Breland final
At the annual board meeting of the Hardaway Company, CEO Eric Seaborne makes a presentation about the company's balanced scorecard by posing five questions to the board members. The question that most pertains to the internal perspective of the balanced scorecard would b
"At what must we excel?"
Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?
Charismatic
_____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.
Charismatic leadership
When Ruby was told that her favorite store would no longer stock her favorite brand of clip-on earrings, she assumed this meant that the company was no longer producing clip-on earrings, even though that was not the case. Ruby's incorrect assumption was due to _____.
Closure
A study was conducted by a company on how leadership behavior influences employees' attitude toward their job. It was found that it is important for leaders to be friendly with and to show concern for their employees to promote job satisfaction. Which of the following leadership behaviors is emphasized in this scenario?
Consideration
_____ is feedback that is intended to be helpful, corrective, and/or encouraging and is aimed at correcting performance deficiencies and motivating employees.
Constructive feedback
Controlling financial performance does NOT examine _____.
Customer Defections
_____ is the extent to which it is possible to implement each step in the control process.
Cybernetic feasibility
The Truck Company specializes in heavy-rig logistics. CEO Amanda wants a comparison of the company's safety performance with other companies and to simultaneously adopt any competitor practices that are found to be superior. In this case, the Lemon Truck Company is _____.
Benchmarking
Which of the following is a method that companies use to determine standards?
Benchmarking
How can companies create value for customers?
By simultaneously controlling excellence, price, and durability
Cara manages the sales department of Glacier Hotels. She wants to double the sales in the next 6 months and therefore requires her employees to work hard. However, she lets them rest and take days off whenever possible. She wants to meet the challenging goal set by her but does not want to tire her employees. She cares for both the sales and her employees equally. Cara is doing a good job by using the _____ style of leadership.
Team management
Which of the following is most relevant to the internal perspective of the balanced scorecard?
Total quality management
Because workplace injuries cost businesses a heavy sum every year, many are of the opinion that increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means that:
a consequence must be delivered following every instance of behavior.
Which of the following statements cites the importance of Economic Value Added (EVA)?
EVA shows whether a business, division, department, profit center, or product is really paying for itself.
_____ is a technique of understanding a speaker's perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker.
Empathetic listening
_____ holds that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards.
Expectancy theory
_____ is a reinforcement strategy that weakens behavior by removing a positive consequence associated with the behavior.
Extinction
Punishment is also called avoidance learning
F
Since there are no consistent trait differences between leaders and non-leaders, or between effective and ineffective leaders, trait theory is wrong.
F
T/F According to some industrial psychologists, Job Performance = Motivation × Ability.
F
T/F As a leader behavior, consideration refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.
F
T/F Concurrent control seeks to prevent or minimize performance deficiencies before they occur.
F
T/F Control loss occurs when behavior and work procedures merely meet minimally acceptable standards rather than exceeding those minimal standards.
F
T/F Customer satisfaction surveys are an accurate and effective way to answer the Balanced Scorecard question: "How do customers see us?"
F
T/F Feedback control is a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur.
F
T/F In general, blogs serve no value in the corporate world.
F
T/F In general, extrinsic rewards are more important to workers than intrinsic rewards.
F
T/F In the perceptual process, apprehension is the process of remembering interpreted information.
F
T/F Needs are defined as the social requirements that must be met to ensure survival.
F
T/F Nonverbal communication is less informative than verbal communication.
F
T/F Since there are no consistent trait differences between leaders and non-leaders, or between effective and ineffective leaders, trait theory is wrong.
F
T/F While consideration primarily affects subordinates' job performance, initiating structure primarily affects subordinates' job satisfaction.
F
T/F Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.
F-procedural justice
T/F In Fiedler's contingency theory, there are two situational factors that determine the favorability of a situation: leader-member relations and task structure.
F-three situational factors
According to attribution theory, the two general reasons or attributions we use to explain people's behavior are primary attribution and secondary attribution.
False
According to some industrial psychologists, Job Performance = Motivation × Ability.
False
Control loss occurs when behavior and work procedures merely meet minimally acceptable standards rather than exceeding those minimal standards.
False
Customer satisfaction surveys are an accurate and effective way to answer the Balanced Scorecard question: "How do customers see us?"
