BLY 122 Borden Exam 3 Practice Questions (CH. 38 - 42)

Steroid hormones are derived from: A cholesterol. B amino acids. C proteins. D phospholipids. E nucleotide bases.

A

A calorie is a: A. measure of energy. B. particular quantity of food. C. measure of entropy. D. measure of the nutritional quality of food.

A

A researcher is studying a strain of mice that only incorporate 50 percent of the necessary iron into their hemoglobin molecules. Which of the following statements is likely true regarding these mutant mice? A. The hemoglobin in these mutant mice will be able to bind half the number of oxygen molecules compared to the hemoglobin of normal or wild-type mice. B. Because oxygen cannot dissolve in the blood directly, no oxygen will be transported in the bloodstream of these mice. C. The hemoglobin in these mutant mice will be able to bind more oxygen molecules compared to the hemoglobin of normal or wild-type mice. D. There will be no difference between the amount of oxygen transported in the bloodstreams of these mutant mice compared to the amount transported in normal or wild-type mice. E. The hemoglobin in these mutant mice will be unable to bind oxygen molecules, because iron-containing heme groups are responsible for the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

A

An endocrine axis describes: A. a hormonal signaling pathway between endocrine glands and tissues. B. the direction of hormone transport within the body. C. the pattern of genes that are expressed in response to a hormone. D. the signal transduction cascade that occurs when a hormone binds to a receptor. E. the molecule that forms the backbone of a hormone.

A

An increase in blood glucose levels will lead to which of the following? A. increased insulin production B. breakdown of glycogen in the liver C. increased glucagon production D. breakdown of glycogen in the muscles E. All of these choices are correct.

A

Atrioventricular valves separate: A. the left atrium from the left ventricle and the right atrium from the right ventricle. B. the right atrium from the left atrium and the right ventricle from the left ventricle. C. the right and left ventricles. D. the aorta from the left ventricle.

A

If ACTH secretion is inhibited, then which of the following will result? A. The adrenal glands would not release cortisol. B. The thyroid gland would not release thyroid hormone. C. The anterior pituitary gland would not release TSH. D. The posterior pituitary gland would not release ADH.

A

If a female moth was trying to attract a male moth on another tree, which of the following chemical signals would be most useful? A. pheromones B. paracrine signals C. neurotransmitters D. autocrine signals E. hormones

A

If a male silk moth lacked a receptor for bombykol, what deficit would likely be observed? A. The male would have difficulty locating a mate. B. The male would have difficulty responding to alarm signals. C. The male would have difficulty locating food. D. The male would have difficulty attracting a female moth. E. The male would have difficulty molting.

A

In response to grazing by insect larvae, some plants produce substances known as precocenes, which destroy the part of the insect brain that secretes juvenile hormone. What effect would exposure to precocenes have on insect development? A. The larval insect would molt into an adult prematurely. B. The larval insect would not be able to produce ecdysone. C. The larval insect would not be able to molt. D. The larval insect would molt into larger and larger larval stages. E. The time interval between successive molts would increase.

A

Many animals communicate through the use of pheromones. Which of the following is one disadvantage of pheromones as a communication system? A. Most pheromones dissipate quickly in the environment. B. Most pheromones elicit a specific response from an individual of the same species. C. Most pheromones are only recognized by members of the same species.

A

Recall that a small amount of releasing factor (from the hypothalamus) can cause the adrenal cortex to secrete a much greater amount of cortisol. The action of cortisol, in turn, can result in a high final concentration of glycogen in the liver. What is this an example of? A. hormone signal amplification B. hormone signal accumulation C. hormone signal degradation D. hormone signal denaturation

A

Steroid hormones are derived from: A. cholesterol. B. proteins. C. nucleotide bases. D. phospholipids. E. amino acids.

