BSC 2085 and L Midterm Review Start through Integumentary System

Field diameter of B

(FDA x total mag A) / Total Mag B

Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person?

) Basal cell activity is reduced in the elderly.

Quadrants

...

The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. 1. blood clot/scab formation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue The correct order for these events is:

1.blood clot/scab 2.cellular migration 3.epidermis covers granulation tissue 4.epidermis covers scar tissue

The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. 1. blood clot/scab formation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue The correct order for these events is:

1.blood clot/scab 2.cellular migration 3.epidermis covers granulation tissue 4.epidermis covers scar tissue

The femur can withstand ________ times the body weight without breaking.

10 to 15

Human body temperature celsius

37

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification: 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate.

4,2,1,3

Hexoses

6 carbon sugar ex. glucose, galactose, fructose

Reticular layer

80% of thickness of dermis, dense irregular connective tissue,

Simple alveolar

A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called

56) The anticodon for the triplet UCA is

A) AGU.

78) Red blood cell shrinkage is to ________ as cell bursting is to ________.

A) crenation; hemolysis

Treatment of full-thickness burns includes which of the following?

A) replacing fluids B) increasing caloric intake C) preventing infection D) assisting tissue repair

Tactile corpuscles

AKA Meissner's corpuscles small sensory receptors for light touch, movement and vibrations. Found in the dermal papillae of the papillary layer of the dermis.

sebaceous glands

Acne is a disorder associated with ________. A) sweat glands B) sebaceous glands C) Meibomian glands D) ceruminous glands

basement membrane

All epithelial tissue rests upon a ________ composed of connective tissue.

Anterior

An anatomical term that means the same as ventral?

Pathological

Anatomical features that change during illness are studied in _____ anatomy.

In the axillary and anogenital area

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

Oblique

At a diagonal angle to the long axis

Superficial

At, near, relatively close to the surface

Distal

Away from an attached base

Lymphocytes include __cells and __ Cells which are integral to cellular and antibody-mediated immunity.

B cells ; T cells

64) Cells that store fat are called A) Fibroblasts. B) Adipocytes. C) Melanocytes. D) Fixed macrophages. E) Mast cells.

B) Adipocytes.

46) Each of the following is a primary tissue type, except A) Connective tissue. B) Osseous tissue. C) Neural tissue. D) Muscle tissue. E) Epithelial tissue

B) Osseous tissue.

14) ________ Epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas _________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion. A) Simple columnar; transitional. B) Simple squamous; stratified squamous. C) Simple cuboidal; pseudostratified. D) Pseudostratified; simple squamous. E) Pseudostratified; simple cuboidal.

B) Simple squamous; stratified squamous.

3) The plasma membrane is composed of

B) a bilayer of phospholipids.

Inferior

Below, at a lower level

Hallux

Big toe

Sweat is mostly an odorless watery secretion produced by eccrine and apocrine glands. The odor usually arises due to the metabolic activities of bacteria on the surface of the skin.

Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin.

Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal?

Blood flow to the skin increases

Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal?

Blood flow to the skin increases.

43) Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________.

C) DNA; proteins

79) The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle. A) Skeletal. B) Voluntary. C) Smooth. D) Cardiac. E) Multinucleated

C) Smooth.

104) The genetically programmed death of cells is called

C) apoptosis.

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is highlighted? Calcification

Calcification

Examples of connective tissue

Cartilage Adipose Bone Blood areolar, and reticular tissue tendons

Stratum Granulosum

Consists of 1 to 5 layers of flattened kertatinocytes, abundant tonofilaments, keratohylin and lamellated granules, slow loss of water throughout epidermis, and thicken plasma membranes to toughen cells approaching outer layer.

34) __________ secrete __________________ into __________________. A) Goblet cells; mucus; the blood. B) Endocrine glands; hormones; ducts. C) Exocrine glands; hormones; ducts. D) Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood. E) Exocrine glands; mucus; the blood.

D) Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood.

92) The red color and heat associated with inflamed tissue is the result of A) The release of heparin from injured cells. B) Increased numbers of white cells in the injured area. C) Loss of blood from the injured tissue. D) Local vasodilation. E) Increased numbers of bacteria in the area of a wound.

D) Local vasodilation.

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?

27) __________ is found in the heart, and one of its functions is to _____________. A) Dense irregular connective tissue; allow for heart contraction and relaxation B) Adipose tissue; store energy for the heart. C) Reticular tissue; provide support to the heart. D) Simple cuboidal epithelium; line the heart chambers. E) Blood; transport nutrients to the tissues.

E) Blood; transport nutrients to the tissues.

85) The pancreas is an example of a ________ gland. A) Mucous. B) Serous. C) Unicellular. D) Merocrine. E) Mixed.

E) Mixed.

Areolar tissue

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue, except

Neuroepithelia

Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as?

Secertion

Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for

Microvilli

Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption or secretion usually have ______ surface.

Has a basement membrane

Epithelial tissue ________. A) is highly vascularized B) has a basement membrane C) is usually acellular D) contains a number of neuron types

A basal lamina

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

Occular

Eye

Stratified squamous epithelium

FUNCTION: LOCATION:

What type of cartilage is very strong rigid kind of tissue, is located where bone movement is limited and is used to provide support to joints that have great compressive forces working on it.

Fibrocartilage

Supporting muscle cells

Functions of epithelia include all of the following, except

The matrix of a connective tissue consists of _____.

Ground substance and fibers

Vellus

Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair."

Blood does not give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, the fibers are soluble, it carries nutrients, waste products, and other substances and attaches to several gasses.

How is blood unique among connective tissues?

The most common type of cartilage found in the body occurs at the end of most long bones in the joints, in the larynx, in the rings of the trachea (windpipe), and in the septum of the nose. Name this type of cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage

Negative feedback

If a response DECREASES a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ______ feedback system.

What is the correct statement which best describes adipose tissue?

It stores lipids.

Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium containing 4 distinct types of cells, melanocytes(pigment)merkel cells(touch receptors)ketatinocytes(produce keratin) and langerhans cells(police outer body surface/immune response cells) and either 4 or 5 layers depending on whether thin(everywhere on body except) or thick(soles and palms) skin. Avasulcar but innervated, reproduces quickly -entirely new epidermis every 35-45 days.

simple cuboidal

Kidney tubules are composed of ________ epithelium.

primary barrier against environmental hazards

Layer 1

accessory structures

Layer 3

Crural

Leg

Left inguinal region

Lower Left some LI not much

phagocytosis

Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells?

Male hormones

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.

male hormones

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________. A) age B) size C) weight D) male hormones

Heart and blood vessels

Mesothelium is the body cavities as endothelium is to the

Umbilical Region

Middle Middle, Stomach SI LI

Left lumbar region

Middle left LI

Right lumbar region

Middle right, LI

Eicosanoids regulation

NSAIDs act by downregulating eicosanoid synthesis.

1. eccrine 2. apocrine 3. ceruminous 4. mammary

Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands.

Cell physiology; microscopic anatomy

Organ physiology is to ______ as gross anatomy is to ________.

Which of the following are NOT functions of connective tissue?

Performs absorption and secretion

Name the protective membrane that surrounds cartilage and contains cells that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the cartilage matrix.

Perichondrium

Transverse/Cross

Perpendicular to the long axis

Phalangeal or digital

Phalanges or Digits, Toes or fingers

insensible

Rapid water loss from burned skin is an extreme form of ________ perspiration.

In the condition known as erythema, the skin takes on a(n) ________ color.

Reddish

What are the Three types of Dense Connective Tissue

Regular Irregular Elastic

Exocrine glands

Release substances (sweat, oil, milk) to outside of body

Acromial

Shoulder

Mesenchyme

Source of new cells in mature connective tissue

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

Spongy

Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects

Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?

Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.

Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct? A) Eccrine are the most numerous, being found primarily in the axillary regions. B) Apocrine glands are larger than eccrine, and empty secretions directly to the surface of the skin. C) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects. D) Mammary glands are not considered a modified sweat gland.

Caudal

Tail

________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.

Tendons; ligaments

One body part in relation to another

Terms of anatomical direction are used to desribe

Ceruminous

The ______ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax.

Arrector pilli

The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.

1) The smallest living unit within the human body is

The cell

Homeostasis

The central principle of physiology is

Inferior

The chin is _____ to the nose?

Terminal

The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair.

Has two layers

The dermis ____.

papillary

The dermis is composed of the reticular and ________ layers.

Gap junction

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the?

Urinary

The kidneys and ureters are organs of the ______ system.

lucidium

The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet.

Exocrine and endocrine

The pancreas produces _______ secretions

Dermal papillae

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:

Lunule

The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________.

Positive feedback

This type of feedback exaggerates the effects of variations from normal.

Pollex

Thumb

Dense irregular connective tissue

Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stressed from many directions are

Hyponychium

Under the free edge of the nail is a thicker region of epidermis

Mucus

Unicellular exocrine glands secrete

Left Hypochondriac Region

Upper left spleen stomach

Whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands

Vernix caseosa is a _______.

Sagittal

Vertical plane that divides body into left and right (lateral)

An important vitamin that is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight is?

Vitamin D

Merocrine

Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) _____ secretion.

Fibroblast

Which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue?

Arrector pili

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?

Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength

Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? A) Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. B) When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. C) Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength. D) Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.

They cover surface subjected to mechanical or chemical stress

Which of the following statments about simple epithelia is false?

Why does osteoporosis affect more women than men?

Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause whereas men continue to produce male sex hormones throughout adulthood.

A full-thickness burn injury can be life threatening. A physician treating a burn victim would likely order all of the following?

a high-calorie diet, IV (intravenous) fluids and electrolytes, skin grafts, antibiotics.

Simple epithelium

a single layer of cells, thin surface, lungs (gas exchange)

arrector pili

a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted

hair follicle

a structure composed of epithelium that surrounds the root of a hair

Peritoneal cavity

a subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity. Space in the abdominopelvic surrounded epithelial or serous membrane (peritoneum). contains the abdominal and part of the pelvic cavity

Jaundice is indicated by?

a yellowish skin coloration

Jaundice is indicated by

a yellowish skin coloration.

7) The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the a) Stratum basale. b) Stratum spinosum. c) Stratum granulosum. d) Stratum lucidum. e) Stratum corneum

a) Stratum basale.

75) Deodorants are used to mask the odor of ________ secretions. a) apocrine b) ceruminous c) sebaceous d) mammary e) merocrine

a) apocrine

111) When the body temperature rises, which of the following takes place: a) eccrine glands become active b) arrector pili muscles contract c) Pacinian corpuscles are stimulated d) blood is prevented from reaching skin capillary beds e) vitamin D synthesis is blocked

a) eccrine glands become active

27) The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called a) eponychium (cuticle). b) lunule. c) nail plate. d) Nail body. e) Nail root.

a) eponychium (cuticle).

Superior

above at a higher level

Cells that store fat are called

adipocytes.

32) _______ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal. a) Sebum. b) Cerumen. c) Sweat. d) Scents. e) Mucus

b) Cerumen.

106) Which of the following homoeostatic imbalances is caused by a virus: a) athlete's foot b) cold sores c) impetigo d) contact dermatitis e) cyanosis

b) cold sores

Popliteal

back of the knee (popliteus)

Dorsum

back of the trunk

Posterior

back, behind

Skin cancer that starts in the stratum germinativum is called ________.

basal cell carcinoma

Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum ________.

basale

Accumulations of fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and the dermis are called _______.

blisters

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to

bone.

During appositional growth

bones grow wider.

Most of the skin is ___________ mm thick. a) 0.01 to 0.02. b) 0.1 to 0.2. c) 1 to 2. d) 10 to 20. e) 100 to 200.

c) 1 to 2.

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

calcium.

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are

carotene and melanin

Lipid functions

cell membrane, transport, energy storage, padding, vitamin, hormones

Cuboidal

cubic and have a large nucleus. Secrete and absorb, kidneys

The two components of the integumentary system are the

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

Field diameter

diameter of the field of view

Midsagittal

divides into equally left and right section

26) Excessive hairiness is called a) Telogenism. b) Anagenism. c) Catagenism. d) Alopecia. e) Hirsutism

e) Hirsutism

29) Mitosis in the __________ accounts for growth of the nail. a) nail plate. b) nail fold. c) Eponychium. d) Hyponychium. e) Nail matrix

e) Nail matrix

Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following, except

epidermis

The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes

exfoliative cytology.

epidermal ridges

extend into the dermis, cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin, produce patterns that are determined genetically. interconnect with the dermal papillae

Free edge

extends past the end of the digit

Ocular lens

eyepiece lens 10x

Distal

far

What structures do you find within the hypodermis?

fat and the cutaneous plexus

Upper limb

forearm

Lateral

further from the midline,

Glycolipid

glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a sugar attached

Cranial or cephalic

head

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

hyaline

Pelvic cavity

inferior part of the abdominal pelvic cavity, reproductive organs, LI, rectum and urinary bladder.

Two types of homeostatic regulation

intrinsic and extrinsic

Sensible perspiration

is produced by active sweat glands

Vellus hairs

lightly pigmented and distributed over much of the skin (peach fuzz)

Parfocal

microscope stays in focus as you switch lenses

Mechanical stage

moves

Avascular

no blood vessels. Diffusion

Lanugo is found

on a fetus

Organ system

organs tissues and cells

The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the ________ layer.

papillary

Two layers of dermis

papillary and reticular

The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the?

papillary layer

Melanocytes

produce melanin, found in the stratum basale aka stratum germinativum

Merocrine sweat glands function

produce sweat containing electrolytes, proteins, urea and other compounds. Absorbs body heat and evaporates cooling the body.

________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

red

A lack of exercise could

result in porous and weak bones.

RUQ

right upper quadrant

Merocrine sweat glands?

secreting their stuff directly on the skin

Pericardium

serous membrane around the heart

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones

short

The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are

simple and stratified.

The substance called sebum is commonly known as ________.

skin oil

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system, except

synthesis of vitamin C.

If a fair-skinned person is sunburned, why does his or her skin turn red?

the blood flow to the skin increases

Flank

the side of the trunk below the ribs

lacunae

tiny channels that allow interaction of the cells with the blood supply

Basal cell carcinoma

tumor starting in stem cells in the stratum germinativum. UV exposure majority cause. Most common type of skin cancer, rarely spreads, high survivability. high UV areas have this

Nail body

visible part of the nail, protects the nail bed underneath

Carpus

wrist (carpal)

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed.

123) Vanessa's 80-year-old grandmother sets her thermostat at 26C (80F) and wears a sweater on balmy spring days. When asked why, the grandmother says she is cold. Can you give one possible cause for her feeling cold? Answer Most elderly people have poor blood flow to the skin. Thus, temperature receptors in the skin do not sense as much warmth as when there is a rich blood supply. The sensory information is relayed to the brain, and the brain interprets the temperature as cool or cold.

...

Explain why the rate of dehydration is greater when a person is immersed in seawater than when in fresh water. (essay)

...

Region

...

sensible perspiration

10

A to T number of bonds

2

Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.

2

G to C number of bonds

3

Trioses

3 carbon sugar

When dose Mesenchyme begin to differentiate into mature connective tissues?

3 weeks after embryonic development

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Blood vessels invade the perichondrium. 5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a thin shell of bone. The correct order for these events is

3,1,4,5,2

The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a

3rd degree burn

Thin skin contains ________ layer(s) of keratinocytes, and thick skin contains ________ layers.

4; 5

Objective lens

4x 10x 40x oil 100x

Purines

A and G. 2 Ring structures

Rickets

A deficiency disease that illustrates the effect of integumentary system function on the structure of the skeletal system is

Heart

A midsagittal section of the body would pass through the

stratified squamous

A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________. A) simple cuboidal B) simple squamous C) transitional D) stratified squamous

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum B) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum C) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Supine

A person lying on the bed and gazing at the ceiling is in the ______ position.