False
Fiedler's contingency theory is based on the assumption that leaders are capable of adapting and adjusting their leadership styles to fit the demands of different situations.
False
In the perceptual process, interpretation is the step of incorporating new memories with old memories and creating the ability to recall both.
False
Needs are defined as the social requirements that must be met to ensure survival.
False
The two kinds of one-on-one communication are mentoring and vestibule training.
False
An accident at the Millwood oil refinery severely injured two workers. The company is conducting an investigation to understand what went wrong. After analyzing the information, the company intends to bring in new safety processes to prevent such accidents. The company used _____control.
Feedback
Everlast Motors Inc. recently returned a shipment of faulty locking devices to its supply partner, Maxwell Safe LLC. Upon hearing about the flawed equipment, a team at Maxwell starts gathering information about what went wrong. Maxwell Safe's initiative is an example of _____
Feedback control
_____ is a method of gathering information about performance deficiencies after they occur.
Feedback control
In the context of control measures, which of the following approaches to control monitors inputs rather than outputs?
Feedforward control
According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?
Formal authority system
A(n) ____ is a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish.
Goal
According to management expert Bill Roche, results from goal setting can virtually be guaranteed, but only if "you have first won the hearts and minds of your workers. When they are on board with the goal—they agree that it is important and can be done—you really will get dramatic improvement." Roche is describing ____.
Goal acceptance
Clarissa is unable to do her job efficiently because her supervisor often interrupts her work to ask trivial questions. The supervisor can send an email instead of disrupting Clarissa's work. This scenario depicts _____.
In the use of an incorrect communication model
Which of the following is NOT a method managers can use to achieve control in their organizations?
Input control
According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, students consider the improvement in teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. In terms of the expectancy theory, the likelihood that students feel their inputs on the evaluations will lead directly to improved instruction is called _____.
Instrumentality
According to expectancy theory, in order for employees to be highly motivated, ____ must be high.
Instrumentality
In expectancy theory, ____ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards
Instrumentality
When an individual is running for a local political office, he or she makes lots of promises to people. When the individual wins the election and assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry out the political promises. In the context of leadership traits, the individual lacks _____.
Integrity
Which of the following statements best describes economic value added (EVA)?
It is the amount by which profits exceed the cost of capital in a given year.
Perceptual filters are the _____ differences that influence people to ignore or pay attention to particular stimuli.
Personality based
In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term _____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.
Position power
_____ can increase the frequency of a particular behavior.
Positive reinforcement
In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term _____ refers to the degree to which a particular condition either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.
Situational favorableness`
Bureaucratically controlled companies:
are slow in responding to customers and competitors
Charismatic leaders generally _____.
articulate a vision based on strongly held values
The _____ is the measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning.
balanced scorecard
The two types of objective controls managers use are _____.
behavior and output controls
_____ is the process of determining how well other companies (though not just competitors) perform business functions or tasks.
benchmarking
Which of the following traits refers to the ability of leaders to remain even-tempered and consistent in their outlook and the way they treat others even when things go wrong?
emotional stability
When an industrial plant was closed because of a merger, employees were forced to move to another plant and take substantial pay cuts. Managers should demonstrate _____ as employees describe the forced changes in their lifestyles.
empathetic listening
Organizational silence occurs when _____.
employees believe that telling managers about problems will not make a difference
The two kinds of charismatic leaders are _____.
ethical charismatics and unethical charismatics
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is _____.
existence
In terms of expectancy theory, when _____ is strong, employees believe that their hard work and efforts will result in good performance, so they work harder.
expectancy
Speedway Motors Inc. ordered 20,000 window assemblies from Steelbird Glass LLC. To make sure the assemblies were made to specifications, Steelbird Glass shipped a sample to Speedway Motors for testing. This is an example of _____.
feedforward control
The balanced scorecard approach to control _____.
forces managers at each level to set specific goals and measure performance in each of four areas
The _____ is an organization's set of procedures, rules, and policies.
formal authority system
According to management expert Bill Roche, results from goal setting can virtually be guaranteed, but only if "you have first won the hearts and minds of your workers. When they are on board with the goal—they agree that it is important and can be done—you really will get dramatic improvement." Roche is describing ____.