A

The diurnal or nocturnal behavior of animals is regulated, in large part, by which of the following hormones? A. melatonin B. epinephrine C. calcitonin D. oxytocin E. serotonin

A

The same hormone stimulates gene expression in one cell, but inhibits gene expression in another cell. What is the best explanation for this difference? A. The two cells have different types of receptors for the hormone. B. The two cells receive different amounts of the hormone. C. The two cells receive the hormone at different times. D. The hormone is degraded more quickly in one cell than the other. E. The hormone can diffuse through the plasma membrane of one cell, but not the other.

A

What can animals do to maintain an energy balance when food supplies become scarce in winter? A. All of these choices are correct. B. migrate to warmer areas C. migrate to areas with more abundant food supplies D. hibernate to reduce energy expenditure and conserve energy reserves E. build up enough of a positive energy balance during summer and fall to sustain them through the winter

A

What effect does the nervous system have on the heart rate? A. Stimulation by parasympathetic nerves causes the heart rate to slow down. B. Stimulation by sympathetic nerves causes the pacemaker cells of the AV node to depolarize more rapidly than the pacemaker cells of the SA node. C. The nervous system does not directly affect the heart rate. D. Stimulation by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves causes pacemaker cells in the SA node to depolarize more slowly. E. Stimulation by sympathetic nerves sets the resting heart rate of the pacemaker cells in the SA node.

A

What is meant by "tidal ventilation"? A. Air moves into the lungs during inhalation and air moves out of the lungs during exhalation. B. Air moves in a continuous, unidirectional flow through the lungs. C. The ventilation rate increases and decreases at regular intervals. D. None of the answer options is correct. E. Water is pumped back and forth across the respiratory system.

A

What percentage of oxygen in the air is typically extracted by the mammalian lung when an animal is resting? A. less than 25 percent B. 26-50 percent C. 51-75 percent D. 76-90 percent E. 91-100 percent

A

Which of the following hormones requires iodine for its formation? A. thyroxine B. thyroid-stimulating hormone C. parathyroid hormone D. calcitonin E. All of these choices are correct.

A

Which of the following statements about bird respiration is false? A. Air flowing through the air channels in the lungs moves in a tidal fashion. B. Bird lungs receive fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. C. It takes two ventilation cycles for a single breath of air to move through a bird's respiratory system. D. Oxygen is exchanged between the air and the bloodstream in the lungs, but not in the air sacs. E. The unidirectional flow of air through a bird's lungs maintains a larger concentration gradient for diffusion than can be obtained through tidal breathing.

A

Which of the following statements is false? A. Decreasing levels of oxygen in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the brainstem. B. Breathing is controlled by both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms. C. As an organism's activity level increases, the level of CO2 in the blood will increase and stimulate faster or stronger breathing. D. Chemoreceptors involved in the homeostatic control of breathing are located in the brainstem and the carotid and aortic bodies. E. Stronger or more frequent contraction of respiratory muscles helps to remove excess CO2 from the blood.

A

Which of the following would increase the rate of flow in blood vessels? A. decreasing the length and increasing the diameter of the blood vessels B. decreasing the length and diameter of the blood vessels C. increasing the length and decreasing the diameter of the blood vessels D. None of the answer options is correct.

A

Which of the following would increase the rate of oxygen diffusion from the air into the body cells of a flatworm? A. increasing the surface area of the body B. increasing the partial pressure of oxygen inside of the cells C. increasing the thickness of the body wall D. increasing the surface area of the body and the partial pressure of oxygen inside the cells E. All of these choices are correct

A

As fluid moves through a vessel, which factors determine the flow resistance? A. the length of the vessel B. the viscosity of the fluid C. the pressure exerted by the heart D. the radius of the vessel

A, B, D

What are desirable characteristics for a gas exchange surface, such as the endothelial cells lining the inside of lung? A. a thickness under 10 micrometers B. a thickness of 100 micrometers C. a large surface area D. a small surface area

A, C

Animals that produce most of their own heat as by-products of metabolism are: (Select all that apply.) A. active over a broad range of external temperatures. B. unable to carry out fermentation in anaerobic conditions. C. likely to respond to cool temperatures with peripheral vasodilation. D. most active in the heat of the daytime. E. endotherms.