Serial

A series of sectiosn at small intervals in one sectional plane

Keloid

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n)

Occluding junction

A type of intercellular junction that stops material from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed a(n)

60) Put the following steps of protein synthesis in correct order of occurrence:

A) 3, 1, 6, 2, 5, 4

89) Endocytosis is

A) a method for transporting substances into the cell.

69) Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following, except

A) hydrolysis of ATP.

Superior

Above

Superior

Above, at a higher level

resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________. A) the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external substances B) resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system C) cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temperature conditions D) epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir

Resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include_____.

Phagocytic cell

An epidermal dendritic cell is specialized ______.

contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane

An epithelial membrane ________. A) usually involves transitional epithelium B) is formed of epithelium and smooth muscle C) contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane D) never contains mucus-forming cells

Temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus

An example of a receptor in a negative feeback loop controlling body temperature would be

Structure;Function

Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.

Characteristics of the epidermis include:

Answer- all the above *flexible *contains desmosomes *serves as UV radiation protection *multilayered

Characteristics of the epidermis include:

Answer- all the above *flexible *contains desmosomes *serves as UV radiation protection *multilayered

Which statement about hairs is false?

Answer- club hairs are ingrown hairs what is true: *Terminal hairs are in the axilla *A terminal hair can detach but remain in the hair follicle as a club hair *Eyebrows are terminal hairs *Vellus hairs are on the limbs of children until puberty

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system, except?

Answer- synthesis of vitamin c -functions include *maintenance of body temperature *protection of underlying issues *excretion of salts and wastes *provision of sensation

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system, except?

Answer- synthesis of vitamin c -functions include *maintenance of body temperature *protection of underlying issues *excretion of salts and wastes *provision of sensation

What are the Tree types of Loose Connective Tissues

Areolar Adipose Reticular

organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

Arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest?

Lateral

Away from the midline, toward the side

28) _____ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes. A) Blood. B) Areolar tissue. C) Osseous tissue. D) Dense irregular connective tissue. E) Adipose tissue.

B) Areolar tissue.

75) "Spikes" form on a blood cell when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution.

B) hypertonic

Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person

Basal cell activity is reduced in the elderly.

Stratum Basale

Basal layer aka stratum germanitivum, a single row of cells, rapidly dividing, merkel cells distributed amongst keratinocytes,

Anterior

Before, the region of the body that advances first

Posterior

Behind

Ventral

Belly side

Connective

Blood is which type of tissue?

By using the "rule of nines"

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

25) Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8): 1. mitochondrion 5. intracellular transport 2. centriole 6. liquid in cell 3. endoplasmic reticulum 7. manufactures cell energy 4. cytosol

C) 1 & 7, 2 & 8, 3 & 5, 4 & 6

33) In the intestine, ______ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. A) Plasma membrane. B) Desmosomes. C) Tight junctions. D) Gap (communicating) junctions. E) Ground substance

C) Tight junctions.

105) An alternate term for tumor is

C) benign malignancy.

Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix?

Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite.

branched

Cardiac muscle tissue is single nucleated, has intercalated discs, and is ________.

Systemic physiology

Cardiovascular function is an example of

chondrocytes

Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except: ________. A) chondrocytes B) fibroblasts C) macrophages D) mast cells

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. B) Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause. C) The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. D) It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.

Extracellular matrix

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except

Buccal

Cheek

cholecalciferol

Children in northern regions experience months of inadequate sunlight exposure on the skin. To prevent possible abnormal bone development, what essential organic nutrient is necessary in the diet?

Terminal Hairs

Coarse pigmented hairs are called

What is the most abundant fiber present in dense irregular connective tissue?

Collagen

The type of tissue that consists of living cells embedded in a non-living extracellular matrix is

Connective

Cutaneous membrane or skin

Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Seborrhea

Cradle cap in infants is called ________.

seborrhea

Cradle cap in infants is called ________.

5) The tails of a phospholipid molecule are

D) facing the cytosol.

Desmosomes

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called?

________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.

Dendritic cells

Granulation

During repair of the integument, fibroblasts follow areas of new capillary growth and produce

17) These are features that fibrous connective tissues have in common except A) Very conspicuous fibers. B) The presence of fibroblasts. C) The presence of collagen. D) Ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency. E) A calcified matrix

E) A calcified matrix

93) Characteristics of epithelia include A) Regeneration. B) Polarity. C) Attachment. D) Avascularity. E) All of the above

E) All of the above

23) All these substances account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance except A) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). B) proteoglycans. C) chondroitin sulfate. D) Hyaluronic acid. E) Collagen.

E) Collagen.

103) Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably A) Connective tissue. B) Muscle tissue. C) Neural tissue. D) Fat tissue. E) Epithelium

E) Epithelium

45) The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called A) necrosis. B) apoptosis. C) gangrene. D) Regeneration. E) Fibrosis.

E) Fibrosis.

87) Cells that remove damaged cells or pathogens from connective tissue are A) Fibroblasts. B) Melanocytes. C) Mast cells. D) Adipocytes. E) Fixed macrophages

E) Fixed macrophages

9) ______ Cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia produce protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes. A) Basement membrane. B) Simple. C) Basal. D) Keratinized. E) Goblet.

E) Goblet.

36) _________ Glands have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis, whereas _________ glands secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products. A) Endocrine; exocrine. B) Mucous; serous. C) Cytogenic; apocrine. D) Mucous; cutaneous. E) Merocrine; holocrine

E) Merocrine; holocrine

39) This membrane lines passageways that open to the exterior environment. A) Lamina propria. B) Endothelium. C) Synovial membrane. D) Serous membrane (serosa). E) Mucous membrane (mucosa).

E) Mucous membrane (mucosa).

118) The categories of epithelial tissue membranes are: A) Synovial, cutaneous, and mucous membranes. B) Synovial, cutaneous, and serous membranes. C) Synovial, mucous, and serous membranes. D) Synovial, mucous, and cutaneous membranes. E) Mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes.

E) Mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes.

13) _____ Epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as in the ________________. A) Transitional; tongue. B) Keratinized; tongue. C) Nonkeratinized; skin. D) Keratinized; skin. E) Nonkeratinized; vagina.

E) Nonkeratinized; vagina.

48) All of the following are functions of epithelia, except A) Physical protection. B) Absorption. C) Controlling permeability. D) Secretions. E) Storing energy reserves.

E) Storing energy reserves.

Otic

Ear

Mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces all types of connective tissues

Eponychium

Epidermis around the nail. AKA cuticle. seals the nail with the groove and the raised nail fold. The cuticle around a nail is the

Epithelial

Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membrans. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ____ tissue.

Orbital

Eye

Eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.

eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________. A) they grow much slower B) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months C) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle D) hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length

Erythrocyte

FUNCTION: Transportation of nutrients and waste LOCATION: contained within blood vessels

dense irregular tissue

FUNCTION: able to withstand tension in many different direction. LOCATION: dermis

Simple columnar epithelium

FUNCTION: absorption and secretion LOCATION: digestive tract Goblet cells: produce mucous

simple columnar epithilium

FUNCTION: absorption and secretion LOCATION: digestive tract Goblet cells: produce mucous

simple squamous epithelium

FUNCTION: diffusion and filtration LOCATION: alveoli ( air sacs of lungs) white patches

Stratified squamous epilthilium

FUNCTION: protection LOCATION: epidermis

Adipose loose connective tissue

FUNCTION: provides reserve fuel and protects organ LOCATION: Breasts, behind eyes around kidneys

Osseous Tissue

FUNCTION: stores minerals, support LOCATION: skeletal

transitional

FUNCTION: stretching LOCATION: bladder

hyaline

FUNCTION: support LOCATION: ends of long bones chondrocyte cells

Areolar loose connective tissue

FUNCTION: wraps and cushions organs LOCATION: packages organs and surrounds capalaries

simple cuboidal

FUNCTION; secretion, absorption LOCATION:kidney tubules lumen (points too)

Which type of cartilage forms intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and the meniscus in the knee?

Fibrocartilage

Reticular tissue

Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen

Hyaline cartilage

Forms much of the fetal skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones

Stratified cuboidal

Generally 2 layers of cube like cells, protection, largest ducts of sweat, mammary, and salivary glands

Divide continually to produce new epithelial cells

Germinative cells

Endocrine glands

Glands that release proteins (hormones) directly into blood stream

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are

Holocrine glands

Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are

Peritoneal

Guts

Strong acids list

HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4

Pericardial

Heart

What does the embryonic skeleton consists of that has a gelatinous matrix and provides flexible support, and latter ossifies to form bone

Hyaline cartilage

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. B) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. C) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. D) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.

Keratinocyte enzymes can neutralize carcinogens that penetrate the epidermis. Keratinocytes are also able to convert topical steroid hormones to a powerful anti-inflammatory drug.

In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions.

Desmosomes

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

simple columnar

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? A) simple squamous B) transitional C) simple columnar D) stratified squamous

they produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because ________. A) they produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties B) they are able to transform from living cells to plasma membranes and still function C) they are able to reproduce sporadically as needed D) they are a powerful defense against damaging UV rays

Produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ______.

Endothelium

Lines blood vessels and the heart

The medical procedure called ____________ involves the removal of unwanted ____________, typically from the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, arms, and breasts.

Liposuction; adipose tissue

Digestive

Lungs are to the respiratory system as the liver is to the ______ system.

compound alveolar

Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________. A) simple tubular B) compound tubular C) simple alveolar D) compound alveolar

are spidery-shaped cells in contact with cells in the stratum basale

Melanocytes ________. A) are spidery-shaped cells in contact with cells in the stratum basale B) are involved in the immune system C) are involved with the nervous system D) work their way up to the surface just like the keratinocytes

Accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ______.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________. A) provide the melanocyte with a protective shield against abrasion B) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer C) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules D) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature

Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by?

Melanocytes at the hair papilla

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

Wharton's jelly is a type of connective tissue that can differentiate into any type of connective tissue. This kind of embryonic tissue is

Mesenchymal

What is the embryonic connective tissue that differentiates into all types of connective tissue?

Mesenchyme

Areolar connective tissue

Most plentiful connective tissue in body, supports and binds other tissues, holds body fluids, defends body against infection, stores nutrients as fat, Contains collagen, reticular and elastic fibers, ground substance holds fluid, defense cells fight infection as areolar tissue contains Macrophages(big eaters), Plasma cells(secrete antibodies), Mast cells (inflammatory process), and Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, and eosinophils. A minor function is that it's fat cells store nutrients.

Each of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands and sebum is true, except one. Identify the exception.

Most sebaceous glands are coiled tubular glands.

sebaceous glands

Most sebaceous glands open into hair follicles,

transitional

Multiple rows of cells covering a tissue in which the cells are the same shape from the basement membrane to the surfaces would be ________ epithelia.

Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.

Name the layers of the epidermis in order from the surface down.

Umbilical

Naval

Reticular connective tissue

Network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance, reticular cells lie in network, forms a soft skeleton to support other cell types like WBCs, macrophages, and mast cells, found in lymphoid organs and spleen

Diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of _____.

Contralateral

On opposite sides

Ipsilateral

On the same side

tissue

Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________. A) organ B) tissue C) organism D) organ system

lacuna

Osteocytes exist in a tiny void called a ________.

________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

Osteoprogenitor

Frontal

Parallel to long axis and dividing into front and back portions

Midsagittal

Parallel to the long axis and dividing into exactly left and right halves

Sagittal

Parallel to the long axis and dividing into left and right portions

A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.

Pott

Keratinized

Protection from abrasion, friction, chemical exposure, and infection. produce keratin, dehydrate, interlock.

Extrinsic homeostatic regulation

Response to the nervous or endocrine system. Responses to exercise, stress, injury, illness.

Lateral planes

Right and left vertical lines

Dermis

Second major layer of the skin, richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessesls, holds entire body together like a body stocking

Enzymes; hormones

Secretions through a duct might provide______, whereas ductless secretions act as ______.

Its primary function is nutrient storage

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. A) It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. B) Its primary function is nutrient storage. C) Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. D) Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer

Simple cuboidal

Single layer cube shaped cells with round nucleus, forming walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules, secretion and absorbtion

Psuedo stratified columnar

Single layer of cells of differing heights, only tallest cells reach apical layer, secretion and propulsion of mucus by cillia,, in sperm ducts and ducts of large glands in upper respiratory tract

If epithelial cell migration cannot cover a wound, ________ may be required.

Skin grafts

Dermatitis

Skin inflammation that primarily involves the papillary layer is termed

Integumentary

Skin, hair, and nails are associated with the ______ system.

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because?

Stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective tissue components of eh skin after injury

Elastic cartilage

Structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility

Anatomy

Study of body structures

Gross Anatomy

Study of large parts (muscles bones)

Microanatomy

Study of microscopic structures

Eccrine and apocrine

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

False; ductless

T or F: Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands

False; sweat and mammary glands

T or F: Stratified cuboidal epithelium is moderately rare in the body and found only in the pharynx, larynx, and anorectal junction

False; merocrine

T or F: Sweat glands are apocrine glands

Exfoliative cytology

The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes

If a fair-skinned person is sunburned, why does his or her skin turn red?

The blood flow to the skin increases.

Which of the following is a characteristic of bone?

The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

The bone would be more flexible.

terminal

The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair.

Granulation Tissue

The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called .

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

The composition of the secretion of the eccrine glands is ____.

has two layers

The dermis ________. A) is an avascular connective tissue layer B) has two layers C) lacks sensory corpuscles and glands D) is where melanocytes are found

The reticular layer

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

the reticular layer

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? A) the reticular layer B) the subcutaneous layer C) the hypodermal layer D) the papillary layer

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? A) goblet cells, parietal cells, and Kupffer cells B) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes C) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells D) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

Collagen

The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is?

Stratum basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? A) stratum corneum B) stratum granulosum C) stratum basale D) stratum lucidum

four different cell shapes found in five distinct layers, each cell shape with a special function

The epidermis is responsible for protecting the body against invasion of bacteria and other foreign agents primarily because it is composed of ________. A) stratified columnar epithelium B) three layers of keratinized cells only C) four different cell shapes found in five distinct layers, each cell shape with a special function D) a tough layer of connective tissue

Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is therefore true?

The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.

Simple squamous

The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as

Mucous membrane

The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior; found in lining the digestive and respiratory tracts

Serous membrane

The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body; makes up the pleura and pericardium

simple squamous epithelium

The epithelium that forms air sacs in the lungs is

collagen

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. A) elastic B) collagen C) reticular D) muscle

inflammation

The first step in tissue repair involves ________. A) replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells B) proliferation of fibrous connective tissue C) inflammation D) formation of scar tissue

Reticular connective

The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of _______ tissue

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. A) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed B) bind the hair root to the dermis C) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

Sudoriferous glands

The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation.

Simple squamous epithelium

The heart and blood vessels are lined by

Medial

The heart is _____ to the lungs?

Hypothalamus

The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the?

Macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?

macrophages called Langerhans' cells

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function? A) cells found in the stratum spinosum B) macrophages called Langerhans' cells C) keratinocytes, because they are so versatile D) Merkel cells

Cuticle

The layer of hard keratin that coats the hair is termed the. AKA Eponychium. epidermis around the nail

stratum germinativum.

The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the

Grahulosum

The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum ________.

granulosum

The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum ________.

stratum spinosum.

The layer of the epidermis that contains abundant desmosomes is the

Stratum corneum

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable.

reticular layer

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin

Papillary layer

The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin

Right upper

The liver is primarily located in the ______ quadrant.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is termed?

external root sheath

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________. A) medulla B) cortex C) external root sheath D) cuticle

External root sheath

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except_____.

