born in blood & fire ch 1-5 study guide

How did Cortes and his men defeat an entire empire?

-Used tactic of divide & conquer. -numbers, although the spanish had less in numbers, the colonizers had more advanced weapons, armors, canons, horses,steel,gunpowder. these men had been fighting Muslims for hundreds of years and were very well trained in combat -small pox & indigenous allies helped cortes annihilate his allies. - Tribes around the Aztec hated them bcAztecs imposed religion, so the tribes teamed up w spanish to defeat them. also malinche was a spy and helped cortes conquerer the empire. (took Montezuma hostage)

What were the fringe areas of latin america ?

-couldnt generate as much wealth bc had little to export & attracted fewer ppl -lack of sugar & metal meant less incentive to force labor from indigenous ppl -ppl mainly grew their own food -weaker money economy ; those at the bottom of the hierarchy became more important -slaves were treated better ex chile, argentina, paraguay

What took the place of silver in Brazil ?

-sugar -plantations replaced mines as the main generators of export production -the northeastern coast became the core area of brazilian colony, with its principals center in pernambuco & the bay of all saints -for the portuguese the taxes on exported sugar and on goods imported w profits from sugar was the prime source of colonial revenue

Characteristics of Latin America

1. Tropical climate 2. high taxes, digitals were expensive 3. cars were expensive, many chose public transportation (bio diesel) 4. middle class of latin america was small

what were 4 viceroyalties ?

1. Vice Royalty of New Spain (MX) 2. Vice Royalty of Granada (1717) 3. Vice Royalty of Peru 4. Vice Royalty of the Rio de la Plata (1776)

How does caudillo leadership account for turbulence in early republican Spanish America?

A caudillo in office would be president; in opposition, he was the second most powerful man in the country. caudillos were typically large landowners who could use their personal resources for patronage or maintaining private armies. the first caudillos rose to prominence during the wars of independence and then carried their wartime fame as leaders of men into peacetime politics, which were not especially. caudillos were often war heroes who embodied ideal masculine qualities- bravery, loyalty, generously, and sexual glamour. Caudillos could be conservative or liberal, but most tended to pick the conservative side. Caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas, dominated Argentina. He made the use if violence against his political opponents but also shrewd use of political imagery and mass propaganda. he had all his followers wear red ribbons, to know they support him, whoever didnt wear it, would get beat. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna of MX, was a creole who fought against the patriot cause of Hidalgo and Morelos, finally accepted independence w Iturbine and then helped overthrow Iturbide, making him a founding father of mx. he would switch from liberalism and conservatism

who is Malinche?

A women

Why did Africans survive to populate Brazil & the Caribbean while most Natives didnt ?

Africans were immune to European diseases. They had already been exposed to the virus and bacteria the Europeans had. They had been in contact with it for many many years because Africans had been enslaved for 1000 of years before getting to Latin America. Old World trade routes and migrations had already been exposed them to these microbes. While Indigenous people had been living isolated and protected from the diseases circulating in the Old World. were never exposed to them and were getting killed by diseases brought from Europe.

two latin american countries that received large numbers of italian immigrants in 1900s

Argentina & Uruguay

Contrast the picture in early independent Brazil, which remained a monarchy.

Brazil wen through a different path then the rest of Latin America. Brazil had retained a European dynasty; a nobility of dukes, counts, and barins sporting coats of arms; a tight relationship between church & state; and a full commitment to the institution of chattel slavery, in which some people worked others to death. on the other hand, despite a few attempts to form a breakaway republics, Portuguese america remained united, and the Brazilian govt had never been violently overthrown. The Brazilian imperial army was unrivaled in power its general unswervingly loyal to the emperor. Brazilian plantations also escaped the sort of destruction that hampered early republic Spanish America. By the 1840s, coffee emerged victorious. It contributed directly to the economic & political strength of the imperial capital bc the coffee boom began in the province of rio de Janeiro itself.

what happened in 1492?

Columbus arrived and Granada taken over by the Christians Jews were expelled

Who overthrew Inca Empire?

Francisco Pizarro

How did the Indigenous people of America adapt to the land ?