A, E

Receptors for _____ hormones are located on the plasma membrane and affect target cells by _____. A. amine; activating protein kinase enzymes B. steroid; activating protein kinase enzymes C. peptide; forming hormone-receptor complexes that activate or inhibit gene expression D. amine; forming hormone-receptor complexes that activate or inhibit gene expression E. steroid; forming hormone-receptor complexes that activate or inhibit gene expression

A.

Cardiac output depends on or is influenced by which of the following? A. heart rate B. stroke volume C. the amount of adrenaline in the blood D. the amount of blood entering the heart

All of the above

A new hormone has been isolated from an organism. Although the structure of the hormone has not yet been determined, the hormone is known to exert its effects by forming a hormone-receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor within target cells. What type of hormone is this most likely to be? A a peptide hormone B a steroid hormone C either an amine or a peptide hormone D either a steroid hormone or an amine hormone E either a steroid or a peptide hormone

B

A rightward shift in the oxygen dissociation curve means that: A. the pH of the blood has increased. B. the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 has decreased. C. the CO2 levels in the blood have decreased. D. the hemoglobin protein has denatured. E. less O2 is released by hemoglobin to the body cells.

B

Growth factors are examples of which type of chemical signal? A. autocrine signals B. paracrine signals C. hormones D. pheromones E. neurotransmitters

B

If the partial pressure of oxygen outside of a cell is 100 mmHg and the partial pressure of oxygen inside of a cell is 25 mmHg, which of the following statements is correct? A. There will be a net movement of oxygen from inside the cell to outside the cell. B. There will be a net movement of oxygen from outside the cell to inside the cell. C. There will be a net movement of carbon dioxide into the cell. D. There will be a net movement of carbon dioxide out of the cell. E. There will be no net movement of oxygen in either direction.

B

In addition to mechanical and chemical digestion of food, the stomach's other major function is: A. carbohydrate digestion and food storage. B. food storage. C. carbohydrate and nucleic acid digestion D. carbohydrate digestion. E. nucleic acid digestion.

B

In the late 1960s, Carroll Williams and Karel Salma discovered that the insect Pyrrhocoris apterus, when grown in jars with paper towels made from balsam fir, underwent several extra larval molts and finally died without completing metamorphosis. Further investigation led to the conclusion that the fir trees synthesize a hormonal analog that acts as an insecticide. Which hormone is this natural insecticide mimicking? A. ecdysone B. juvenile hormone C. PTTH (prothoracicotropic hormone)

B

The blood of some individuals does not carry sufficient oxygen to their tissues. These individuals could be deficient in: A. calcium. B. iron. C. phosphorous. D. potassium. E. magnesium.

B

The partial pressure of a gas is: A. a measure of how quickly a gas moves across a respiratory surface. B. the fractional concentration of the gas multiplied by the overall, atmospheric pressure. C. the weight of a given volume of the gas. D. equivalent to the total atmospheric pressure. E. the difference in concentration of that gas inside and outside of a cell.

B

The two main classes of hormones are: A. nucleic acid hormones and lipid hormones. B. amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones. amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones. C. lipid soluble hormones and water soluble hormones. D. steroid hormones and lipid hormones. E. polysaccharide hormones and protein hormones.

B

What function do collagen and elastin have in arteries? A. They form valves to prevent the backflow of blood. B. They provide elastic rebound of the arterial wall to help smooth out blood flow. C. They help to control blood flow within the body by contracting with the smooth muscles in the arterial wall. D. They line the interior to provide a smooth surface for blood flow.

B

What function do collagen and elastin have in arteries? A. They help to control blood flow within the body by contracting with the smooth muscles in the arterial wall. B. They provide elastic rebound of the arterial wall to help smooth out blood flow. C. They line the interior to provide a smooth surface for blood flow. D. They form valves to prevent the backflow of blood. E. All of these choices are correct.