Keratinocytes

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

Malignant Melanoma

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed ________.

nutrition and hormones

The most important factors influencing hair growth are ________. A) sex and hormones B) age and glandular products C) the size and number of hair follicles D) nutrition and hormones

nail bed.

The nail body covers the

dermal papillae

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called: A) dermal papillae. B) hair follicles. C) ceruminous glands. D) reticular papillae.

carotene

The pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow is called ________.

Keratin

The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin.

compound tubuloalveolar

The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland.

By hormones, especially androgens

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

cyanosis

The skin appearance that results from dark-red hemoglobin is called ________.

Stretch marks occur when?

The skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic capabilities are exceeded

Ground substance

The sticky material between cells of aerolar connective tissue is called the

hyponychium

The stratum corneum just under the free-edge of a nail is the. Thicker region of epidermis

Exfoliative cytology

The study of cells shed from epithelial surfaces, often for diagnostic purposes, is termed

Embryology

The study of the first two months of development is termed.

Systemic physiology

The study of the function of specific organ systems is called

Surface (internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin)

The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called _______ anatomy.

Cytology

The study of the liver is to gross anatomy as the study of a liver cell is to

Regional

The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body is called ______ anatomy.

Papilary layer

The superficial 20% of dermis, areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers. Dermal papillae are projections into epidermis that increase surface area, on soles and feet they lay on ridges that create foot/hand prints.

Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues

The three categories of connective tissues are

Epithelial tissue

The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom is

lunula

The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________.

Distal

The wrist is ______ to the elbow?

Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person?

There are fewer dendritic cells in the skin of the elderly; Skin repairs take longer in the elderly; Basal cell activity is reduced in the elderly;The epidermis is thinner in the elderly.

Stressors such as acutely high fever, surgery, severe emotional trauma; drugs such as antidepressants and chemotherapy drugs; burns and radiation; and a protein-deficient diet can cause hair loss or thinning.

There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these other factors.

Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false?

They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.

Stratified squamous

Thick membrane of several cell layers, surface cells are flattened, protects underlying tissues from abraison, in keratinized (Epidermal) cells are flattened dead sacs of keratin, in nonkeratinized-line mouth, esophogus, and vagina they are moist and slick

The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a?

Third degree burn

Junctions

Tight Junction- Belt like junction at apical region of epithelial tissues that holds adjacent cells closely to eachother, closing off extracellular space, Adherens Junction-just below the tight junction, reinforces tight junction particularly when tissue is strectched, Desmosomes- join together with neighboring cell's linker proteins as well as intermediate fillaments to form a continuous network of "guy-wires" , desmosomes are most plentiful in tissue that experiences great mechanical stress

Basement membrane

Together the Basal Lamina and reticular fiber layer deep to it create the basement membrane

Proximal

Toward an attached base

Cranial

Toward the head

False; dense regular connective tissue

True or False: Achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connecting his calf muscles to his heel. This and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue

True

True or False: Brown fat is frequently deposited between the shoulder blades of infants

Goblet cell

Unicellular gland produces mucin, precusor to mucus, which protects, covers, and lubricates many internal body surfaces

Epigastric region

Upper middle Stomach liver

How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone?

Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract so calcium is available for ossification and remodeling.

Bone

Vitamin D3 is important for proper ________ development.

Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

The umbilical cord of a fetus contains a mucous connective tissue called

Wharton's jelly.

negatively charged polysaccharides

What are glycosaminoglycans? A) positively charged proteins B) negatively charged proteins C) positively charged polysaccharides D) negatively charged polysaccharides

1. Protection against abrasion. 2. Protection from the sun's radiation. 3. Involved in the immune system. First line of defense. 4. Protection from water loss. 5. Protection from heat loss. 6. Covers the bodyinterphase with the outside. 7. Sensory perception.

What are six of the functions of the epidermis?

Nutrition and hormones

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

Negative feedback

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of

Squamous cell carcinoma

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?

Toward the heel

While standing erect, the direction of caudal is?

All of the answers are correct

While standing in the anatomical position,

Trachea

You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

Electrolytes

a substance that conducts an electrical current in water. Forms ions in water

Meissner corpuscle

a tactile nerve ending receptor in the dermal papillae that is sensitive to touch

A child with rickets often has

bowed legs

93) Skin inflammation is termed a) Cutaneitis. b) Epidermatitis. c) Dermatitis. d) Melanocytis. e) Superficialis

c) Dermatitis.

Coccyx

caudal in humans

Thoracic

chest thorax Pectoral (thoracis)

Medial

closer to the bodies midline, between two other parts

Neural

conducts electrical impulses. Carries information

Epithelial

covers exposed surfaces, lines internal surfaces, produces glandular secretions. Visible. Free surface, avascular

73) ________ are macrophages in the epidermis that are part of the immune system. a) Merkel cells b) Basal cells c) Squamous cells d) Langerhans cells e) Melanocytes

d) Langerhans cells(dendritic cells)

areolar fibroblasts

dark spots within tissue create the tissue around it

Principal layers of the integument

epidermis, and dermis

Two classes of macrophages include

fixed macrophages and free macrophages.

A rib is an example of a ________ bone.

flat

Pedal

foot (pes)

The process of skin repair after injury begins with ___________.

formation of a blood clot

Manual

hand (manus)

Which of the following is NOT part of the cutaneous membrane?

hypodermis

dermcidin

in Merocrine sweat glands. to protect against bacteria.

Medulla

inner part of a hair shaft

Palm

inside surface of the hand (palmer)

Acne

involves inflammation of sebaceous glands.

Hair shaft

keratinized cells above the matrix harden and die. The shaft has a cortex and a medulla

LLQ

left lower quadrant

Prone

lying face down

The protein fibers of both blood and lymph are dissolved in the

matrix

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

mature bone cell

Levels of organization

molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organism

Hair papilla

nerves, blood vessels and the hair matrix at the root tip

Merocrine sweat glands and hair

not associated with hair follicles.

adipose nuclei

nucleus of fat cells

Gluteal

of the buttock (gluetus)

Diaphragm lever

open or closers the diaphragm for contrast

Keratin

protein that toughens and kills cells.

Thigh

proximal part of the lower limb

RLQ

right lower quadrant

Goblet cells

secrete mucus and coat and protect

Pleura

serous membrane around the lung

Scapular

shoulder

A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called

simple alveolar.

Melanocytes _____________.

store melanin in melanosomes

Cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

Body tube

supports the lens and the nose piece

Columnar

taller than they are wide

Focal plane

the in focus thickness greatest in low power

Cranial

towards the head

Fine hairs (like "velvet") that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface are called ________.

vellus hairs

Endotherms

warm blooded

arrector pili muscles contract

"goose bumps" are formed.

124) In a condition known as sunstroke, the victim appears flushed, the skin is warm and dry, and the body temperature rises dramatically. Explain these observations based on what you know concerning the role of the skin in thermoregulation. Answer: When the body temperature increases, more blood flow is directed to the vessels of the skin. The red cells in the blood give the skin a redder than usual color and accounts for the victim's flushed appearance. The skin is dry because the sweat glands are not producing sweat (avoids further dehydration). Without evaporation cooling, not enough heat is dissipated from the skin, the skin is warm, and the body temperature rises.

...

A bacterial infection that is often fatal in burn patients is called ________.

...

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a?

...

A new mother notices that her 6-month-old infant has a yellow-orange complexion. Fearful that the child may have jaundice, she takes him to her pediatrician. After examining the child and learning about the infant's diet, the pediatrician declares him perfectly healthy and advises the mother to watch the child's diet. What is likely the cause for the change in skin color?(essay)

...

Accumulations of fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and the dermis are called _______.

...

In a condition known as sunstroke, the victim appears flushed, the skin is warm and dry, and the body temperature rises dramatically. Explain these observations based on what you know concerning the role of the skin in thermoregulation. (essay)

...

Many medications can be administered transdermally by applying patches that contain the medication to the surface of the skin. These patches can be attached anywhere on the skin except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Why? (essay)

...

Thank you for using this set if you found any mistakes please let me know.

...

The drug ________ increases dermal blood flow and makes the skin red.

...

Tic tac toe 9 box region of the abdomen

...

Why is a subcutaneous injection with a hypodermic needle a useful method of administering drugs? (essay)

...

Why is regional infection or inflammation of the skin usually very painful? (essay)

...

dense irregular connective tissue

...

dense regular connective tissue

...

Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"? 1. areolar connective tissue 2. adipose tissue 3. fibrocartilage 4. dense irregular connective tissue

1, 2, and 4

Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"? 1. areolar connective tissue 2. adipose tissue 3. fibrocartilage 4. dense irregular connective tissue

1, 2, and 4

The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. 1. blood clot/scab formation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue

1,2,3,4

whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands

15) Vernix caseosa is a ________. A) substance contributing to acne during adolescence B) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands C) coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men D) cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns

Put the following steps of bone repair in correct sequence: 1. Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone. 2. A hematoma occurs. 3. An internal callus forms at the site of injury. 4. Osteoclasts remodel the bone at the site of repair.

2,1,3,4

Charlie is badly burned in an accident. When he reaches the emergency room, the examining physician finds that he can remove entire hair follicles from Charlie's arm when he gently pulls on a hair with his forceps. Charlie is suffering from a

3rd degree burn

Thin skin contains how many layers) of keratinocytes

4

While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate

5

While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate?

5

thick skin contains how many layers

5

Pentoses

5 carbon sugar ex. ribose, deoxyribose

specialized phagocytic cell

A Langerhans' cell is a ________. A) specialized squamous epithelial cell B) specialized phagocytic cell C) specialized nerve cell D) specialized melanocyte

ABCDs for melanoma

A asymmetry (uneven shape), B border (irregular border), C Color (many colors in a spot), D diameter (5mm or larger)

Effector

A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n)

All levels of organization within an organism are interdependent

A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that

abrasion

A child who skins his knee in a fall has a(n)

Lamina lucida

A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelia is the?

Anatomical position

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the

Three components necessary to maintain a variable at homeostasis

A receptor or sensor to measure the variable, control or integration center that sets limits evaluates the information received from the receptors and sends commands to the effector, an effector that receives information from the control center and produces a response

simple squamous

A single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes is ________. A) simple transitional B) simple columnar C) simple squamous D) simple cuboidal

Addison's

A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appears almost metallic bronze, it may be the result of ________ disease.

Addisons

A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appears almost metallic bronze, it may be the result of ________ disease.

72) If a red blood cell (RBC) is placed in a 0.5% salt solution, which of the following would occur? 1. water will move out of the RBC 2. RBC will hemolyze 3. RBC will crenate 4. water will enter the RBC

A) 1 and 3 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 2 only D) 3 and 4 only E) 2 and 4 only

107) Analysis of a glandular secretion indicates that it contains some DNA, RNA, and membrane components such as phospholipids. What kind of secretion is this and why? A) A holocrine type of secretion. B) Apocrine type of secretion. C) Eccrine type of secretion.

A) A holocrine type of secretion.

63) What would the complimentary DNA template strand be to produce the mRNA sequence of UGU - CAA?

A) ACA - GTT B) UCU - GUU C) CGC - ATT D) ACA - GUU E) TCT - GTT

98) White fat is found in ________, while brown fat is found in ________. A) Adults; infants. B) Adults; adolescents. C) Infants; adults. D) Adults; the elderly. E) Adults; adults.

A) Adults; infants.

68) Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue, except A) Areolar tissue. B) Aponeuroses. C) Tendons. D) Ligaments. E) Elastic tissue

A) Areolar tissue.

73) Osseous tissue is also called A) Bone. B) Fat. C) Cellulite. D) Cartilage. E) Ligament.

A) Bone.

114) Intercalated disks are found in: A) Cardiac muscle. B) Skeletal muscle. C) Smooth muscle. D) Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. E) Skeletal and smooth muscle tissue

A) Cardiac muscle.

111) Tendons are; A) Dense connective tissue. B) Loose connective tissue. C) Adipose tissue. D) Areolar tissue. E) Osseous tissue.

A) Dense connective tissue.

116) The type of tissue that has a matrix that consists of rows of fibroblasts that manufacture collagen fibers is: A) Dense connective tissue. B) Loose connective tissue. C) Adipose tissue. D) Areolar tissue. E) Osseous tissue

A) Dense connective tissue.

25) Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both A) Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues. B) Plasma and formed elements. C) Elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage. D) Spongy bone and compact (dense) bone. E) Adipose tissue and reticular tissue.

A) Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.

52) Dead skin cells are shed in thick sheets because they are held together by a thin layer of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are A) Desmosomes. B) Intermediate junctions. C) Gap junctions. D) Tight junctions. E) Junctional complexes.

A) Desmosomes.

117) The protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is A) Elastin. B) Melanin. C) Collagen. D) Carotene. E) Keratin

A) Elastin.

5) The basement membrane is found between A) Epithelium and connective tissue. B) Epithelium and extracellular material. C) Epithelium and intracellular material. D) Extracellular material and intracellular material. E) Interstitial fluid and extracellular fluid

A) Epithelium and connective tissue.

22) Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect in elastin fibers. People with this syndrome A) Have hyperextensible joints. B) A small cranium. C) Elastic bones. D) Stronger bones. E) Viscous blood.

A) Have hyperextensible joints.

72) The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage. A) Hyaline. B) Osseous. C) Fibrous. D) Elastic. E) Ligamentous

A) Hyaline.

90) Unlike cartilage, bone A) Is very vascular. B) Is a connective tissue. C) Have cells that are located in spaces called lacunae. D) Has a two-layered outer covering. E) Has a matrix that contains collagen.

A) Is very vascular.

89) Cells that respond to injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into other cell types are A) Mesenchymal cells. B) Mast cells. C) Lymphocytes. D) Fibroblasts. E) Plasma cells.

A) Mesenchymal cells.

50) Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption or secretion usually have ________ at their free surface. A) Microvilli. B) Many mitochondria. C) Cilia. D) Golgi complexes. E) Junctional complexes

A) Microvilli.

35) ____________ Glands secrete mucin, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product, whereas ______ glands produce a relatively watery fluid. A) Mucous; serous. B) Merocrine; holorime. C) Apocrine; mixed. D) Endocrine; exocrine. E) Serous; mucous.

A) Mucous; serous.

29) ________ Tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential, thus they are called __________________ tissues. A) Muscular and nervous; excitable. B) Connective and muscular; responsive. C) Adipose and areolar; complex. D) Epithelial and connective; irritable. E) Nervous and connective; excitable.

A) Muscular and nervous; excitable.

49) Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for A) Secretion. B) Support. C) Circulation. D) Conduction. E) Contraction.

A) Secretion.

106) What type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the alveoli in the lungs? A) Simple squamous epithelium. B) Cuboidal. C) Columnar. D) A and B. E) B and C.

A) Simple squamous epithelium.

6) The epithelium that allows rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs of the lungs is. A) Simple squamous. B) Simple cuboidal. C) Simple columnar. D) Stratified squamous-keratinized. E) Stratified squamous-nonkeratinized

A) Simple squamous.

31) Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because A) Smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract. B) Skeletal muscle puts pressure on the digestive tract. C) Cardiac muscle maintains a high pressure that moves material through the digestive tract. D) Striated muscle creates a pressure gradient that forces material from one end of the digestive tract to the other. E) Skeletal muscle sphincters contract and allow materials to move through digestive tract.

A) Smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract.

54) The basic shapes of epithelial cells include all of the following, except A) Stratified. B) Cuboidal. C) Squamous. D) Columnar.

A) Stratified.

32) Skeletal muscle is described as A) Striated and voluntary. B) Striated and involuntary. C) Nonstriated and voluntary. D) Nonstriated and involuntary. E) Fibrous and contracting

A) Striated and voluntary.

121) Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane: A) Synovial membrane. B) Cutaneous membrane. C) Mucous membrane. D) Serous membrane. E) Pleural membrane

A) Synovial membrane

79) If the amount of chloride ion in blood plasma increases, which of the following would initially occur?

A) The blood osmotic pressure will increase.

31) Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true, except one. Identify the exception.

A) The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. B) The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. C) Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae. D) The mitochondria require carbon dioxide and produce oxygen in the process of energy production. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

123) An example of a mucous membrane is: A) The lining of the respiratory tract. B) The parietal peritoneum. C) The visceral peritoneum. D) The parietal pericardium. E) The visceral pericardium

A) The lining of the respiratory tract.

81) All of the following are true of neurons, except that A) They are a specialized type of connective tissue. B) They are composed of a soma and nerve fibers. C) They conduct a nervous impulse. D) They are separated from one another by synapses. E) When mature, they lose the ability to divide.

A) They are a specialized type of connective tissue.

23) Microtubules have which of the following functions?

A) They form structural components of organelles. B) They move chromosomes during cell division. C) They provide a mechanism for changing the cell shape. D) Molecular motors move along them. E) All of the answers are correct.

12) __________ Epithelium found in the bladder resembles ______________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened. A) Transitional; stratified squamous. B) Stratified squamous; pseudostratified. C) Stratified squamous; stratified columnar. D) Simple columnar; pseudostratified. E) Transitional; simple cuboidal.

A) Transitional; stratified squamous.

65) Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways, except A) Transporting substances between cells. B) Anchoring blood vessels and nerves. C) Supporting epithelia. D) Storing lipids. E) Filling spaces between organs.

A) Transporting substances between cells.

125) During the inflammatory process, blood vessels dilate and increase blood flow for delivery of nutrients and oxygen and the removal of waste products and debris from the site of injury. A) True B) False

A) True

126) Harriet had liposuction several years ago, but has since gained back all the weight lost through the procedure. She does not understand her weight gain because adipocytes are incapable of dividing. Here doctor explained to here that while it is true that adipocytes do not divide and the number of fat cells in peripheral tissues is finite, Mesenchymal cells will divide and give rise to cells that differentiate into fat cells. Thus, areolar tissue can become adipose tissue in times of nutritional excess. A) True B) False

A) True

127) Sunburned skin peels rather than being shed as a powder because the abundant desmosomes between cells in the superficial layers of the skin hold the cells together as a sheet instead of loosely organized cells. A) True B) False

A) True

14) Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains

A) a higher concentration of potassium ions. B) a lower concentration of dissolved proteins. C) almost no glycogen. D) a higher concentration of amino acids. E) almost no lipids.

16) In the mitochondrion, folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is to

A) actin. B) microvilli. C) cytosol. D) basal body. E) matrix.

86) A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called

A) active transport.

65) The DNA molecule is like a twisted ladder. What molecules form the "sides" of the DNA ladder?

A) alternating molecules of sugar and phosphate groups

12) Microfilaments

A) anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteins. B) control the consistency of cytoplasm. C) with myosin, produce cell movement. D) consist of the protein called actin. E) All of the answers are correct.

7) Membrane proteins perform which of the following functions?

A) anchoring B) receptors C) recognition D) enzymes E) All of the answers are correct.

13) Microfilaments

A) are usually composed of myosin. B) are hollow, filamentous structures. C) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane. D) interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions. E) are found in the cytoplasm radiating away from the centrosome.

4) Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins?

A) bind to ligands B) regulate the passage of ions C) act as carrier molecules for various solutes D) act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane E) storage of cellular nutrients

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

A) body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production

70) Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through

A) channels formed by integral proteins.

26) Peroxisomes

A) contain enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide. B) absorb and break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process. C) are produced from other peroxisomes. D) are more abundant in cells with higher metabolic rates. E) All of the answers are correct.

9) The watery component of the cytoplasm is called

A) cytosol.

8) The organelles and the watery component of the cell together is called

A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellular fluid. D) interstitial fluid. E) cytoplasm.

34) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells?

A) digestive enzymes B) steroid hormones C) protein hormones D) transport proteins E) antibodies

24) The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for

A) drug and toxin neutralization. B) lipid synthesis. C) modification of new proteins. D) shipping molecules to the Golgi apparatus. E) All of the answers are correct.

92) A membrane transport process is found experimentally to have a saturation limit. Which of the following is a possible property of the process?

A) energy-dependent B) carrier-mediated C) cotransport D) active transport E) All of the answers are correct.

84) Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that

A) facilitated diffusion consumes no ATP. B) facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. C) the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules. D) facilitated diffusion never eliminates the concentration gradient. E) the rate of molecular movement is not limited by the number of available carrier molecules.

74) Osmotic pressure

A) forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration. B) forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane. C) can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure. D) increases as solute concentration increases. E) All the answers are correct.

6) The plasmalemma includes

A) integral proteins. B) glycolipids. C) phospholipids. D) cholesterol. E) All of the answers are correct.

94) When is DNA replicated?

A) interphase

96) Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________ glands, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________. A) interstitial fluid or blood; ductless; ducts B) Cells; cellular; blood. C) Blood; ducted; cells. D) Interstitial fluid; ducted; interstitial fluid. E) Ducts; ducted; blood.

A) interstitial fluid or blood; ductless; ducts

10) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle, except

A) lysosomes.

67) What would the complimentary (matching) mRNA and tRNA molecules be from a DNA molecule that has the following triplets? coding strand: ATG-CAA template strand: TAC-GTT

A) mRNA: AUG-CAA, tRNA: TAC-GTT B) mRNA: ATG-CAA, tRNA: TAC-GTT C) mRNA: UAC-GUU, tRNA: AUG-CAA D) mRNA: TAC-GTT, tRNA: AUG-CAA E) mRNA: AUG-CAA, tRNA: UAC-GUU

19) Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the

A) microtubules. B) mitochondria. C) rough endoplasmic reticulum. D) ribosomes. E) Golgi apparatus.

82) Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal breathing. Under these circumstances

A) more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.

30) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to

A) move. B) synthesize proteins. C) produce DNA. D) metabolize sugars. E) form the mitotic spindle.

54) Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of ________ and ________.

A) multiple enzymes; three types of RNA

46) The complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are

A) nucleoplasm. B) chromosomes. C) histones. D) nucleases. E) mitochondria.

42) Histones are found in

A) nucleosomes.

29) Which organelle is most prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein?

A) nucleus B) NUCLEOLUS C) chromosome D) proteasome

45) The control center for cellular operations is the

A) nucleus.

88) In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell and imports ________ ions.

A) potassium; calcium B) sodium; calcium C) potassium; sodium D) sodium; potassium E) calcium; sodium

Epidermal growth factor exerts which of these effects on the epidermis?

A) promotes cell division B) stimulates keratin synthesis C) accelerates tissue repair D) speeds up glandular function

Epidermal growth factor exerts which of these effects on the epidermis?

A) promotes cell division B) stimulates keratin synthesis C) accelerates tissue repair D) speeds up glandular function

11) All cells in this tissue reach the basement membrane and only cells that reach the free surface have cilia. A) pseudostratified columnar. B) simple columnar. C) Stratified columnar. D) Stratified cuboidal. E) Stratified squamous

A) pseudostratified columnar.

27) Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false?

A) receives transport vesicles from the RER B) sends transport vesicles to the RER C) produces lysosomes D) supplies new membrane components E) produces secretory vesicles

62) The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________ .

A) replication, transcription, translation

52) The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called

A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) mitosis. E) auscultation.

17) Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the

A) ribosomes. B) rough ER. C) smooth ER. D) Golgi apparatus. E) mitochondria.

18) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes?

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum

87) The principal cations in our body fluids are ________ and ________.

A) sodium; potassium B) calcium; magnesium C) sodium; calcium D) chloride; bicarbonate E) sodium; chloride

32) Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, except

A) storage and release of calcium ions. B) modification of protein. C) synthesis of steroid hormones. D) synthesis of triglycerides. E) detoxification of drugs.

28) Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is false?

A) supports organelles B) controls cell shape C) provides cell strength D) made of cytobones E) moves organelles

80) If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of other solutes remains constant,

A) the cells will shrink. B) the cells will swell. C) the fluid outside of the cells will become isotonic. D) the fluid outside of the cells will become hypertonic. E) the cells will not change.

41) The components of ribosomes are formed within

A) the endoplasmic reticulum. B) Golgi complexes. C) lysosomes. D) mitochondria. E) nucleoli.

61) The unit of DNA that specifies a certain amino acid is called a ________, the same unit of mRNA is called a ________ which, during protein synthesis, is matched by the ________ of tRNA.

A) triplet, codon, anticodon

Four signs useful for determining if a suspicious mark on the skin is melanoma follow the ABCD mnemonic. Identify what each letter abbreviates

A-asymmetry B-border C-color D-diameter

Four signs useful for determining if a suspicious mark on the skin is melanoma follow the ABCD mnemonic. Identify what each letter abbreviates

A-asymmetry B-border C-color D-diameter

Meissner's corpuscles

AKA tactile corpuscles small sensory receptors for light touch, movement and vibrations. Found in the dermal papillae of the papillary layer of the dermis.

Each of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands and sebum is true, except one. Identify the exception.

ANSER: Most sebaceous glands are coiled tubular glands. TRUE: *Sebum can function as an antibiotic. *Most sebaceous glands open into hair follicles. *Acne involves inflammation of sebaceous glands. *Sebum functions to lubricate the hair and skin.

Each of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands and sebum is true, except one. Identify the exception.

ANSER: Most sebaceous glands are coiled tubular glands. TRUE: *Sebum can function as an antibiotic. *Most sebaceous glands open into hair follicles. *Acne involves inflammation of sebaceous glands. *Sebum functions to lubricate the hair and skin.

Each of the following statements concerning hair is true, except one. Identify the exception.

ANSWER:Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life. WHAT IS TRUE: *Terminal hairs are heavy and more darkly pigmented than other types of hair. *The cortex of the hair is composed of hard keratin. *Club hair is hair that has ceased growing *The medulla is the soft core of the hair.

Each of the following statements concerning hair is true, except one. Identify the exception.

ANSWER:Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life. WHAT IS TRUE: *Terminal hairs are heavy and more darkly pigmented than other types of hair. *The cortex of the hair is composed of hard keratin. *Club hair is hair that has ceased growing *The medulla is the soft core of the hair.

blisters

Accumulations of fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and the dermis are called

Sebaceous glands

Acne is a disorder associated with ____.

Visceral

Adeheres to the surface of the organ

Parietal

Adheres to the wall of the cavity

Adhesions between abdominopelvic organs occur when

Adhesions between abdominopelvic organs occur when serous membranes are damaged.

Which of the following types of connective tissue stores triglycerides, prevents heat loss, and provides cushioning and support for internal organs?

Adipose tissue

what type of connective tissue functions to store triglycerides, protect internal organs, and insulate against heat loss.

Adipose tissue

Dense Connective Tissue

Aka fibrous connective tissue, can be regular(evenly arranged collagen fibers) or irregular(randomly arranged collagen fibers) in make up, contains more collagen than areolar connective tissue, extremely strong and resists pulling forces, composes fibrous capsules(regular) that surround organs like kidneys, lymph nodes, and bones, makes up 80% of the dermis(irregular),

1-4-3-7-6-5-2

All of the following statements refer to events of tissue repair. Put the events in proper numbered order according to the sequence of occurrence. The initial event, the injury, is already indicated as number one. 1. The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. 2. Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete. 3. Granulation tissue is formed. 4. Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow. 5. The scar retracts. 6. Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris. 7. Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break.

Which statement about hairs is false?

Answer- club hairs are ingrown hairs what is true: *Terminal hairs are in the axilla *A terminal hair can detach but remain in the hair follicle as a club hair *Eyebrows are terminal hairs *Vellus hairs are on the limbs of children until puberty

All of the following are true of epidermal ridges, except that they?

Answer-contain increased numbers of free nerve endings. What is true- *interconnect with the dermal papillae *cause ridge patterns on the surface skin *produce patterns that are genetically determined *extend to the dermis

All of the following are true of epidermal ridges, except that they?

Answer-contain increased numbers of free nerve endings. What is true- *interconnect with the dermal papillae *cause ridge patterns on the surface skin *produce patterns that are genetically determined *extend to the dermis

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin, except that it?

Answer-decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun What is true- *protects DNA front the damaging effects of UV radiation *is produced by cells called melanocytes *is usually some shade of brown or black *is produced from the amino acid tryosine

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin, except that it?

Answer-decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun What is true- *protects DNA front the damaging effects of UV radiation *is produced by cells called melanocytes *is usually some shade of brown or black *is produced from the amino acid tryosine

Which of the following statements about rickets is not true?

Answer-is usually genetic What is true- *prevented by sunlight *leads to skeletal deformity *prevented by vitamin D *leads to weak bones

Which of the following statements about rickets is not true?

Answer-is usually genetic What is true- *prevented by sunlight *leads to skeletal deformity *prevented by vitamin D *leads to weak bones

in the axillary and anogenital area

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? A) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis B) beneath the flexure lines in the body C) in the axillary and anogenital area D) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

70) Chondroitin sulfate is found in the matrix of A) Areolar tissue. B) Cartilage. C) Adipose tissue. D) Elastic connective tissue. E) Epithelial tissue

B) Cartilage.

100) The three basic types of fibers in connective tissue are A) Loose, dense, and irregular. B) Collagen, reticular, and elastic. C) Cartilage, bone, and collagen. D) Tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments. E) Polar, cellular, and permeable.

B) Collagen, reticular, and elastic.

67) The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is A) Fibrin. B) Collagen. C) Myosin. D) Actin. E) Elastin.

B) Collagen.

83) Cells that are specialized for secretion A) Have a free surface that is flat. B) Exhibit polarity. C) Do not have a nucleus. D) Are only found in the digestive system. E) Are usually large.

B) Exhibit polarity.

63) The fibrous components of connective tissue are produced by A) Melanocytes. B) Fibroblasts. C) Mast cells. D) Adipocytes. E) Macrophages.

B) Fibroblasts.

1) All of the following are primary tissue types except A) Connective. B) Fibrous. C) Nervous. D) Epithelial. E) Muscular.

B) Fibrous.

97) Two classes of macrophages include A) Microphages and adipocytes. B) Fixed macrophages and free macrophages. C) Mast cells and basophils. D) Mesenchymal cells and melanocytes. E) Neutrophils and eosinophils

B) Fixed macrophages and free macrophages.

26) Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, such as A) Helping to transfer charges in the nervous system. B) Holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance. C) Giving bone its brittle, inorganic structure. D) Providing the major structural support of tendons and ligaments. E) Acting as an energy reserve for muscle contraction

B) Holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance.

19) These are all types of fibrous connective tissues except A) Reticular tissue. B) Hyaline cartilage. C) Dense regular connective tissue. D) Dense irregular connective tissue. E) Areolar tissue

B) Hyaline cartilage.

15) These features are common to all connective tissues except A) Most cells are not in direct contact with each other. B) Interstitial fluid is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope. C) Cells usually occupy less space than extracellular material. D) Protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance. E) Most of them are highly vascular.

B) Interstitial fluid is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.

59) A transitional epithelium would be found A) Lining the ducts that drain sweat glands. B) Lining the urinary bladder. C) At the surface of the skin. D) Lining kidney tubules. E) Lining the stomach.

B) Lining the urinary bladder.

41) This primary germ layer is the middle layer, called ______, and gives rise to a gelatinous material called ________________, which gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, and blood. A) Ectoderm; stem cells. B) Mesoderm; mesenchyme. C) Endoderm; mesenchyme. D) Mesoderm; fibroblasts. E) Ectoderm; mesenchyme.