In diff ways: Nonsedentary people led a mobile existence as hunters & gatherers, and movement kept their groups small & social organization simple. Often roamed open plains. Semisedentary people built villages but moved them frequently, allowing old garden plots to be reabsorbed into the forest & opening new ones elsewhere. Particularly in the great rain forest of the Amazon basin, the soils are of marginal fertility. once cleared for agriculture, tropical forest soils produce disappointing yields after only a few years. the forest dwelling Tupi organized themselves by tribes & gender roles. Fully Sedentary people had permanent settlements, usually on high plateaus. Tenochtitlan was surrounded by lake waters on all sides. These waters the inhabitants of city constructed garden platforms called chimpas.

Why is Latin america the most racially diverse of the worlds region?

Latin America is probably the most racially diverse region, fed from gene pools of europe, africa, and indigenous america. all three elements are present in every country, and the possible configurations vary kaleidoscopically. Guatemala and Bolivia, along w Ecuador and Peru, are characterized by large populations of indigenous people who still speak Native languages. African genes are a predominant element of the mix in Brazil and the shores of the Caribbean.

Emperor od Aztec Emperor of Inca

Montezuma Atahualpa

who is Hernan Cortes ?

conquistador, terminated Aztecs, killed Montezuma

How did Europe's Napoleonic wars set the stage for independence in Spanish america and Brazil?

Napolean was from France. He put an end to the monarchy because he didnt believe that God chose a King to rule over everyone. He wanted to spread the ideas of freedom, liberty and equality all throughout europe and put an end to all monarchies. The Napoleam crisis led Spanish American patriots to invoke the principle of popular sovereignty against Spain itself. soon, they began to form their own juntas to rule locally in Fernando's name. pg 99, 101

who dominated the countryside by simple demographic weight ?

Native & African cultures -preserved more of their cultures than their city cousins did -the countryside was a world apart. a fusion of various elemets, varying for region to region - indigenous ppl had more of a chance to live apart in their own villages speaking quenchua or quiche or aymara or nahual and following their own traditions

What was the role played by nativist appeals to the equality of all "americanos" ?

Nativism had many advantages. the name americanos fit easily and comfortably over multihued. Spanish America & Brazilian populations, contrasting them with Europeans. Nativism drew on powerful emotions. Resentment is always at the heart if nativist attitudes, resentment of foreigners and foreign influence. resentment against the idea of colonial inferiority and more particularly against resident spanish and Portuguese, now foreigners in nativist eyes, was widespread in america at all social levels. Finally nativism linked arms with liberal ideology. Nativist appeal was that they were all born in Latin America, doesn't matter the social class, skin color, background.

Explain patronage politics.

Patronage politics made corruption a necessary part of the system. Patronage flowed through personal relationships, sometimes replacing party platforms altogether. A local justice of the peace whom we can call don miguel would use his office to secure benefits not only for his extended family but also for his political allies(in return for past and future favors), for his informal "clients" (grandkids, and their families), and for his faithful servants and employees. Loyalty was what counted. At election time, clients held up their end of the patronage bargain by voting the way their "patron" wished. If the patron joined a revolution, his clients would be expected to pick up weapons and follow him.

What ore structured the colonial economy of Spanish America ?

Silver eventually the silver mines of Zacatecas (MX) and Potosi (Peru) were opened in the 1540s.

whats the Encounter ?

Spanish encountered with indigenous people

Capital city of Aztec empire? Capital city of Inca Empire?

Tenochtitlan Cuzco

What was the attitude of the Bourbon dynasty toward the New World possession?

The Bourbon Dynasty was like any other dynasty. There was the traditional queen and king, and son who inherits the throne and should marry a women with wealth and land. The bourbons were mainly from France. They wanted all the possessions in Latin America to remain the same. Wanted Latin America to remain as a colony in order to keep exploiting them as much as possible. If settler wanted to be wealthy, they had to move back to Europe. This started bringing tension and things became worse in Latin America.

what is the purpose of viceroyalties?

The crown organized colonial govts. they were called viceroyalties bc of the viceroys sent from Spain to rule in the kings name, also had an archbishop and a high court.

can you broadly contrast the process of independence in Brazil and Spanish America ?