B

Which of the following animals has a heart in which oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix? A. mammal B. frog C. bird D. fish E. human

B

Why are some body cells responsive to a particular hormone, whereas others are not? A. All of these choices are correct. B. Responsive cells express a receptor specific for the hormone. C. Responsive cells have complex signal transduction pathways, whereas cells that do not respond to a particular hormone lack these pathways. D. Responsive cells are located closer to the gland that releases the hormone. E. Whether or not a cell responds to a hormone depends entirely on what type of cell it is (liver cell vs. fat cell vs. nerve cell), because hormones only activate one type of cell.

B

A mouse senses that a cat is nearby, and its body begins to produce epinephrine as part of the fight-or-flight response. Which of the mouse's glands secretes epinephrine? A. the parathyroid glands B. the pituitary gland C. the thyroid gland D. the adrenal glands E. the pineal gland

D

A constant supply of oxygen is essential to animal survival. Why? (Select all that apply.) A. Oxygen is necessary for cells to release waste CO2. B. Without oxygen animals could not maintain a favorable pH in the bloodstream. C. Oxygen is necessary for lactic acid fermentation. D. Without oxygen, cells could not generate sufficient ATP for survival.

B, D

A scientist is evaluating the hemoglobin in mountain goats compared to the hemoglobin in normal barnyard goats. How will the hemoglobin in these two goat species compare? A. As these are both goat species, mountain goats and barnyard goats will have the same type of hemoglobin (with the same binding affinity for oxygen). B. Given that mountain goats tend to live at higher altitudes, hemoglobin in these goats will have more heme groups than the hemoglobin of barnyard goats. C. Given that mountain goats tend to live at higher altitudes, these goats will have hemoglobin with a greater oxygen-binding affinity compared to the hemoglobin of barnyard goats. D. Given that barnyard goats tend to live at lower altitudes, hemoglobin in these goats will have more heme groups than the hemoglobin of mountain goats. E. Given that barnyard goats tend to live at lower altitudes, these goats will have hemoglobin with a greater oxygen-binding affinity compared to the hemoglobin of mountain goats.

C

At the venous end of a capillary, the blood pressure is _____ the osmotic pressure and fluid _____ the blood vessel. A. higher than; moves into B. equal to; remains within C. lower than; moves into D. lower than; moves out of E. higher than; moves out of

C

Ectotherms often regulate their body temperatures by _____ means. A. metabolic B. passive C. behavioral D. cellular

C

Hormones are typically involved in maintaining _____, which is a given steady state for a particular factor (such as sugar or calcium levels in the blood). A. neural function B. physiology c. homeostasis D.cognitive ability

C

If you were to remove the prothoracic glands from the insect larva, what would you expect the results to be? The larva would: A. molt into a larger larva. B. pupate and then emerge as a normal adult. C. never molt again.

C

In what order are internal fuel reserves consumed during starvation? A. fat, glycogen, protein B. fat, protein, glycogen C. protein, fat, glycogen D. glycogen, fat, protein E. glycogen, protein, fat

C

Nearly all animals rely on three main classes of molecule as sources of energy and building blocks for growth and development. They are: A. carbohydrates, sugars, and lipids. B. nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. C. proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. D. carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids. E. sugars, proteins, and fats.

C

Per gram of body tissue, which of the following animals has the HIGHEST resting metabolic rate? A. dog B. cheetah C. mouse D. elephant E. polar bear

C

Positive feedback loops: A. cause a response in the same direction as the initial stimulus. B. continue until interrupted or broken by an external signal. C. All of these choices are correct. D. move the system farther and farther away from the set point. E.are activated by a stimulus.

C

The initiation of the mammalian heart contraction: A. takes place at the AV node and requires neural input. B. takes place at the AV node. C. takes place at the SA node. D. takes place at the SA node and requires neural input. E. requires neural input.