B) Mesoderm; mesenchyme.

42) The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This exemplifies A) Neoplasia. B) Metaplasia. C) Atrophy. D) Differentiation. E) Hyperplasia

B) Metaplasia.

120) Which of the following relationships is incorrect: A) Visceral peritoneum - outer surface of the small intestine. B) Parietal pericardium - outer surface of the heart. C) Parietal pleura - wall of thoracic cavity. D) Visceral pleura - surface of the lungs. E) Parietal peritoneum - lining of abdomen

B) Parietal pericardium - outer surface of the heart.

112) Goblet cells are found in; A) Simple squamous epithelium. B) Simple columnar epithelium. C) Simple cuboidal epithelium. D) Stratified squamous epithelium. E) Transitional epithelium.

B) Simple columnar epithelium.

8) ____ Epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas ______ epithelium is rare. A) Simple columnar; stratified columnar. B) Stratified squamous; stratified columnar. C) Pseudostratified; stratified squamous. D) Simple cuboidal; stratified squamous. E) Stratified squamous; simple squamous.

B) Stratified squamous; stratified columnar.

55) The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is

B) TAG.

99) _______ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another. A) Ligaments; tendons B) Tendons; ligaments. C) Aponeuroses; tendons. D) Ligaments; aponeuroses. E) Reticular tissues; tendons

B) Tendons; ligaments.

51) A type of intercellular connection in which there is a partial fusion of two cell membranes is A) Intermediate junction. B) Tight junction. C) Gap junction. D) Desmosome. E) None of the above.

B) Tight junction.

44) It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of __________________ in human breast cells. A) necrosis. B) apoptosis. C) atrophy. D) Infarction. E) Gangrene

B) apoptosis.

35) Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that

B) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.

83) The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called

B) facilitated diffusion.

93) If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could not

B) form complementary sequences of DNA.

48) The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are

B) genes.

77) The skin swells and puckers during a long bath. This suggests that bath water is a(n) ________ fluid.

B) hypotonic

20) Organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are

B) peroxisomes.

98) Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to

B) reproductive cells.

59) The molecule that brings the proper amino acid into place at the ribosome for the elongation of a new protein is called

B) tRNA.

53) The process of forming mRNA is called

B) transcription.

58) Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA?

B) uracil

Dorsal

Back

Olecranal

Back of elbow

It appears to be genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by a delayed-action gene that responds to DHT and alters normal metabolism.

Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness.

Basal Lamina

Border between epithelium and CTP, thin, noncellular, consists of proteins secreted by epithelial cells, acts as selective filter as well as scaffolding for migrating regenerating epithelium

A bruise turns "black and blue" because of ________ in the dermis.

Broken blood vessels

by using the "rule of nines"; used to determine the total percentage of area burned for each major section of the body

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? A) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake B) by observing the tissues that are usually moist C) through blood analysis D) by using the "rule of nines"

53) Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by A) Interfacial canals. B) Proteoglycan. C) A basement membrane. D) A reticular lamina

C) A basement membrane.

20) New triglycerides are constantly synthesized and stored and others are hydrolyzed and released into circulation mostly from cells in A) Blood. B) Fibrous connective tissue. C) Adipose tissue. D) Reticular tissue. E) Transitional tissue

C) Adipose tissue.

101) Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of A) Smooth muscle tissue. B) Skeletal muscle tissue. C) Cardiac muscle tissue. D) A, B, and C. E) None of the above.

C) Cardiac muscle tissue.

102) Which type of tissue provides structural support for other tissues? A) Muscle tissue. B) Endothelial tissue. C) Connective tissue. D) Neural tissue. E) Epithelial tissue.

C) Connective tissue.

18) The shape of a person's external ear is given by A) Dense regular connective tissue. B) Dense irregular connective tissue. C) Elastic cartilage. D) Fibrocartilage. E) Ligaments.

C) Elastic cartilage.

47) Which tissue has a free surface exposed to the internal or external environment? A) Contractive tissue. B) Neural tissue. C) Epithelial tissue. D) Connective tissue. E) Muscle tissue

C) Epithelial tissue.

104) Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ________ tissue. A) Muscle. B) Adipose. C) Epithelial. D) Connective. E) Neural.

C) Epithelial.

38) The membrane that lines digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of A) Simple squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue. B) Areolar and dense irregular connective tissue. C) Epithelium and lamina propria. D) Areolar tissue and lamina propria. E) Simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue.

C) Epithelium and lamina propria.

95) The Pap test is a procedure utilizing A) Physiology. B) Histology. C) Exfoliative cytology. D) Anatomy. E) Embryology.

C) Exfoliative cytology.

100) Which phase of the cell cycle has the most variable duration?

C) G1 phase

86) The only example of unicellular exocrine glands are A) Mammary glands. B) Sebaceous cells. C) Goblet cells. D) Sweat glands. E) Serous cells.

C) Goblet cells.

55) Endothelium is the linings of the A) Mouth. B) Large intestine. C) Heart and blood vessels. D) Kidneys. E) Urinary bladder.

C) Heart and blood vessels.

58) Stratified cuboidal epithelia would be found A) Lining the stomach. B) Lining kidney tubules. C) Lining the ducts that drain sweat glands. D) Lining the urinary bladder. E) At the surface of the skin.

C) Lining the ducts that drain sweat glands.

122) Mucous membranes are A) Located in joint cavities. B) Covering the heart. C) Lining the stomach. D) Covering the brain. E) Lining the abdominal wall.

C) Lining the stomach.

77) Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue. A) Loose connective. B) Nerve. C) Muscle. D) Dense connective. E) Epithelial.

C) Muscle.

80) Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue. A) Epithelial. B) Connective. C) Neural. D) Osseous. E) Areolar.

C) Neural.

30) Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and A) Fibroblasts. B) Chondrocytes. C) Neuroglia. D) Myocytes. E) Osteocytes.

C) Neuroglia.

43) Macrophages __________________ in the healing of a skin wound. A) Release histamine to increase blood flow to the area. B) Produce and secrete collagenous fibers. C) Phagocytize and digest tissue debris. D) Stimulate epithelial cells to multiply. E) Make capillaries more permeable allowing white blood cells to migrate into the area.

C) Phagocytize and digest tissue debris.

88) Antibodies are produced by A) Fibroblasts. B) Macrophages. C) Plasma cells. D) Mast cells. E) Microphages

C) Plasma cells.

75) The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of A) Mucous membranes... B) Cutaneous membranes. C) Serous membranes. D) The lamina propria. E) Synovial membranes.

C) Serous membranes

10) A brush border of microvilli belongs to ______ epithelium found in the _________. A) Pseudostratified; nasal cavity. B) Simple cuboidal; esophagus. C) Simple columnar; small intestine. D) Stratified squamous; anal canal. E) Stratified squamous; esophagus

C) Simple columnar; small intestine.

78) Satellite cells would be found in association with A) Involuntary muscle. B) Cardiac muscle. C) Skeletal muscle. D) Smooth muscle. E) both C and D

C) Skeletal muscle.

115) The type of muscle tissue that is found in the walls of blood vessels is: A) Cardiac muscle. B) Skeletal muscle. C) Smooth muscle. D) Cardiac and skeletal muscle. E) Smooth and skeletal muscle.

C) Smooth muscle.

105) Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals an open framework of fibers with a large volume of fluid ground substance and elastic fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the A) Lungs. B) Bony socket of the eye. C) Tissue that separates skin from underlying muscle. D) Inner wall of a blood vessel. E) Spleen.

C) Tissue that separates skin from underlying muscle.

21) When activated, lysosomes function in

C) digestion of foreign material.

2) The _______ gives rise to the _____. A) mesoderm; digestive glands B) endoderm; muscular system and skeletal system C) ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis D) endoderm; mesoderm E) mesoderm; endoderm

C) ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

40) After six months of lifting weights at the gym you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to _______ of muscle cells. A) hyperplasia. B) neoplasia. C) hypertrophy. D) Metaplasia. E) Atrophy

C) hypertrophy.

76) Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into

C) hypotonic solution.

95) The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called

C) interphase.

11) Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following, except

C) microsomes.

66) A DNA nucleotide is composed of

C) one nitrogen base, deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.

50) mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm.

C) proteins

99) Before a cell divides, its DNA must be replicated to

C) supply each new cell with a full set of the genetic material.

102) During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has

C) the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

91) Which of these transport processes always requires metabolic energy?

C) vesicular transport

85) All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes, except

C) vesicular transport.

________ account(s) for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

Calcium phosphate

Squamous

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

Exhibit polarity

Cells that are specialized for secretion

Adipocytes

Cells that store fat are called?

Mental

Chin

within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix

Chondroblasts ________. A) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae B) within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix C) located deep to the perichondrium divide and secrete new matrix on the internal portions of the cartilage D) never lose their ability to divide

Epithelium

Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of

Which statement about hairs is false

Club hairs are ingrown hairs.

Transitional epithelium

Combination cuboidal and columnar, stretch readily and permit distenstion by urine, found in ureters, bladder, and part of urethra

CTP

Connective tissue proper-realatively few cells, lots of extracellular matrix composed of ground substance(most -soft, gel like substance that holds tissue fluid, In bone it's hard and holds calcium salts) and fibers. Fibrous portion is collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. 2 types-loose(areolar, adipose, reticular, and dense (irregular, regular, and elastic)

109) Which is likely to heal faster, a bone injury or a cartilage injury? A) Bone injuries heal relatively quickly because of the direct blood supply via canaliculi. B) Cartilage injuries heal relatively slowly because nutrients supply via diffusion, a slower process. C) Both injuries heal at the same rate. D) A and B. E) None of the above

D) A and B.

108) A biology student accidentally loses the labels of two prepared slides she is studying. One is a slide of an intestine, the other of an esophagus. You volunteer to help her sort them out. How would you decide which slide is which? A) Because animal intestine is modified for absorption, you would look for a slide that shows a single layer of epithelium lining the cavity. B) The cells would be cuboidal or columnar and would probably have microvilli on the surface to increase surface area. C) Because the esophagus receives undigested food, it would have a stratified epithelium consisting of squamous cells to protect it. D) All of the above. E) None of the above

D) All of the above.

16) _______ Tissue is highly vascular, whereas _______________ is not. A) Epithelial; cartilage. B) Muscular; osseous tissue. C) Dense regular connective; dense irregular connective tissue. D) Areolar; cartilage. E) Nervous; osseous tissue.

D) Areolar; cartilage.

94) ________ And ________ are two types of desmosomes. A) CAMS; proteoglycans. B) Lumen; button. C) Gap; CAMS. D) Button; hemidesmosomes. E) Tight; gap.

D) Button; hemidesmosomes.

21) _______ secrete the rubbery matrix of cartilage, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue. A) Chondroblasts; plasma cells. B) Mast cells; fibroblasts. C) Osteocytes; chondroblasts. D) Chondroblasts; fibroblasts. E) Adipocytes; plasma cells.

D) Chondroblasts; fibroblasts.

37) ______ Glands have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts. A) Areolar. B) Simple acinar. C) Simple coiled tubular. D) Compound acinar. E) Compound tubuloacinar

D) Compound acinar.

113) The basement membrane is found between: A) Muscle and nervous tissue. B) Muscle and connective tissue. C) Nervous and connective tissue. D) Epithelial and connective tissue. E) Epithelial and nervous tissue.

D) Epithelial and connective tissue.

3) ___ lines body cavities, covers body surface, and forms the lining of many organs. A) Interstitial tissue. B) Muscle tissue. C) Adipose tissue. D) Epithelial tissue. E) Nervous tissue

D) Epithelial tissue

84) Watery perspiration is an example of a (n) ________ secretion. A) apocrine B) Serous. C) Mucous. D) Merocrine. E) Holocrine.

D) Merocrine.

74) Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body? A) Cutaneous. B) Synovial. C) Pleural. D) Mucous. E) Serous.

D) Mucous.

71) Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous A) Canaliculi. B) Lacunae. C) Volkmann's canal. D) Perichondrium. E) Periosteum.

D) Perichondrium.

76) The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the A) Perichondrium. B) Pleura. C) Periosteum. D) Peritoneum. E) Pericardium

D) Peritoneum.

82) Tissue changes with age include all of the following, except A) Decreased ability to repair damage. B) Less efficient tissue maintenance. C) Thinner epithelia. D) Proliferation of epidermal cells. E) More fragile connective tissues

D) Proliferation of epidermal cells.

66) The stroma of the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of _____ tissue. A) Loose connective. B) Adipose. C) Regular dense connective. D) Reticular connective. E) Irregular dense connective

D) Reticular connective

91) Adhesions occur when A) Muscle is damaged. B) Nerve cells are damaged. C) Synovial membranes are damaged. D) Serous membranes are damaged. E) All of the above

D) Serous membranes are damaged.

7) Most kidney tubules are made of this tissue specialized for absorption and secretion. A) Simple columnar epithelium. B) Stratified columnar epithelium. C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. D) Simple cuboidal epithelium. E) Stratified cuboidal epithelium

D) Simple cuboidal epithelium.

56) What type of epithelium line internal body compartments and blood vessels A) Stratified cuboidal epithelium. B) Transitional epithelium. C) Stratified squamous epithelium. D) Simple squamous epithelium. E) Simple cuboidal epithelium.

D) Simple squamous epithelium.

60) The heart and blood vessels are lined by A) Simple columnar epithelium. B) Transitional epithelium. C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. D) Simple squamous epithelium. E) Simple cuboidal epithelium

D) Simple squamous epithelium.

24) Collagenous fibers are very abundant in A) Blood and hyaline cartilage. B) Blood, adipose tissue, and osseous tissue. C) Ligaments, bones, and the most superficial portion of the skin. D) Tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin. E) Areolar tissue, tongue, and bones.

D) Tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin.

124) All of the following are true except A) All four types of body tissue are found in skeletal muscle. B) The matrix of hyaline cartilage consists of abundant collagen fibers hidden in a rubbery matrix. C) Smooth muscle cells are uninucleated spindle-shaped cells that lack striations. D) The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the stratified squamous epithelium. E) Cardiac muscle tissue that has been damaged by injury or disease incapable of regeneration. Cardiac muscle fibers are incapable of dividing because they do not contain satellite cells.

D) The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the stratified squamous epithelium.

57) Which of the following is not true about simple epithelia? A) They are avascular. B) They are characteristic of regions where secretion or absorption occurs. C) They afford little mechanical protection. D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress. E) They line internal compartments and passageways

D) They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.

61) You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the A) Urinary bladder. B) Secretory portions of the pancreas. C) Surface of the skin. D) Trachea. E) Stomach

D) Trachea.

73) Which statement best describes osmosis?

D) diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

57) Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be

D) edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm.

64) A gene is a set of specific instructions that

D) indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

103) The correct order of phases in cell division is:

D) interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase I.P.M.A.T

44) Most of a cell's DNA is located in its

D) nucleus.

90) A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates

D) phagocytosis.

4) An epithelium with all cells tall and narrow and with every cell touching the basement membrane is called ________________ A) Stratified squamous. B) Stratified cuboidal. C) Simple cuboidal. D) simple columnar. E) pseudostratified columnar

D) simple columnar.

51) As each codon arrives at the active site of a ribosome, it attracts another molecule containing the anticodon. This molecule is called

D) tRNA.

2) Functions of the plasmalemma include all of the following, except

D) thermal insulation.

Cutaneous plexus

Deep blood vessel network located between hypodermis and dermis, nourishes hypodermis and deep dermal structures,

What type of connective tissue consists of fibroblasts scattered throughout collagen fibers that have a random or irregular arrangement. This tissue type is typically found in the dermis of the skin, as well as in the fibrous capsule that surrounds organs and joints.