The process of Brazil was very different from Spanish America. Brazil was one of the last countries to gain its Independence. There was no rebellions, uprisings, battles, fighting, and deaths in order for Brazil to become Independent. Rather Prince Pedro, the son of KIng Joao, declared Brazil an independent constitutional monarchy with himself as monarch, and he called for representatives of the sovereign people to write the constitution. On the other hand, in Spanish America, there was many rebellions and uprisings that pushed for independence. The two rebellions that gained Mexicos Independence was Hidalgos rebellion, in which Hidalgo presented a rivalry between creoles & peninsulars. This caused all the peninsulars to barrricate themselves in the largest, strongest, building in town, the massive granary. peninsulars died by hundreds in guanajuato and then all along the route of this rampaging army. in IN Morelo's rebellion, he had an army and goals he wanted to accomplish: end slavery, the caste system, and to the tribute paid by indigenous people. All born in mx were simply "americanos". in 1813, he declared outright independence. BY this time, small bands of patriot guerillas had been fighting for years in several regions of mx.

What was the Latin American caste system?

The purer you were = on top impurer you were (more mixed you were) = bottom *at the end it ddnt work out bc there was so much mixing very tiny population was pure this was designed in order to stay in control of the people, they did not want equality.

what is the "royal fifth"?

a 20% tax on mining was the prime source of colonial revenue for spanish state

who is Henrique Dias ?

a born fighter who led Brazilian forces against Dutch invaders in the 1600s

What is inquisition?

a power tht gave church if u did something against church, considered a sin & crime

Name two examples of cultural hegemony

accept the principle of their own inferiority and "know their place", they participate in their own subjugate 1. Religion: enslaved africans & indigenous people accepting the europeans "true religion" 2. Patriarchy: control comes from your father. example: honor, a father had to maintain the virginity of his daughter.

Whos is Sor Juana Ines de La Cruz?

doesnt follow the wife life, came from a wealthy family (chose education) first latin american feminist she joined a convent bc it gave her opportunity to be educated ended up dying from disease when helping her sick sister published poetry

who are the Mexicas ?

everyone that lived in central valley of mexico *speak nahual

What was the advantage of Portugal's early Christian reconquest over Spain.

in 711, the people of nothern africa also known as moors conquered the peninsula for the next 800 years. Brought with them the islam religion. The moors brought back with them the learning of the greeks and romans. Christians who lived under moorish rule or who traded with moorish neighbors from the remaining christian kingdoms learned a healthy respect for the cultural achievements of islam. The Moors were better physicians, better engineers, and better farmers than Iberian Christians, whose languages gradually filled with Arabic words of new crops. But in the year 1492 that ended bc that was when the christian reconquest occurred.

What social economic, and cultural patterns showed continuity with colonial days, despite political changes?

indigenous people framed communal lands belonging to their villages, relatively unmolested by outsiders. During 1825-50, the economic slowdown took pressure off indigenous land and labor. colonial labor drafts such as mita had ended- except in extraordinarily backward cases-and indigenous people preferred, whenever possible, to avoid wage labor and grow their own food. most indigenous people cared little for republic politics. they wanted to live apart, observing their own customs, speaking their own language. in Columbia, free peasants of mixed blood outnumbered the inhabitants of indigenous communities.

what happened in 711?

moors invaded the peninsula until 1492

who were the people in between?

ppl in between spanish & indigenous ppl (Mestizos)

most important crop exported to europe?

sugar

What was the system of Encomienda ?

the conquerers were rewarded w ppl. in this system, indigenous ppl were entrusted to each conquerer who had the responsibility of Christianizing them & the privilege of making them work for him.

why did the first generation of liberals fail to achieve their goals, leading to a conservative reaction at mid century?

the liberal emphasis on legal equality for all citizens had radical, disruptive implications in societies that were still fundamentally hierarchical. liberalism grew out of of social & economic transformations that had occured more in england and france than portugal & spain. the new spanish republics & brazilian monarchy inherited strongly traditionalist socities Liberals sought "government of the people" but in LA liberal leaders who were typically white and upper class, had mixed feelings about the people. they considered indigenous people and their lands a national problem. liberalism remained an exotic plant in LA. conservatives openly proclaimed that the common people should "know their place" and leave governing to their betters. even so, conservative defense of traditional values appealed to many common people.

latin america: do these 20 countries share a similar history?

yes and no, they share same process of conquest (colonization), became independent similarly and around the same time. Also struggled with similar problems. But they differ in that each country is composed from people from different ethnicities. Each colony had different cultures introduced to it. In all colonies, there was different ways the europeans adapted.