goal acceptance
In a grapevine communication network, a _____ involves one highly connected individual sharing information with many other managers and workers.
gossip chain
The normative decision theory _____.
helps leaders determine how much employee participation should be used in decision makin
On the basis of research evidence, the two basic categories of needs are _____.
higher-order and lower-order needs
In a large corporation, employees are known as associates and don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. As a result of doing away with traditional titles, the company is likely to encourage more _____ communication.
horizontal
One of Canada's largest financial service providers wanted to develop a customer-focused sales and service culture. All the managers at the production level together devised a strategy to attain this goal and implemented it throughout the organization. The managers developed the strategy through the use of _____ communication.
horizontal
____ means that transformational leaders drive followers by providing meaning and challenge to their work
inspirational motivation
Which of the following is a major concern of leaders as opposed to managers?
inspiring and motivating others
In the perception process, _____ is the process of attaching meaning to new knowledge.
interpretation
A concert pianist had always wanted to play jazz and was elated when he got the opportunity to play piano with a group of talented New Orleans jazz musicians. He experienced a(n) ____ reward.
intrinsic
According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders show a moderate amount of concern for both people and production.
middle-of-the-road
_____ is the regulation of workers' results through rewards and incentives.
output control
According to some researches, deceptive answers have a slower onset than honest ones. In a job interview, these characteristics would be examples of _____ that may help the interviewer evaluate the job applicants.
paralanguage
Christopher is a manager at Tridust Clothes. He hires those people who are capable of handling the responsibilities of the job. If he finds that any employee is not working up to the mark he fires him or her and hires someone else to take the place. He does not have to consult with anyone else about his decisions. He has the authority to hire and fire employees at will. In the context of situational favorableness, Christopher has a high
position power
Christopher is a manager at Tridust Clothes. He hires those people who are capable of handling the responsibilities of the job. If he finds that any employee is not working up to the mark he fires him or her and hires someone else to take the place. He does not have to consult with anyone else about his decisions. He has the authority to hire and fire employees at will. In the context of situational favorableness, Christopher has a high _____.
position power
Being rewarded with an all-expense-paid vacation to Madrid by one's company is an example of _____.
positive reinforcement
According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, engineering students consider the improvement in teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. For engineering students who believe their efforts will lead to better teaching, the motivation to fill out a teaching evaluation would have a _____.
positive valence
A(n) _____ is the set of rules regarding reinforcement contingencies, such as which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered.
schedule of reinforcement
Leaders who possess the trait of _____ are more decisive and assertive and more likely to gain others' trust.
self-confidence
According to business professor Fred Luthans, one of the steps to motivating workers with reinforcement theory is "identify" that means:
singling out critical, observable, performance-related behaviors.
Maltone Corporation aims to expand its international business. To determine its success, it compares its current export sales to the export data from 2012; the year that marked the company's highest sales from exports. In this case, the Maltone Corporation is using its 2012 export data as a(n) _____.
standard
NutriStar bakery has decided to downsize its staff to cut its overhead costs. This has been financially beneficial for the bakery. However, the reduction in the number of staff has adversely impact efficiency in the customer service section. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in the scenario?
suboptimazion
Carlson, the CEO of a company, believes that the most important role of a leader is to instill confidence in people by being friendly to them and caring for them. According to the path-goal theory, Carlson follows the _____ leadership style.
supportive
Which of the following is NOT a component of transformational leadership?
supportive influence
To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can:
systematically find out what employees want from their jobs
To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can:
systematically find out what employees want from their jobs.
Mathew is a manager at Wonderworld Hypermarket. He finds it difficult to cooperate and work with Anthony when it comes to getting the work done to meet the targets. Anthony is Mathew's least preferred coworker. He describes Anthony as gloomy, insincere, lazy, unfriendly and boring. In this context, Mathew has a _____ leadership style.
task orientated
Burton is the founder of Netball.com, an online gaming site. He hired a few developers and a few experts in marketing. He set the goal of making Netball one of the top ten Internet gaming sites in the next five years and clearly defined the job responsibilities of each of his employees and the procedures that were to be followed in order to achieve that goal. Which of the following situational factors that determine the favorability of a situation is emphasized in this scenario?