Dense irregular connective tissue

What kind of connective tissue consists of many thick (dense) collagen fibers arranged in primarily parallel bundles, forms tendons and ligaments, surrounds skeletal muscles, and forms the fasciae

Dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following types of tissue forms the fascia, ligaments, and tendons?

Dense regular connective tissue

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn? A) Because the pain is acute due to the large number of Meissner's corpuscles. B) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis. C) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing "black and blue marks." D) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.

Second degree burns

Destroy the entire epidermis and portions of the dermis but not hair follicles and glands in the dermis. Cause blistering

69) Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are A) Ligaments. B) Areolar tissue. C) Tendons. D) Aponeuroses. E) Dense irregular connective tissues.

E) Dense irregular connective tissues.

62) Glands that secrete hormones into the blood or tissue fluids are A) Merocrine glands. B) Mixed glands. C) Exocrine glands. D) Holocrine glands. E) Endocrine glands

E) Endocrine glands

119) Which of the following is not a serous membrane: A) The parietal. B) The visceral pericardium. C) The visceral peritoneum. D) The parietal peritoneum. E) The cutaneous membrane

E) The cutaneous membrane

110) Epithelial tissue that consists of cells that vary in appearance is A) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. B) Simple columnar epithelium. C) Simple cuboidal epithelium. D) Stratified squamous epithelium. E) Transitional epithelium.

E) Transitional epithelium.

97) During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during

E) anaphase.

49) A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, it

E) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.

81) An impermeable carbohydrate that is often administered to patients suffering blood loss is

E) dextran.

22) Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins?

E) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

endocrine

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) sebaceous D) ceruminous

Calcaneal

Heel of foot

Burns are classified according to their severity or depth. For example, in first-degree burns, only the epidermis is damaged; in second degree burns, the epidermis and upper dermis are damaged; in third degree burns, there is widespread damage of epidermis and dermis.

How are burns classified? Give an example.

In epithelial tissue the cells are packed together very tightly. Epithelial tissue is avascular. Epithelial tissue has three cell types that cover or line things and make tubes. Epithelial tissue has no fibers and it tends to be polar. Connective tissue has cells spaced far apart and is highly vascular (except cartilage). The cells of connective tissue vary greatly in shape and size. Connective tissue glues other tissues together and has three fiber types. Connective tissue tends to be nonpolar. Connective tissue has a large amount of ground substance; epithelial tissue does not.

How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue?

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

Fibers are not normally visible

Hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because ________. A) it is more vascularized B) it contains more nuclei C) fibers are not normally visible D) it has more elastic fibers

A full thickness burn injury can be life threatening. A physician treating a burn victim would likely order

IV (intravenous) fluids and electrolytes. a high-calorie diet, skin grafts. antibiotics

Positive

If a response INCREASE a disturbance, the control system is classified as a _______ feedback system.

Lucidum

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

lucidum

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged? A) granulosum B) basale C) lucidum D) spinosum

Dermicidin has an effect on many bacteria but not all. A low pH slows the bacteria's ability to reproduce and grow. The slowing allows the dermicidin more time to work and allows macrophages to work as well.

If eccrine sweat glands produce dermicidin, why produce a fluid with a pH of 4-6?

fibroblasts

In a penetrating wound, divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.

stem cells

In adults, new surface epithelial cells and the epithelial cells lining the intestine are derived from _________. A) mitotic division of existing epithelial cells B) stem cells C) underlying epithelial cells D) components of the connective tissue

Direct long-term responses to change

In general, the nervous system does each of the following except

Pleural

Lungs

Stratum Corneum

Many thick, dead flattened cell layers, dead cells filled with keratin,protect against abrasions and penetration.

fibers and ground substance

Matrix is ________. A) cells and fibers B) fibers and ground substance C) ground substance and cells D) composed of all organic compounds

embryonic

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A) areolar B) dense regular C) embryonic D) reticular

functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions

Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________. A) structurally into alveolar and acinar types B) structurally into vascular and avascular types C) functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions D) functionally into secreting or nonsecreting types

Vitamin D

Must be activated in the skin in order to enhance calcium metabolism.

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________. A) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin B) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis C) filtration D) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

________ are squamous stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

Osteoprogenitor cells

lines the respiratory tract

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________. A) lines the respiratory tract B) aids in digestion C) possesses no goblet cells D) is not an epithelial classification

Eccrine and Apocrine glands

Release sweat, suderiferous glands to outside body, only found on thin skin areas, Eccrine more numerous and produce true sweat, Apocrine are confined to axilary, genital, and anal areas, larger than sweat glands, open in to hair follices, release sweat including fatty substance and proteins that is source of body odor, mature and activate at puberty

A deficiency disease that illustrates the effect of integumentary system function on the structure of the skeletal system is ________.

Rickets

96) A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase.

S

Simple columnar

SIngle layer of tall cells with oval to round nucleus found in GI tract from stomach to anus as well as uterus, with cillia or microvilli, absorption, propulsion by cillia

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a(n) ________.

Scab

Each of the following statements concerning hair is true, except one. Identify the exception.

Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. A) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. B) Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. C) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. D) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.

The age of the person is a factor in the repair process

Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process. A) The type of tissue injured is not an important factor. B) Nutrition does not seem to influence tissue repair. C) The age of the person is a factor in the repair process. D) The health of an individual does not seem to make any difference in the speed of repair.

The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing

Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands. A) Compound glands are so called because they are constructed from more than one cell type. B) The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing. C) Exocrine glands always lack ducts. D) Merocrine glands release their secretion by pinching off part of the cell.

"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells

Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue. A) Connective tissue does not contain cells. B) Connective tissue cells are nondividing. C) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. C) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. A) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. B) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. C) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

A bacterial infection that is often fatal in burn patients is called.

Sepsis

________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet.

Sesamoid

Adipose Tissue

Similar to areolar in structure and function, but with greater nutrient storing function, 90% of mass is fat cells, most lin layer beneath skin called hypodermis, also in messenteries (between stomach and intestines, and cushioning pads behind eyeballs, around kidneys,.

Mesothemlium

Simple Squamous Epithelium(Serous membranes) lining pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

dense microvilli

Simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by ________. A) dense microvilli B) a rich vascular supply C) fibroblasts D) cilia

Endothemlium

Simple squamous epithelium lining BV, heart, and lymphatic vessels

Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume.

Since mature adipocytes do not divide, how can adults gain weight?

The substance called sebum is commonly known as ________.

Skin Oil

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Skin cancer that starts in the stratum germinativum is called ________.

eccrine and apocrine

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? A) sebaceous and merocrine B) mammary and ceruminous C) eccrine and apocrine D) holocrine and mammary

Stratified Columnar

Superficial cells elongated and columnar, cuboidal basal cells, protection and secretion, small amounts in male urethra, some ducts and glands

False; tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

T or F: A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity

True

T or F: A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.

True

T or F: Blood is considered a type of connective tissue

True

T or F: Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue

False; apocrine

T or F: Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands.

False; reticular fibers

T or F: Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes

True

T or F: Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium

False; sebaceous (oil) gland

T or F: Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil.

True

T or F: During the resting phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.

False; mesothelium

T or F: Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities

True

T or F: Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface

True

T or F: Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection

True

T or F: Goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

True

T or F: Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle.

False; parallel

T or F: Incisions should be made across rather than parallel to cleavage lines produced by collagen fiber bundles.

False; cardiac

T or F: Intercalated discs and striations suggest the presence of skeletal muscle

False; second degree

T or F: Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

True

T or F: Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues

False; holocrine

T or F: Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell

False; both

T or F: Most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not

False; neurons and glil cells

T or F: Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers

True

T or F: Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.

False

T or F: Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement

True

T or F: Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption

False; papillary

T or F: Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.

True

T or F: Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations

True

T or F: Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature

True

T or F: Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures.

True

T or F: The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.

False; arrangement of collagen fibers

T or F: The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present

True

T or F: The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

False; dense irregular and areolar connective tissue

T or F: The dermis has a connective tissue and adipose layer that loosely binds the body together.

True

T or F: The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.

False; mostly adipose

T or F: The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue.

False; eponychium

T or F: The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle.

True

T or F: The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.

True

T or F: The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath.

True

T or F: The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.

False; keratin

T or F: The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

False; capillaries underneath

T or F: The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

False

T or F: The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.

False; stratum granulosum

T or F: The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft.

False; extends through entire dermis

T or F: When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third of the body.

False

T or F: When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.

Pyrimidines

T, C, and U

The papillary layer is more superficial than the reticular layer of dermis. True or false?

TRUE

Tendons are composed of dense regular connective tissue, which consists of densely packed, parallel connective tissue fibers. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; consequently, repair is slow. Because of the structure of the tissue, surgical repair can be compared to attempting to suture two bristle brushes together.

Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why?

arrector pili

The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.

ceruminous

The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax. A) eccrine B) apocrine C) ceruminous D) mammary

Cytology

The analysis of the internal structure of individuals cells.

If a fair-skinned person is sunburned, why does his or her skin turn red?

The blood flow to the skin increases

If a fair skinned person is sunburned, why does his or her skin turn red

The blood flow to the skin increases.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. A) primarily uric acid B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C C) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins D) metabolic wastes

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges? A) Every human being has the same pattern of ridges. B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person. C) Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily. D) Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.

Absorption and secretion

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

Allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

The function of the root hair plexus is to ____.

epidermis.

The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the

Stratum basale

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis.

Endocrine

The pituitary gland and thyroid gland are organs of the ______ system.

Transverse at the hips

The plane that separates the abdominal and the pelvic cavities is?

Osseous tissue

The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate ________. A) cartilage tissue B) fibrocartilaginous tissue C) osseous tissue D) areolar tissue

carotene and melanin

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are

33) The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus. 1. Material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles. 2. Exocytosis. 3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles. 4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the maturing face. 5. Vesicles arrive at the forming face. 6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins.

The proper order for these is A) 5, 6, 1, 4, 2, 3. B) 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 4. C) 4, 3, 1, 6, 5, 2. D) 3, 5, 6, 1, 4, 2. E) 1, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5.

Elastin

The protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is

keratin

The protein that reduces water loss at the skin surface is

Pelvic quadrant

The quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include all of the except?

Collagen fibers

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________. A) hydroxyapatite crystals B) collagen fibers C) reticular fibers D) elastic fibers

The major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ____.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________. A) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock B) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock C) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber D) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus

by hormones, especially androgens

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________. A) by high temperatures B) when the air temperature drops C) by hormones, especially androgens D) as a protective coating when one is swimming

elastic cartilage

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. A) adipose tissue B) elastic cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage

ground substance, fibers, and cells

The three main components of connective tissue are ________. A) ground substance, fibers, and cells B) alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers D) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

epithelial tissue

The tissue type that arises from all three embryonic germ layers is ________. A) epithelial tissue B) connective tissue C) nervous tissue D) muscle tissue

Simple and stratified

The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The uppermost layer of skin is composed of ________.

Deep

Toward the interior, further from the surface

Medial

Toward the midline or longitudinal axis

Caudal

Toward the tail

Lining the urinary bladder

Transitional epithelium is found

True

True or False: The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage

Fixed macrophages and free macrophages

Two classes of macrophages include

Neutrophils and eosinophils

Two types of microphages include

Thoracic cavity

Upper part of the ventral body cavity separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm

Right hypochondriac region

Upper right, liver

Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces. B) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments. C) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it. D) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.

1. Feed and oxygenate the epidermis. 2. Provide touch and pain receptors. 3. Form the underlying foundation for ridges of the hands and toes.

What are the functions of the papillary layer of the skin?

The ectoderm produces skin, the nervous system, and all tubes opening to the outside. The mesoderm produces muscles and connective tissue. The endoderm produces all internal organs.

What are the primary germ layers during embryonic development and what do they ultimately produce?

Pale, fine body hair associated with newborn children, women, and bald men.

What are vellus hairs?

Large losses of skin, as with severe burn injuries, allow excessive fluid loss and infection. Skin grafting or "synthetic skin" applications are usually necessary.

What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces?

Stratified squamous epithelium changes cell shape from the basement membrane to the surface. At the basement membrane the cells tend to be columnar or cuboidal and flatten out as they work their way to the surface. Transitional epithelium has cells that are pretty much the same shape from the basement membrane to the surface. The surface cells are generally the largest cells. The cells change their shape according to the pressure applied.

What is a simple method of telling the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium?

Catastrophic fluid loss

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

catastrophic fluid loss

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? A) infection B) catastrophic fluid loss C) unbearable pain D) loss of immune function

Erythrocyte

What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?

milk

What would be a substance you would expect to find expelled from a compound alveolar gland? A) milk B) acid C) oil D) salivary fluid

highly cellular and well vascularized

Which is true concerning muscle tissue? A) highly cellular and well vascularized B) cuboidal shape enhances function C) contains contractile units made of collagen D) is a single-celled tissue

arrector pili

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps? A) arrector integument B) arrector pili C) levator folliculi D) arrector folliculi

Meissner's corpuscles

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

Meissner's corpuscles

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? A) Meissner's corpuscles B) Pacinian corpuscles C) free nerve endings D) Krause's end bulbs

Meissner's corpuscle

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

Upper

Which of the following is not considered an abdominopelvic region?

blood vessels

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? A) live cells B) lacunae C) blood vessels D) organic fibers

Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs

Which of the following is true about epithelia? A) Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. B) Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. D) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized

Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process

Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? A) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. B) Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced after secretion. C) Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. D) These glands are ductless

Gluteal

Which of the following regions corresponds to the buttocks?

Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis

Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are?

Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.

Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are? A) Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis. B) Fingernails are derived from osseous tissue. C) Fingernails are extensions of the carpal bones. D) Fingernails are a separate tissue from the skin, formed from a different embryonic layer.

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? A) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. B) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. C) The skin is protected by increasing the number of Langerhans' cells, which help to activate the immune system. D) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

Pedal

Which of the following terms refers to the foot?

1,2, and 4

Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"? 1. areolar connective tissue 2. adipose tissue 3. fibrocartilage 4. dense irregular connective tissue

Golgi bodies

Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? A) microvilli B) Golgi bodies C) lysosomes D) multiple nuclei

muscle

Which of these is not considered connective tissue? A) cartilage B) adipose C) muscle D) blood

Produces a more rapid response than the nervous system

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

Osseous tissue

Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

Lymphatic

Which organ system includes the spleen and the tonsils

Skeletal

Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, and blood formation?

Respiratory

Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream?

Cardiovascular

Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells?

Sagittal

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

usually contains a large amount of matrix

Which statement best describes connective tissue? A) usually contains a large amount of matrix B) always arranged in a single layer of cells C) primarily concerned with secretion D) usually lines a body cavity

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. B) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. C) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair. D) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.

Simple columnar epithelium

Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?

Cilia

Whiplike motile extensions of apical surface of certain epithelial cells, contains core of microtubules pairs in 9 outer + 2 inner arrangement called axoneme, longest and most abundant on epithelia that transport or absorb, or secrete mucus =GI Tract, Lungs

Good because the sweat and evaporating of the sweat causes cooling of the body. Bad because excessive water and salt loss may occur. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances may follow.

Why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem?

The skin proper must retain flexibility to give up excess body heat, so it must not function as a heat barrier. The hypodermis contains adipose which acts as an insulator. With this set up, extra blood (and heat) can be shunted above the hypodermis when heat loss is desirable.

Why is skin not considered a heat barrier for the body?