C

What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms? A. Negative feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point; positive feedback mechanisms change the set point. B. Negative feedback mechanisms move a system away from a set point; positive feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point. C. Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point; positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.

C

What is the main benefit of having hemoglobin in the blood? A. It is an important source of iron for body cells. B. It increases the solubility of carbon dioxide in the blood plasma. C. It increases the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. D. It keeps oxygen separated from carbon dioxide within the blood.

C

Which of the following chemicals would not be classified as a steroid hormone? A. progesterone B. cortisol C. prolactin D. testosterone E. estrogen

C

Which of the following is an accurate statement about hormones and their receptors? A. All hormone receptors are found embedded in the cell membrane. B. All hormone receptors are found in the cytoplasm. C. Cells with different hormone receptors typically have different gene expression patterns. D. All cells have the same hormone receptors, but only a target cell will bind the hormone. E. All cells express the same hormone receptor, and that receptor will only bind hormones that cause a response by the cell.

C

Which of the following is not a function of the endocrine system? The endocrine system helps an animal respond to the environment. A. The endocrine system regulates development. B. All these choices are functions of the endocrine system. C. All these choices are functions of the endocrine system. D. The endocrine system helps synchronize and coordinate body processes. E. The endocrine system regulates growth.

C

Which of the following serves as a connection between the nervous and endocrine systems? A. pancreas B. adrenal gland C. hypothalamus D. thyroid gland E. pineal gland

C

Which of the following types of blood vessels would you expect to have the greatest resistance to flow? A. a long vessel with a wide diameter B. a short vessel with a wide diameter C. a long vessel with a small diameter D. a short vessel with a small diameter E. All of these vessels would demonstrate the same resistance to flow.

C

_____, which is released from _____, acts on the ovaries and testes. A Luteinizing hormone; the posterior pituitary gland B Testosterone; the posterior pituitary gland C Follicle-stimulating hormone; the anterior pituitary gland D Estrogen; the anterior pituitary gland E Vasopressin; the anterior pituitary gland

C

Baroreceptors are pressure receptors found in the major arteries. If these receptors detect a fall in blood pressure, signals go to the: A. parasympathetic neurons that synapse on smooth muscles surrounding the arterioles of the limbs, stimulating them to relax. B. sympathetic neurons that synapse on smooth muscles surrounding the arterioles of the limbs, stimulating them to relax. C. sympathetic neurons that synapse on smooth muscles surrounding the arterioles of the limbs, stimulating them to contract. D. parasympathetic neurons that synapse on smooth muscles surrounding the arterioles of the limbs, stimulating them to contract.

C sympathetic that synapse on smooth muscles to CONTRACT

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the anterior pituitary gland? (Select all that apply.) A. It is derived from neural tissue. B. It houses neurosecretory cell axons. C. It produces tropic hormones. D. It is derived from epithelial tissue. E. It is the target of releasing factors

C, D, E

The fact that Peter Karlson was only able to extract a small amount of ecdysone from over 1000 pounds of moth larvae proved that hormones—unlike other chemical signals—are quickly degraded in the insect body. true false

False

An increase in blood glucose levels will lead to which of the following? A. breakdown of glycogen in the muscles B. All of these choices are correct. C. increased glucagon production D. increased insulin production E. breakdown of glycogen in the liver

D

At the venous end of a capillary, the blood pressure is _____ the osmotic pressure and fluid _____ the blood vessel. A. equal to; remains within B. higher than; moves into C. lower than; moves out of D. lower than; moves into E. higher than; moves out of

D

Birds are able to extract more oxygen than mammals from an equal volume of air. Which of the following statements reflects why birds are able to do so? A. Birds have a greater surface area for diffusion because they have air sacs in addition to lungs. B. Birds have capillaries that are in close contact with the lungs. C. Birds have air sacs that enable them to hold their breath for longer, thereby increasing the time for oxygen to diffuse. D. Birds don't have air mixing in their lungs; air flows in a unidirectional manner across the lung surface for increased diffusion.