task structure
According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, leaders who use the _____ style of leadership show high concern for production and for people.
team management
UPS was founded in 1907 as a message delivery business. The development of the telephone would have put an end to the business. The founder of UPS was able to encourage and get his employees to accomplish more than they had thought possible and re-invent the company as a company that delivered goods for retailers. Due to this reason the company was able to succeed. In this context, the founder of UPS displayed _____ leadership.
transformational
_____ is a leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.
transformational leadership
Carlos worked as a sales manager at a retail outlet for five years. During that time, he had taken just two days of leave. Shirley holds the same position at the same organization. During her tenure of two years, she had taken five weeks of leave both years. In the end, Shirley was offered a promotion that Carlos had been vying for. In terms of equity theory, from Carlos's perspective, this is a(n) _____.
underreward
The two basic kinds of inequity are _____.
underreward and overreward
According to equity theory, when employees perceive that they have been _____, they tend to experience anger or frustration.
underrewarded
Dennis is a team lead at Informtech Inc. He does only those things that are beneficial to him instead of the company. He puts his interest before the interest of the company and keeps information confidential if there is a loss to the company because of him. In this context, Dennis is most likely a(n) _____.
unethical charismatic
T/F The control process begins when managers set goals.
T
T/F The leadership trait of integrity refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.
T
T/F The objective control approach to managerial control manifests itself as either behavior control or output control.
T
T/F The self-serving bias is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes).
T
T/F Transformational leadership is leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.
T
T/F While transformational leaders use visionary and inspirational appeals to influence followers, transactional leadership is based on an exchange process.
T
T/F in the model of the communication process, decoding may result in faulty communication as a result of perceptual filters on the receiver's part.
T
Which of the following statements about perception and perceptual filters is true?
People perceive according to experience-based differences.
The steps in the basic perception process include attention, _____, interpretation, and retention.
organization
_____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments.
Perception
Fielders contingency theory factors
-leader-member relations -task structure -position power
Roy is a junior sales manager at a leading smartphone manufacturing company. In terms of equity theory, who among the following is an ideal referent for Roy?
A junior sales manager
Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?
A salary increase
The owner of a small local chain of retail stores that targets affluent women and carries eclectic lines of wrapping paper, stationery, invitations, and gifts, has expressed a strong desire to expand nationwide. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, the owner has a need for _____.
Achievement
During his tenure as the CEO of an investment bank, John turned the money-losing bank into a profitable firm by èncouraging workers to move out of their comfort zones and setting challenging goals for them. He knew his workers could meet the challenging targets set by him. His high expectation for his employees indicates that John used a(n) _____ leadership style.
Achievement orientated
According to the path-goal theory of leadership, _____ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.
Achievement-oriented leadership
_____ is a technique of assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she said.
Active Listening
Which of these methods will work best in motivating employees to increase their efforts?
Asking employees what their needs are then matching rewards to those needs
In the perception process, _____ is the process of noticing or becoming aware of particular stimuli.
Attention
_____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior.
Attribution theory
According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders have a high concern for production and a low concern for people.
Authority-compliance
Lopez was injured at work when he slips and falls at a construction site. However, his coworkers assumed the accident was due to improper flooring. According to attribution theory, Lopez's coworkers interpreted the incident with a _____.
Defensive bias
_____ is feedback that is disapproving without any intention of being helpful and almost always causes a negative or defensive reaction in the recipient.
Destructive feedback
One of Canada's largest financial service providers wanted to develop a customer-focused sales and service culture. The top management developed the main messages, which were consistently communicated to all levels of employees throughout the organization. This is an example of a(n) _____ communication channel.
Downward
Which of the following causes people exposed to the same information to often disagree about what they saw or heard?
Perceptual filter
Which of the following statements about hearing and listening is true?
Hearing is perception of sounds, while listening is making a conscious effort to hear.
Which of the following statements is true of needs ?
Higher-order needs will not motivate people as long as lower-order needs remain unsatisfied.
In a large corporation, employees are known as associates and don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. As a result of doing away with traditional titles, the company is likely to encourage more _____ communication.
Horizontal
_____ is a multiplicative function of motivation times ability times situational constraints
Job performance
In nonverbal communication, the term _____ refer to movements of the body and face.