Porphyria

______ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.

Anatomy

______ is considered the oldest medical science

goblet cells

________ are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells. A) Goblet cells B) Mast cells C) Macrophages D) Cilia

Melanocytes

________ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis.

Second degree

________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis.

Second-degree

________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis.

pseudostratified columnar

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. A) Stratified cuboidal B) Stratified columnar C) Transitional D) Pseudostratified columnar

Porphyria

________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires. A) Porphyria B) Decubitus ulcer C) Impetigo D) Rosacea

Chondrocytes

________ live in the lacuna of cartilage.

Skeletal

________ muscle cells are multinucleated.

Areolar or loose connective

________ tissue forms the framework for the lamina propria of mucous membranes.

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

a basal lamina

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

a basal lamina.

Pimple

a blocked sweat gland that is overfilled with sebum. Inflamed. White head (sebum), black head (infected)

subcutaneous layer

a continuous sheet of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue between the dermis of the skin and the deep fascia of the muscles

internal root sheath

a covering of epithelium produced by the matrix that surrounds the root of the hair

The effects of aging on the skin include

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands

The effects of aging on the skin include?

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.

external root sheath

a downward continuation of the epidermis that surrounds the root of the hair

dermal papillae

a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries or Meissner corpuscles (of touch)

hair matrix

a germinal layer of cells responsible for the growth of existing hairs and the production of new hairs when old hairs are shed

dermis

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue lying deep to the epidermis

stratum lucidum

a layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles

stratum granulosum

a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

stratum spinosum

a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin

papilla of the hair

a nipple-shaped indentation which contains areolar connective tissue and many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle

In normal adult bones,

a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year

Cholesterol

a precursor to bile salts, vitamin D, steroid hormone (sex, stress, mineral regulation)

Root hair plexus

a sensory neuron at the base of each hair that is sensitive to movement of the hair.

pacinian corpuscle

a type of nerve ending located in the subcutaneous layer that is sensitive to pressure; also described as "lamellated"

74) When the arrector pili muscles contract, a) "Goose bumps" are formed. b) The skin changes color. c) Hairs are shed. d) Sweat is released from sweat glands. e) Shivering occurs.

a) "Goose bumps" are formed.

20) A pilus is a) A hair. b) A hair follicle. c) A tiny muscle that moves a hair. d) A sensory nerve fiber around the base of a hair. e) A gland associated with a hair follicle.

a) A hair.

85) Scar tissue is the result of a) An abnormally large number of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels at the repair site. b) Increased numbers of epidermal layers in the area of the injury. c) A lack of hair follicles and sebaceous glands in the injured area. d) A thickened stratum germinativum in the area of the injury. e) Increased numbers of fibroblasts and mast cells in the injured area.

a) An abnormally large number of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels at the repair site.

35) The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion: a) Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter. b) Asymmetry, brightness, color, and diameter. c) Aspect, brightness, color, and distance. d) Aspect, border irregularity, color, and distance. e) Area, border irregularity, color, and density

a) Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter.

72) All of the following are true of epidermal ridges, except that they a) Contain increased numbers of free nerve endings. b) Cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin. c) Produce patterns that are determined genetically. d) Extend into the dermis. e) Interconnect with the dermal papillae.

a) Contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.

9) Fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with a) Dermal papillae. b) Epidermal ridges. c) Stratum basale. d) Subcutaneous tissue. e) Subcutaneous fat.

a) Dermal papillae.

42) Which of the following is not an accessory structure of the skin? a) Epidermis. b) Sebaceous glands. c) Sweat glands. d) Hair follicles. e) Nails.

a) Epidermis

39) The most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns is a) Fluid loss. b) Eschar. c) Heat loss. d) Pain. e) Infection

a) Fluid loss.

15) The reddish color of the skin of the lips is primarily due to this pigment. a) Hemoglobin. b) Myoglobin. c) Melanin. d) Carotene. e) Keratin.

a) Hemoglobin.

66) The pale, crescent-shaped area at the base of a nail is called the a) Lunula. b) Hyponychium. c) Eponychium. d) Cerumen. e) Cuticle.

a) Lunula.

64) The nail body covers the a) Nail bed. b) Nail root. c) Lunula. d) Hyponychium. e) Free edge

a) Nail bed.

96) Lanugo is found a) On an infant before it is born. b) On the palms of the hands. c) On the soles of the feet. d) On the scalp. e) C and D

a) On an infant before it is born.

60) The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands would be found a) On the palms of the hands. b) On the upper back. c) On the chest. d) Surrounding the genitals. e) In the axillae

a) On the palms of the hands.

83) Merocrine sweat glands a) Secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin. b) Increase in number and activity with aging. c) Produce organic secretions that are metabolized by bacteria to produce body odor. d) Are compound alveolar glands. e) Primarily function in lubricating the hairs.

a) Secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

44) The layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the a) Stratum germinativum. b) Stratum granulosum. c) Stratum lucidum. d) Stratum corneum.

a) Stratum germinativum.

40) Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system, except a) Synthesis of vitamin C. b) Excretion of salts and wastes. c) Maintenance of body temperature. d) Protection of underlying tissue. e) Storage of nutrients.

a) Synthesis of vitamin C.

79) If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed, a) The follicle will not produce a hair. b) The texture of the hair will become coarser. c) The hair produced by the follicle will change from terminal to vellus. d) Hair production will not be affected. e) The color of the hair will become lighter

a) The follicle will not produce a hair.

86) Wrinkles and sagging skin in elderly individuals are the result of a) Thinning of the epidermis and decline of the protein elastin. b) Increased production of epidermis. c) The loss of glands and hair follicles from the skin. d) Increased keratinization of the epidermis. e) Increase thickness of the dermis.

a) Thinning of the epidermis and decline of the protein elastin.

102) Inflammation of the skin is painful because sensory receptors are abundant in the skin. Changes associated with swelling stimulate the sensory receptors and bare nerve endings, resulting in a painful sensation. a) True b) False

a) True

112) Fingernails are: a) a modification of the epidermis b) derived from osseous tissue c) extensions of the carpal bones d) formed from a different embryonic layer e) genetically controlled by a "delayed action" gene

a) a modification of the epidermis

25) Each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a(an) a) hair follicle. b) vellus. c) pilus. d) Bulb. e) Dermal papilla

a) hair follicle.

107) The "tanning" effect that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is somewhat protective due to: a) increased production of melanin that helps to block ultraviolet light b) an increased concentration of keratin that "toughens" the skin c) added layers of epidermis that thicken the skin d) an increased blood supply that carries the heat of the sun away e) a decreased blood supply that blocks melanocyte activity

a) increased production of melanin that helps to block ultraviolet light

110) Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the papillary layer of the dermis: a) it is the deepest layer of the skin b) it produces the pattern for fingerprints c) it contains nerve endings that respond to touch and temperature stimuli d) it is highly vascular e) it is located immediately beneath the epidermis

a) it is the deepest layer of the skin

16) This skin color is most likely to result from anemia. a) pallor. b) erythema. c) Hematoma. d) Albinism. e) Jaundice

a) pallor.

56) Glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are ________ glands. a) sebaceous b) mammary c) apocrine sweat d) merocrine sweat e) ceruminous

a) sebaceous

A child who skins his knee in a fall has a(n)

abrasion

A child who skins his knee in a fall has a(n)?

abrasion

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

absorption and secretion.

Epidermal derivatives

accessory integumentary structures made during embryonic development. Includes oil and sweat glands, hair, nails

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that assists with the

adaptive immune response.

All of the following are cell types of connective tissue proper

adipocytes fibroblasts macrophages

White fat is found in ________, while brown fat is found in ________.

adults; infants

subcutaneous layer

aka Hypodermis. Composed primarily of adipose and areolar tissue. Not part of the integumentary system. Layer closest to the surface that contains blood vessels and nerves

stratum germinativum

aka Stratum basale One cell thick. Just superficial to the basal lamina. These are stem cells, replacing skin cells that rubbed off. Melanocytes are present. Layer of dividing cells in the epidermis

Pacinian corpuscles

aka lamellated corpuscles. sensory receptors that produce the sensation of deep pressure

Pleuritis

aka pleurisy - infection of the pleura (usually TB)

Stratum basale

aka stratum germinativum. One cell thick. Just superficial to the basal lamina. These are stem cells, replacing skin cells that rubbed off. Melanocytes are present.

Hypodermis

aka subcutaneous layer. Composed primarily of adipose and areolar tissue. Not part of the integumentary system. Layer closest to the surface that contains blood vessels and nerves

Sweat glands

aka sudoriferous glands - throughout the dermis of the integument. Exocrine glands that secrete liquid either into ducts leading to the skin surface or ducts leading to hair follicles

Hypodermis

aka superficial fascia consists of adipose and areolar connective tissue, but adipose predominates,anchors the skin to underlying structures, stores fat, acts as an insulator.

Sudoriferous glands

aka sweat glands - throughout the dermis of the integument. Exocrine glands that secrete liquid either into ducts leading to the skin surface or ducts leading to hair follicles

Secondary protein structure

alpha helix or pleated sheet

sebaceous gland

an exocrine gland in the dermis associated with a hair follicle that secretes oil

Tarsus

ankle (tarsal)

The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.

apocrine sweat

The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.

apocrine sweat

Dendritic cells

are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.

The trabeculae of spongy bone

are organized along stress lines.

Keratinocytes

are produced in the basal lamina to the epidermis. Takes 15 to 30 days to travel. Produces keratin killing the cells. Cells are resistant to dehydrated and friction. Cutaneous membrane.

Eicosanoids function

are signaling molecules exert complex control over growth, inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the CNS. Stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, blood clotting, smooth muscle contraction

Which tissue is located in the region labeled "2"?

areolar connective tissue

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue, except

areolar tissue.

Axilla

armpit

Treatment of full-thickness burns includes which of the following?

assist tissue repair, increase caloris intake, prevent infection, replace fluids

Sebaceous glands

associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum

Nail root

at the base of the nail where new growth occurs.

Molecular level

atoms

Intrinsic homeostatic regulation

autoregulation. Takes place locally. Cell or organ regulates activities in response to environmental changes. Blood sugar or oxygen levels are controlled intrinsically

113) The secretions of the eccrine glands are: a) primarily uric acid b) 99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C c) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins d) solely metabolic wastes e) basic

b) 99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C

24) A hair cycle consists of three developmental stages in the following order: a) Anagen, telogen, and catagen. b) Anagen, catagen, and telogen. c) Catagen, anagen, and telogen. d) Catagen, telogen, and anagen. e) Telogen, anagen, and catagen.

b) Anagen, catagen, and telogen.

91) Cyanosis is indicated by a) Yellowish skin coloration. b) Bluish skin coloration. c) Reddish skin coloration. d) Orange skin coloration. e) Brown skin coloration.

b) Bluish skin coloration.

54) The layer of hard keratin that coats the hair is termed the a) Shaft. b) Cuticle. c) Hair bulb. d) Root. e) Medulla

b) Cuticle

94) While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of a) Hydration intoxication. b) Dehydration. c) Advanced skin cancer. d) Water intoxication. e) Malfunctioning elastin.

b) Dehydration.

41) The two components of the skin are a) Epidermis and hypodermis. b) Epidermis and dermis. c) Epidermis and superficial fascia. d) Dermis and hypodermis. e) Integument and dermis.

b) Epidermis and dermis.

2) Which of the following cells you do not find in the epidermis? a) Melanocytes. b) Fibroblasts. c) Stem cells. d) Keratinocytes. e) Tactile (Merkel) cells.

b) Fibroblasts.

101) Charlie is badly burned in an accident. When he reaches the emergency room, the examining physician finds that he can remove entire hair follicles from Charlie's arm when he gently pulls on a hair with his forceps. After examining Charlie, the physician would likely order all of the following, except a) A high-nutrient diet. b) Ice packs adjacent to the burn area. c) Iintravenous fluids and electrolytes. d) Tissue samples for possible skin grafts. e) Antibiotics.

b) Ice packs adjacent to the burn area.

17) Bilirubin causes a skin discoloration called a) Erythema. b) Jaundice. c) Pallor. d) Bronzing. e) Cyanosis

b) Jaundice.

10) Calluses or corns are the result of accelerated multiplication of a) Melanocytes. b) Keratinocytes. c) Fibroblasts. d) Tactile cells. e) Red blood cells

b) Keratinocytes.

77) When a fair-skinned person blushes, why does his or her skin turn red? a) The blood supply to the skin decreases. b) The blood supply to the skin increases. c) The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases. d) Melanocytes increase production of red pigments. e) Increased heat causes the skin to turn red.

b) The blood supply to the skin increases.

57) Most body odor is the result of bacterial metabolism of the secretions produced by a) ceruminous glands. b) apocrine sweat glands. c) sebaceous glands. d) mammary glands. e) merocrine sweat glands.

b) apocrine sweat glands.

114) Apocrine glands: a) are found all over the body b) are found in the axillary and genital areas c) are found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet d) are far more numerous than eccrine glands e) are an important and highly efficient part of the body's heat regulating quipment

b) are found in the axillary and genital areas

116) Sebaceous glands are important for: a) production of keratin b) keeping skin and hair cells soft and flexible c) production of sweat d) body heat regulation e) production of vitamin D

b) keeping skin and hair cells soft and flexible

58) Sensible perspiration is produced by ________ glands. a) ceruminous b) merocrine sweat c) sebaceous d) apocrine sweat e) mammary

b) merocrine sweat

19) A ___ is an elevated patch of melanized skin. a) hemangioma. b) mole. c) freckle. d) Flexion line. e) Friction ridge.

b) mole.

109) Acne is a disorder associated with inflammation of the: a) apocrine glands b) sebaceous glands c) eccrine glands d) hair follicles e) sudoriferous glands

b) sebaceous glands

117) Vernix caseosa is a: a) substance contributing to acne during adolescence b) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands c) coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men d) cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns e) downy type of hair that covers the fetus in the fifth and sixth months

b) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands

Explain why the rate of dehydration is greater when a person is immersed in seawater than when in fresh water. (essay)

because ocean water reverses the direction of osmotic flow. Due the fact that ocean water is hypertonic solution. Water actually leaves the body, crossing the epidermis fro the underlying tissues.

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates

become narrower.

Ventral

belly side

Elastic tissue, which permits expansion and contraction of organs, is found

between the spinal vertebra and in ligaments supporting the penis, the walls of elastic arteries, and transitional epithelia.

Stratum Spinosum

between the stratum basale / germinativum (deeper) and the stratum granulosum (more superficial). 5 to 7 layers of cells interconnected by strong protein molecules. Forms desmosomes. Looks spiny on microscope

Stratum granulosum

between the stratum spinosum (deeper) and stratum lucidum (superficial). Cells from the stratum basale / germinativum are pushed superficially they produce keratohyalin - stains dark hence the name

Lymphocytes are found in the

blood and lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes)

Stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury

blood clot/scab formation, cellular migration, epidermis covers granulation tissue, epidermis covers scar tissue

Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal?

blood flow to the skin increases

if body temperature rises above normal

blood flow to the skin increases

Blood vessel damage homeostasis affect

blood vessel constriction. Collagen fibers clot the damage (aka primary homeostasis). Fibrin reinforces the collagen plug (aka secondary homeostasis. Chemicals are released from the forming clot accelerating the clotting process.

Nail bed

blood vessels underneath the nail body

The central canal of an osteon contains

blood vessels.

Osseous tissue is also called

bone

Vitamin D3 is important for proper ________ development.

bone

Through the action of osteoclasts

bony matrix is dissolved.