D

In Type I diabetes, the body fails to produce insulin and thus individuals must inject themselves with insulin before eating. Based on your knowledge of the control of glucose levels in the blood, what would happen if Type I diabetics injected themselves with too much insulin? A. Muscle tissue would begin to break down. B. Glucagon would be released from the pancreas. C. Excess stores of glycogen would be broken down and released from the liver. D. Their blood sugar levels would drop to potentially dangerous low levels.

D

In most animals, the gut or digestive tract can be thought of as: A. just the esophagus. B. the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. C. the small and large intestines. D. the tube that runs from the animal's mouth to its anus. E. the pouch in which digestion occurs.

D

In which of the following animals does blood flow directly from respiratory organs to tissues without first returning to the heart? A. amphibians B. reptiles C. birds D. fish E. mammals

D

Release of _____ from the _____ in response to high circulating calcium levels shifts bone metabolism toward net bone formation. A. parathyroid hormone; parathyroid gland B. calcitonin; parathyroid gland C. Thyroxine; thyroid gland D. calcitonin; thyroid gland E. parathyroid hormone; thyroid gland

D

When circulating _____ levels are too high, production of parathyroid hormone would be _____. A glucose; inhibited B calcium; stimulated C glucose; stimulated D calcium; inhibited E cortisol; inhibited

D

Which of the following insect hormones acts on the body tissues to stimulate molting and metamorphosis? A. juvenile hormone B. PTTH C. brain peptide D. ecdysone E. All of these choices are correct.

D

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is false? A. The endocrine system plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis. B. It is necessary for proper functioning of the body. C. It is the maintenance of a steady physiological state within an organism or cell. D. It depends primarily on positive feedback.

D

Which of the following statements about insect hormones is false? A. In the absence of juvenile hormone, an insect will metamorphose into the adult form. B. PTTH stimulates the release of ecdysone to trigger molting and metamorphosis. C. Ecdysone is released from the prothoracic gland and stimulates molting. D. High levels of circulating juvenile hormone inhibit molting.

D

Which of the following statements about insect respiration is false? A. Air enters the bodies of insects through abdominal openings called spiracles. B. Air sacs in many insects increase the speed of air movement through the respiratory system. C. The insect respiratory system is composed of a series of branching tubes called tracheae. D. After diffusing through the walls of the tracheoles, oxygen is delivered to the body tissues by the circulatory system. E. None of the answer options is false.

D

Which of the following statements is false? A The same hormone typically plays different roles in vertebrates and invertebrates. B Several hormones function as both hormones and neurotransmitters. C Vertebrates and invertebrates use some of the same hormones. D Hormone receptors evolved later than many of the hormones with which they now interact.

D

Which of the following statements is true regarding histamine? A. Histamine would be classified as an endocrine signal. B. Histamine would be classified as an autocrine signal. C. Histamine functions (indirectly) in wound repair. D. Histamine would be classified as a paracrine signal and functions (indirectly) in wound repair. E. Histamine, like hormones, is released into the bloodstream and can act over long distances.

D

Why are some body cells responsive to a particular hormone, whereas others are not? A. Whether or not a cell responds to a hormone depends entirely on what type of cell it is (liver cell vs. fat cell vs. nerve cell) because hormones only activate one type of cell. B. Responsive cells have complex signal transduction pathways, whereas cells that do not respond to a particular hormone lack these pathways. C. Responsive cells are located closer to the gland that releases the hormone. D. Responsive cells express a receptor specific for the hormone.