Kinesics
When Lilah saw her guest wrinkling her nose, she realized that she should have changed the litter in her cat box. Nose wrinkling is an example of communication through _____.
Kinesics
Which of the following statements about listening is true?
Listening is a voluntary behavior
Which of the following is a major concern of managers as opposed to leaders?
Maintaining the status quo
Which of the following is most relevant to the financial perspective of the balanced scorecard?
Shareholders
Which of the following organizations would be described as bureaucratic?
Mezzanine Inc., where employee behavior is influenced by a strict adherence to company rules.
_____ is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.
Motivation
Alex works as an accountant at a pharmaceutical company. His job frequently demands that he work overtime. Lately, his health has taken a beating because of his overwork. Alex is eligible for a promotion. But the new position would demand longer working hours at twice the pay of his current position. Alex obviously values his health over his paycheck at the end of the month. In terms of expectancy theory, the promotion has a _____ for Alex.
Negative valence
Arvind has worked as an associate at a prestigious law firm for six months. During his tenure, he took frequent breaks from work and stayed at home on weekends. However, his other associate colleagues worked during weekends. When his boss offered him a raise in his salary, he felt pleased but also a little guilty as he felt he did not deserve it as much as some of the others he knew. In the context of equity theory, Arvind felt that he was being _____.
Overreward
In nonverbal communication, _____ includes the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern (i.e., use of silences, pauses, or hesitations) of one's voice.
Paralanguage
Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?
Referents
In empathetic listening, _____ is important because it demonstrates that you understand the speaker's emotions.
Reflecting feelings
_____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.
Reinforcement
____ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.
Reinforcement contingencies
Which of the following is true about ethical charismatics?
They follow self-guided principles that may go against popular opinion
Which of the following factors is directly affected by perceived inequity
Satisfaction
Which of the following factors is directly affected by perceived inequity?
Satisfaction
A person who attributes his or her success to hard work and failure to bad luck is likely to be experiencing a(n) _____.
Self serving bias
Which of the following is NOT a component of self-control?
Self-dealing
_____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes).
Self-serving bias
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cybernetic control process?
Set corporate objectives
T/F The Balanced Scorecard method of control minimizes the chance of suboptimization.
T
_____ is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and work with others to initiate change that will create a positive future for an organization.
Strategic Leadership
_____ occurs when performance improvement is attained in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part.
Suboptimization
T/F According to expectancy theory, when instrumentality is strong, employees believe that improved performance will lead to better and more rewards.
T
T/F According to the normative decision theory, using the right degree of employee participation improves the quality of decisions and the extent to which employees accept and are committed to decisions.
T
T/F Another name for the informal communication channel is the "grapevine."
T
T/F Feedforward control provides information about performance deficiencies by monitoring inputs, not outputs.
T
T/F For goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers must provide frequent, specific, performance-related feedback.
T
T/F Horizontal communication flows among managers and workers who are at the same organizational level.
T
T/F In an organization, Control is achieved when behavior and work procedures conform to set standards and when the organizational goals are accomplished.
T
T/F In communicating feedback to employees, managers need to recognize that feedback can be constructive or destructive.
T
T/F Initiating structure leader behavior has also been referred to as "job-centered leadership" and "concern for production."
T
T/F Listening is an example of a voluntary behavior.
T
T/F Managers tend to have a short-term perspective, leaders tend to have a long-term perspective.
T
T/F Managers with better listening skills are rated as better managers by their employees and are much more likely to be promoted.
T
T/F Motivation is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.
T
T/F Needs are defined as the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being.
T
T/F Sometimes the costs of control exceed its benefits.
T
Which of the following statements is true of extrinsic rewards?
They are offered by companies to get people to do things they wouldn't otherwise do.
According to expectancy theory, when instrumentality is strong, employees believe that improved performance will lead to better and more rewards.
True
According to the normative decision theory, using the right degree of employee participation improves the quality of decisions and the extent to which employees accept and are committed to decisions.
True
Another name for the informal communication channel is the "grapevine."
True
As a leader behavior, initiating structure is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning tasks.
True
Budgets are used to project costs and revenues, to prioritize and control spending, and to ensure that expenses don't exceed available funds and revenues.
True
Fiedler's contingency theory states that in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the situation that best fits their leadership style.
