyta
flowering plants
imperfect flowers
flowers do not have both carpels and stamens
inflorescences
flowers grouped in clusters
perfect flowers
flowers that contain carpels and stamens
In flowers, The carpels are the...
megasporophylls
In flowers, stamens are the...
microsporophylls
bracts
modified leaves that are adapted for protecting the flowers
If carpellate and staminate flowers occur on the same plant, that species is....
monoecious
pedicel
singular stalk supporting one flower
catkin
slim cylindrical flower cluster with few or no petals
peduncle
stalk bearing an inflorescence or solitary flower
filament
stalk for the anther
perianth
the collective term for all sepals and petals in a flower
endocarp
the innermost layer of the pericarp that surrounds a seed in a fruit
axile placentation
the ovules are borne on a central column of tissue in a partitioned ovary with as many locules (chambers) as there are carpels
central placentation
the ovules are borne on a central column of tissue not connected by partitions to the ovary wall
mesocarp
the second most outer layer of a fruit
spadix
an inflorescence that is a spike with flowers embedded in a fleshy axis
megaspore mother cell
develops within the ovule that is within the ovary of the carpel
Bifacial vascular cambium
A cylinder of cells in the stem that produces new xylem cells on the inside and new phloem cells on the outside. Allows for secondary growth.
angiosperms
A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
involucre
A group or cluster of bracts subtending an inflorescence
staminate
A male cone is called a staminate
Seeds
A mature ovule that contains an embryo An embryonic plant with its food supply. encapsulated in a protective coat. Appear in the Devonian, 365 mya; about 100 my after origin of plants. Survival over extended periods of drought or cold. Embryo protected from bacterial or fungal attack. Dispersal. Food supply: Head start for embryo development. Enhanced germination.
double fertilization
A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
pollen tube
A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule.
monocot
An angiosperm that has only one seed leaf.
dicot
An angiosperm that has two seed leaves
umbel
An inflorescence with a number of pedicels attached at a single node
zygomorphic
Bilaterally symmetrical
cauline
Borne on the aerial part of a stem
cyme
Determinate, compound inflorescence composed of repeating units of a pedicel bearing a terminal flower and below it, one or two bracteoles; each bracteole is associated with an axillary flower, and further bracteoles, and so on.
sporophyte
Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism
Tetramerous/Pentamerous
Eudicot (Magnoliopsida) flowers are usually constructed on a numerical plan of four or five and are referred to as tetramerous or pentamerous flowers. The numerical plan of the flower is most evident in the sepals and petals. To some extent it is carried through to the stamens, but this feature of the floral design does not often apply to carpels.
Sperm delivered to egg by means of pollen tube
Fertilisation independent of water. Non-flagellated sperm (except cycads & Ginkgo). Pollen tube: NOT hollow. Adaptive radiation. Rapid evolution into novel environments and ecological niches not available to seedless plants
Angiosperms
Flowering plants. 300,000 to 450,000 species.
Seeds of gymnosperms
Formed on surface of sporophylls. Exposed. Not enclosed by sporophyll-derived tissues. Result from single fertilisation of egg-cell by sperm. Developing embryo nourished by nucellus. Megagametophyte tissues develop at the expense of the nucellus (megasporangium)
megastrobilus
In conifers, the female (seed-bearing) cone.
trimerous flowers
In the monocots (Monocot) the flowers usually have a numerical plan of three (or multiples of three): e.g. the Tulip (Tulipaspp.); 3 sepals, 3 petals, 6 stamens and 3 carpels.
style
Long, usually thin stalk of the pistil of a flower
microstrobilus
Male pollen-bearing cone
Gymnosperms
Naked seeds. 840 species.
exocarp
Outer layer of the fruit wall or pericarp
diecious
Pertaining to an organism that has either male or female reproductive organs
megasporangia
Produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes
homospory
Producing a single type of spore that gives rise to a single type of gametophyte, bearing both female and male reproductive organs.
Heterospory
Producing two types of spores, one of which gives rise to a female megaspore and the other to a male microspore.
Reduced gametophytes
Protected & nourished by sporophyte
raceme
Simple, indeterminate inflorescence with a single axis bearing pedicellate flowers
basal cell
The basal cell divides transversely while the terminal cell divides longitudinally. This results in a four-celled pro-embryo.
spathe
The bract that encloses a flower cluster is this.
carpel
The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
microgametophyte
The male gametophyte produced by a microspore.
mature male gametophyte
The mature male gametophyte is produced after the pollen grain has been transferred to the stigma (pollination).
endosperm nucleus
The nucleus of the female gamete that will form the endosperm (food store) when it is fertilised.
micropyle
The opening to the ovule in a flowering plant
epigynous
The ovary is inferior, and the flower parts are attached above the ovary
parietal
The ovules are borne on the ovary wall or on extensions of it
hypophysis
The suspensor cell on which the embryo rests is known as the hypophysis
suspensor
The suspensor develops from the lower cells in the pro-embryo via a series of transverse cell divisions. At the same time, the embryo divides into four cells and then eight cells. Each of the cells of the embryo divides periclinally into an outer dermatogen cell and an inner cell.
stigma
The tip of the female reproductive structure of a flower where the pollen lands
Phylum: Coniferophyta, Genus: Thuja
They have weird, deformed blue berries
solitary flower
a single flower on an upright stalk; also called a terminal or axillary flower.
corolla
collective term for petals
calyx
collective term for sepals
androecium
collective term for stamens
complete flower
contains sepals, petals, stamens and carpels
megagametophyte
grow by mitosis from megaspores and by mitosis into megagamete egg
monoecious
having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal
embryo sac
he embryo sac contains an egg, two synergid cells at the end of the gametophyte closest to the micropyle. At the opposite end of the embryo sac are three antipodal cells, while in the large central cell are two polar nuclei.
staminate (flowers)
imperfect flower, only stamen
basal placentation
in some flowers there is a single ovule at the very base of a unilocular ovary
pollen sacs
in these sacs diploid cells undergo meiosis in order to form haploid cells
Seed plants
include gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Angiosperms are divided into two groups: dicotyledons (dicots) and monocotyledons (monocots).
nucellus
inner part of an ovule, in which the embryo sac develops; equivalent to a megasporangium
incomplete flower
is missing one or more parts (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels)
carpellate
lack stamens
megaspore
large haploid spore formed by some plants that develops into a female gametophyte. The large megaspore undergoes three successive mitotic divisions that yield eight nuclei. These nuclei are separated by cell walls to form the eight-nucleate, seven celled structure the embryo sacor mature female gametophyte.
recepticle
part of stem that supports flower
actinomorphic
radial symmetry
Ephedra
refers to Ephedra sinica, which is used in treating asthma and hay fever. Also the stimulant ephedrine. Both the microstrobili and the megastrobili of Ephedraare compound structures, in which the sporogenous organs are appendicular, ( at the tip of the branch) and not cauline. A sporophyll surrounds the integument of the ovule, suggesting the development of a primitive carpel.
perigynous
type of flower where flower is attached to ovary
Hypogynous
type of flower where flower is below ovary
panicle
type of inflorescence, alternating on stem
sperm nuclei
what does pollen contain