D

_____ are chemical signals that, instead of being secreted into the bloodstream, are introduced by animals into their habitats. They can be used to attract mates and mark territories. A. Neurotransmitters B. Growth factors C. Hormones D. Pheromones

D

A newly developed drug works by blocking thyroid hormone receptors throughout the body. Which of the following would be expected to occur in a patient taking this drug? A. production of more dilute urine B. inability to release cortisol C. increased uptake of glucose by body cells D. decreased resorption of bone E. changes in metabolism

E

Osmosis requires: A a nonpermeable membrane separating areas with Na+ ions from areas with Cl- ions. B high Na+ concentrations C diffusion of salt through a semipermeable membrane. D concentrations E semipermeable membrane separating areas of different solute

E

Synthetic anabolic steroids: A. promote protein synthesis. B. promote anabolic metabolism to store energy within cells. C. build and strengthen muscle tissue. D. interfere with the normal production of anterior pituitary tropic hormones. E. All of these choices are correct.

E

The levels of all of the following hormones except for ______ are regulated by negative feedback. A insulin B Follicle-stimulating hormone C thyroid hormone D parathyroid hormone E oxytocin

E

Where would you expect to find pheromones? A. in or surrounding the nests of certain birds B. in the urine of tigers or wolves C. in the environment surrounding a female moth during mating season D. near a beehive being attacked by a bear. E. All of these choices are correct.

E

Which of the following INCREASES the amount of oxygen that a fish can extract from the surrounding seawater? A. gills with a large surface area B. ventilation of the gills with the aid of an operculum C. very thin lamellae D. countercurrent exchange E. All of these choices are correct.

E

Which of the following is an example of a peptide hormone? A progesterone B testosterone C cortisol D adrenaline E insulin

E

Which of the following occurs during exhalation? A. Negative pressure in the lungs increases. B. The diaphragm contracts and flattens out. C. Intercostal muscles elevate the ribs. D. The volume of the thoracic cavity increases. E. None of the answer options is correct.

E

Which of the following organs or tissues would you not expect to produce hormones? A ovaries B pancreas C stomach D small intestine E All of these choices are correct.

E

Which of the following statements about nervous and endocrine signaling is false? A. Nerve cell signaling is generally more rapid than endocrine signaling. B. Endocrine signaling is generally more prolonged than nerve cell signaling. C. Neurotransmitters function only over short distances, whereas hormones can affect cells throughout the body. D. The nervous system transmits signals between adjacent cells using neurotransmitters, whereas the endocrine system signals with hormones. E. The nervous system and endocrine system are both regulatory systems, but the two systems do not communicate directly with one another.

E

Which of the following statements is false?. A Steroid hormones are hydrophobic, whereas amine hormones are hydrophilic. B Amine hormones are more abundant than steroid hormones. C Peptide hormones can evolve through changes in their amino acid sequence. D Peptide hormones and amine hormones are both derived from amino acids. E Peptide hormones act on time scales of days to months

E

Which of the following statements is true regarding receptors for peptide or amine hormones? A Receptors for peptide or amine hormones are typically located in the nucleus of cells. B Receptors for peptide or amine hormones are typically located in the cytoplasm of cells. C Receptors for peptide or amine hormones—if bound to the hormones themselves—can act as transcription factors. D Peptide and amine hormones do not require receptors, as these hormones can diffuse directly across the plasma membrane of a cell. E None of the answer options is correct.

E

How many molecules of O2 can a single hemoglobin molecule carry when fully saturated? A 1 B 2 C 8 D 16 E 4

E 4

The _____ is stimulated by releasing factors from the _____ that are transported in the bloodstream. A. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland B. anterior pituitary gland; posterior pituitary gland C. posterior pituitary gland; hypothalamus D. posterior pituitary gland; anterior pituitary gland E. anterior pituitary gland; hypothalamus

E.

As you read this sentence, you have breathed in and out. What you have just experienced is referred to as "gas exchange," where you have taken oxygen into your lungs and expelled carbon dioxide into the environment.

True

Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the path of a drop of blood leaving the human heart?

heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart

Which of the following relationships BEST describes the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the lung (alveolar air), red blood cells, and blood plasma?

pO2 red blood cell < pO2 blood plasma < pO2 lung