True
For goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers must provide frequent, specific, performance-related feedback.
True
In an organization, Control is achieved when behavior and work procedures conform to set standards and when the organizational goals are accomplished.
True
Once lower-order needs are satisfied, it is difficult to predict which higher-order needs will motivate behavior.
True
Perception is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments.
True
The four kinds of reinforcement contingencies are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction.
True
The leadership behavior of consideration has also been referred to as "concern for people" and "employee-centered leadership."
True
Dennis is a team lead at Informtech Inc. He does only those things that are beneficial to him instead of the company. He puts his interest before the interest of the company and keeps information confidential if there is a loss to the company because of him. In this context, Dennis is most likely a(n)
Unethical charismatic
Who among the following are most likely to control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share information that is only beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's?
Unethical charismatics
In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that fluctuate around a specified average time.
Variable Interval
The lowest level of waste minimization is _____
Waste disposal
A(n)_____ predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more money than it pays out.
cash flow anaylsis
_____ is the process of transmitting information from one person or place to another
communication
Rubylyn is a very enthusiastic person hired to work as the personal assistant for an event planner. At first, Rubylyn drives her boss to distraction by constantly interrupting him with queries. However, after Rubylyn receives feedback from her boss, she understands what her job entails and becomes a valued employee. Rubylyn's boss would have most likely given her _____ feedback.
constructive
Andy works as a freelance journalist at a local newspaper. He is paid $10 for every article he writes for the newspaper. In terms of reinforcement theory, this is a _____ reinforcement schedule.
continuous
_____ is the situation in which behavior and work procedures do not conform to standards.
control loss
Controlling financial performance does NOT examine _____
customer defections
In equity theory, _____ is the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly allocated.
distributive justice
When the CEO of a large corporation explained to his unionized employees why the company had to reduce healthcare coverage for its employees, he was engaged in _____ communication.
downward
The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as _____.
downward, upward, horizontal
Companies may determine standards by _____.
listening to customers
The crew renovating the downtown area accidentally dug up the sidewalk belonging to a private owner. The crew misunderstood their instructions that only all city-owned sidewalks were to be replaced because of bad phone connections. In this case, in terms of the communications process, _____.
noise prevented communication
In many companies, bureaucratic control has evolved into _____ which is the use of perceivable measures of employee behavior or output to assess performance and influence behavior.
objective control
A sales manager has carefully selected the members of two sales teams so that they have, as nearly as possible, identical skills and abilities. Both are assigned potential customers in the same industry. Both groups are offered the same rewards. One team makes the sale, and the other does not. Based on this information, one can say that:
one of the components that leads to job performance was weak.
The Republic Of Estasia has 14 million smokers. Smoking in Estasia isclosely associated with the country's culture. To reduce the number of smokers in the nation, the government has increased the price of cigarettes to twenty times greater than that charged in any other nation in the continent of South America. In the context of reinforcement theory, the government is trying to use _____ to get people to quit smoking by making cigarettes less affordable and by reducing the discretionary income (or possibly the disposable income) of people who continue smoking.
punishment
Delta Inc. has introduced a new employee performance management system to increase worker productivity. Delta had to pay $10000 to have the new software installed in all the computers. This payment can be considered as a(n) _____.
regulation cost
The last step in the perception process is _____.
retention
The basic control process of business begins with _____.
the establishment of clear standards of performance
According to attribution theory, _____ makes managers more likely to attribute workers' problems or failures to internal rather than external causes.
the fundamental attribution error
_____ means that transformational leaders act as role models for their followers
Idealized influence
_____ means that transformational leaders encourage followers to be creative and innovative, to question assumptions, and to look at problems and situations in new ways even if their ideas are different from those of leaders.
Intellectual stimulation
Which of the following is true about unethical charismatics?
They don't want followers to think but instead want uncritical acceptance of leader's ideas.
Wilson, a manager at an electrical equipment manufacturing company, believes that efficiency is the key to success. He forces his employees to put in extra effort and to work for longer hours. He always wants the production rate to be very high and does not like to hear any excuses if there is any decrease in the production. He has even cut down the breaks to ensure higher production. In this context, Wilson is using the _____ style of leadership.
authority-compliance