Base

broad flat surface

A bruise turns "black and blue" because of ________ in the dermis.

broken blood vessels

Third degree burns

burns penetrate the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous structures. does not heal. skin graft needed. nerves damaged. less pain

122) A new mother notices that her 6-month-old child has a yellow-orange complexion. Fearful that the child may have jaundice, she takes him to her pediatrician. After examining the child, the pediatrician declares him perfectly healthy and advises the mother to watch the child's diet. What could have been responsible for the change in skin color? a) The yellow-orange pigment will be stored in the skin, producing a yellow-orange skin color. b) The child probably has a fondness for vegetables that are high in carotene, such as sweet potatoes, squash, and carrots. c) Both d) Neither

c) Both

95) A surgical incision parallel to the lines of cleavage a) Heals slower than incisions made perpendicular to the lines of cleavage. b) Has a tendency to reopen. c) Closes and heals with relatively little scarring. d) Does not affect the healing process. e) Requires no sutures

c) Closes and heals with relatively little scarring.

62) The primary function of sensible perspiration is to a) Protect the skin from excess ultraviolet radiation. b) Raise the temperature of the skin. c) Cool the surface of the skin. d) Heat the skin surface. e) Reduce insensible perspiration

c) Cool the surface of the skin.

50) All of the following are true of the pigment melanin, except that it a) Protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation. b) Is produced by cells called melanocytes. c) Decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun. d) Increases with increased levels of the hormone MSH. e) Is usually some shade of brown or black.

c) Decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun

63) Sweat tastes salty because of its a) Waste products. b) Acidic pH. c) Electrolytes. d) Metabolites. e) Water.

c) Electrolytes.

68) The layer of the skin that provides protection against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the a) Dermis. b) Sebum layer. c) Epidermis. d) Subcutaneous layer.

c) Epidermis

53) All of the following are true of the subcutaneous layer, except it a) Is well supplied with nerves that pass into the skin. b) Contains large amounts of adipose tissue. c) Is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane. d) Permits independent movement of deeper structures. e) Contains many blood vessels.

c) Is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

48) An albino individual can not produce a) Keratin. b) Perspiration. c) Melanin. d) Eleidin. e) Carotene

c) Melanin.

55) Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by a) Soft keratin. b) Dermal papillae. c) Melanocytes. d) Carotene cells. e) Keratinocytes

c) Melanocytes.

36) The least common but most deadly type of skin cancer is a) Basal cell carcinoma. b) Squamous cell carcinoma. c) Melanoma. d) Skin lymphoma. e) Skin sarcoma

c) Melanoma.

33) The cutaneous glands concerned with cooling the body are a) Ceruminous glands. b) Sebaceous glands. c) Merocrine glands. d) Apocrine glands. e) Exothermic glands.

c) Merocrine glands.

51) The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves closest to the surface of the skin is the. a) Subcutaneous layer b) Hypodermal layer c) Papillary layer d) Reticular layer e) Epidermal layer

c) Papillary layer

18) Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in a) UV radiation exposure. b) Quantity of hemoglobin carried in the blood. c) Quantity of melanin produced. d) Number of melanocytes. e) Number of keratinocytes

c) Quantity of melanin produced.

12) Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of ____________ fibers. a) Areolar; collagen. b) Areolar; keratin. c) Reticular; collagen. d) Reticular; keratin. e) Papillary; keratin.

c) Reticular; collagen.

30) The oil of your scalp is secreted by _______ glands associated with the hair follicles. a) Merocrine sweat. b) Apocrine sweat. c) Sebaceous. d) Ceruminous. e) Mammary.

c) Sebaceous.

1) All of the following are associated with the skin except ; a) The epidermis. b) The papillary layer. c) The hypodermis. d) The stratum basale. e) The dermis

c) The hypodermis.

76) The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a a) First-degree burn. b) Second-degree burn. c) Third-degree burn. d) Partial-thickness burn. e) both C and D

c) Third-degree burn.

38) _______ Burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue. a) First-degree. b) Second-degree. c) Third-degree. d) Partial-thickness. e) Malignant.

c) Third-degree.

81) When the hair follicles of the scalp shift from producing terminal hairs to producing vellus hairs, ________ occurs. a) senility b) puberty c) baldness d) hirsutism e) albinism

c) baldness

115) The secretion of sebum is stimulated: a) by high temperatures b) when the air temperature drops c) by hormones, especially male sex hormones d) as a protective coating when one is swimming e) by nerve fibers during pain and stress

c) by hormones, especially male sex hormones

52) The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen fibers and the protein elastin and is responsible for the strength of the skin is the; a) epidermal layer. b) papillary layer. c) reticular layer. d) hypodermal layer. e) subcutaneous layer.

c) reticular layer.

105) Which layer insulates deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes that occur outside the body: a) Epidermis b) Dermis c) subcutaneous connective tissue d) the papillary layer e) the reticular layer

c) subcutaneous connective tissue

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

calcitonin.

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium

The solid matrix found in bone consists of

calcium salts crystallized on collagen fibers.

Sura

calf (sural)

Spinal Cavity

canal that passes through the vertebral column

Osteocytes receive nutrients via diffusion through the ____ from the central canal.

canaliculi

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes

canaliculi.

Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of

cardiac muscle tissue.

The pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow is called ________.

carotene

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are?

carotene and melanin

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are

carotene and melanin.

osseous tissue haversian canal

carries blood vessels through the bone

A tissue with a gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

cartilage

Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of

cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis.

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

cartilage model.

Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of

cartilage.

The condition known as osteopenia

causes a gradual reduction in bone mass

Desmosomes

cell attachments formed in the stratum spinosum by the interconnection of the cells using strong proteins molecules

Cellular level

cells alive

What are two types of adaptive immunitys?

cellular antibody-mediated

Earwax is produced by ________ glands.

ceruminous

Earwax is produced by

ceruminous glands.

Primary protein structure

chain

Children in northern regions experience months of inadequate sunlight exposure on the skin. To prevent possible abnormal bone development, what essential organic nutrient is necessary in the diet?

cholecalciferol

Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone?

chondroitin sulfate

The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are

circumferential lamellae.

Burns

classified by the amount of damage they cause to the layers of the integument

A surgical incision parallel to the lines of cleavage?

closes and heals with relatively little scarring

A surgical incision parallel to the lines of cleavage

closes and heals with relatively little scarring.

Important inorganic molecules

co2, h2o, salts, acid and bases

Ectotherms

cold blooded

During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is the least likely in the region of the injury?

cold, pale skin

The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is

collagen

Which fiber type provides connective tissue strength?

collagen

Elastic tissue has elastic fibers rather than __________ in the __________, which allow for stretching of various organs

collagen fibers ; extracellular matrix

Primary homeostasis of a blood vessel

collagen fibers clot the damage

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

the extracellular matrix consists of a variety of different protein fibers and a ground substance. The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

Bone tissue formation begins when osteoblasts secrete

collagen fibers.

The three basic types of fibers that found in connective are

collagen, reticular, and elastic

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

collagen, reticular, and elastic.

The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is

collagen.

Condenser lens

collects and focuses the light from the illuminator

DNA polymerase III

complements during DNA replication

Canaliculi branch from the central canal into the _____, carry nutrients to the _____ located in the margins of the concentric lamellae.

concentric lamellae; osteocyte

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

condyle

Blood is which type of tissue?

connective

The three categories of connective tissues are

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues.

Both blood and lymph are examples of

connective tissues.

Epidermis

consists of stratified squamous epithelium organized into strata. Thick skin (palm of hand and sole of feet) have 5 layers, thin skin has 4

Muscle

contacts to produce active movement

All of the following are true of epidermal ridges, except that they

contain increased numbers of free nerve endings

adipose vacuole

containing fat droplet

Iris diaphragm

controls the amount of light passing from the light source

Cephalon

cranium face or skull

Pericardial cavity

cross section a cavity that contains the heart. Medially

Pleural cavities

cross section a cavity that contains the lungs lateral from the mediastinum

The two components of the integumentary system are the?

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

The two components of the integumentary system are the

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

The layer of hard keratin that coats the hair is termed the

cuticle

The layer of hard keratin that coats the hair is termed the?

cuticle

The skin appearance that results from dark-red hemoglobin is called ________.

cyanosis

70) The effects of aging on the skin include a) An increased blood supply to the dermis. b) Increased production of vitamin D. c) Thickening of the epidermis. d) A decline in the activity of sebaceous glands. e) An increased number of sweat glands.

d) A decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.

13) The hypodermis usually has an abundance of this tissue. a) Epithelial tissue. b) Muscular tissue. c) Nervous tissue. d) Adipose tissue. e) Keratinized tissue

d) Adipose tissue.

37) Basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum _____, whereas melanoma arises from ___________. a) Spinosum; keratinocytes. b) Spinosum; melanocytes. c) Basale; fibroblasts. d) Basale; melanocytes. e) Basale; keratinocytes

d) Basale; melanocytes.

88) Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal? a) The activity of melanocytes increases. b) Evaporative cooling stops. c) Sweat gland activity decreases. d) Blood flow to the skin increases. e) Circulation in the skin decreases

d) Blood flow to the skin increases.

69) The repair of the dermis begins as fibroblasts produce a) Elastic fibers. b) Perichondrium. c) Reticular fibers. d) Collagen fibers. e) Dense connective tissue.

d) Collagen fibers.

22) Blood vessels in the ________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition. a) Bulb. b) Root. c) Shaft. d) Dermal papilla. e) medulla

d) Dermal papilla.(hair)

Skin covering the _____ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands. a) Forearm. b) Buttocks. c) Abdomen. d) Fingertips. e) Back

d) Fingertips.

23) The contraction of the piloerector muscles in humans causes a) Hairs to stand on end trapping an insulating layer of warm air next to the skin. b) Generation of heat to raise the body temperature. c) Hairs to stand on end to make the individual appear bigger. d) Hairs to stand on end with no apparent function. e) Increased ability to feel pain.

d) Hairs to stand on end with no apparent function.

14) The skin discoloration most likely to suggest physical abuse is a) Pallor. b) Albinism. c) Erythema. d) Hematoma. e) Jaundice

d) Hematoma.

8) These cells in the skin that protect against toxins, microbes and other pathogens. a) Keratinocytes. b) Melanocytes. c) Adipocytes. d) Langerhans cells. e) Tactile (Merkel) cells

d) Langerhans cells.

98) ________ Sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas. a) Apocrine; sebaceous; merocrine b) Merocrine; apocrine; sebaceous c) Sebaceous; merocrine; apocrine d) Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine e) Apocrine; merocrine; sebaceous

d) Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

82) Each of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands and sebum is true except one. Identify the exception. a) Sebum functions to lubricate the hair and skin. b) Acne involves inflammation of sebaceous glands. c) Sebum can function as an antibiotic. d) Most sebaceous glands are coiled tubular glands. e) Most sebaceous glands open into hair follicles

d) Most sebaceous glands are coiled tubular glands

80) Each of the following statements concerning hair is true, except. a) The cortex of the hair is composed of hard keratin. b) The medulla is the soft core of the hair. c) Terminal hairs are heavy and more darkly pigmented than other types of hair. d) Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

d) Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

97) A common cause of dandruff is a) Too many sebaceous glands. b) Lack of sebaceous glands. c) Inactive apocrine glands. d) Seborrheic dermatitis. e) Inactive eccrine glands.

d) Seborrheic dermatitis.

11) The ___ is absent from most epidermis. a) Stratum basale. b) Stratum spinosum. c) Stratum granulosum. d) Stratum lucidum. e) Stratum corneum.

d) Stratum lucidum.

78) Stretch marks occur when a) The hair follicles cease to produce hairs. b) The skin is stretched in normal movements. c) Athletes overextend a muscle. d) The skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic capabilities are exceeded. e) Surgical incisions are made perpendicular to the skin's lines of cleavage.

d) The skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic capabilities are exceeded.

71) An important vitamin that is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight is a) Vitamin A. b) Vitamin B. c) Vitamin C. d) Vitamin D. e) Vitamin E.

d) Vitamin D.

100) Granulation tissue is composed of a) An extensive capillary network. b) Fibroblasts. c) Clotted blood. d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

87) Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person? a) There are fewer Langerhans cells in the skin of the elderly. b) Skin repairs take longer in the elderly. c) The epidermis is thinner in the elderly. d) all of the above e) A and C only

d) all of the above

108) Nutrients reach the epidermis through the process of: a) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin b) utilizing the products of glands to nourish the epidermis c) filtration d) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis e) osmosis

d) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

46) Water loss due to interstitial fluid penetration through the surface of the skin is; a) Sensible perspiration b) Active perspiration c) Inactive perspiration d) insensible perspiration e) latent perspiration

d) insensible perspiration

121) A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by using a) measuring urinary output and fluid intake b) observing the tissues that are usually moist c) blood analysis d) using the "rule of nines" e) performing enzyme studies

d) using the "rule of nines"

The hormone calcitonin functions to

decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin, except that it

decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.

Which of these refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with the tendon?

deep fascia

Visceral peritoneum

deep serous membrane around the digestive organs

Visceral pericardium

deep serous membrane around the heart attached to the heart

Visceral pleura

deep serous membrane around the lung attached to the lung

Reticular layer

deep to the papillary layer of the dermis. Thick bands of collagen fibers and dense irregular connective tissue. Hair follicles and glands are here. Lamellated corpuscle

While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of

dehydration

While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of?

dehydration

While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of

dehydration.

free nerve ending

dendrites that lack any obvious structural specialization; used to generate sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickle, and itch

________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.

dendritic

Elastic tissue is a type of ____ connective tissue.

dense

Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are

dense irregular connective tissues.

What type of connective tissue is found between skeletal muscles and skeleton?

dense regular connective tissue

Tendons, which are formed by

dense regular connective tissue, attach muscles to bone.

The epidermis recieves blood from which of the following?

dermal arteries called the papillary plexus

Collagen to repair a deep skin wound is produced by __________.

dermal fibroblasts

Skin inflammation that primarily involves the papillary layer is termed

dermatitis

Skin inflammation that primarily involves the papillary layer is termed?

dermatitis.

Merocrine sweat contains ________ to protect against bacteria.

dermicidin

An intradermal injection is administered into which layer?

dermis

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called

desmosomes

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

desmosomes

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called

desmosomes.

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the

diaphysis.

68) The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of

diffusion

Simple columnar epithelium

digestive tract, uterine tube, renal collecting tubes, absorption and nutrients. protection, secretion, and absorption

sebaceous Glands

discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles

Parietal pleural

distal serous membrane around the lung lines the thoracic

Germinative cells

divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

Cutaneous membrane

dry scale like skin of cells that have been keratinized and are resistant to dehydration and friction. Another name for skin. (epidermis and dermis)

90) Types of skin cancers include a) Basal cell carcinoma. b) Squamous cell carcinoma. c) Malignant melanoma. d) Actinic keratosis. e) A, B, and C

e) A, B, and C

67) A child who skins his knee in a fall has a(n) a) Contusion. b) Puncture. c) Incision. d) Laceration. e) Abrasion.

e) Abrasion.

34) The ________ are a source of sex pheromones. a) Ceruminous glands. b) Merocrine glands. c) Mammary glands. d) Sebaceous glands. e) Apocrine glands

e) Apocrine glands

118) If you have an allergy to certain chemicals that cause itching, redness, and swelling of the skin. This condition is termed: a) Impetigo b) Alopecia c) Erythema d) Cyanosis e) Contact dermatitis

e) Contact dermatitis

28) Variations in hair color arise from the relative amounts of a) Collagen and elastic filaments. b) Keratin and melanin. c) Carotene and hemoglobin. d) Carotene and collagen. e) Eumelanin and pheomelanin

e) Eumelanin and pheomelanin

99) The primary purpose of sensible perspiration is a) To elevate body temperature. b) To heat the skin. c) To heat internal body organs. d) To get rid of body wastes. e) Evaporative cooling.

e) Evaporative cooling.

92) A suntan actually results from a) Increased melanocyte production. b) Increased carotene production. c) Burned skin. d) Decreased keratin production. e) Increased melanin production.

e) Increased melanin production.

43) The most abundant cells in the epidermis are a) Langerhans cells. b) Melanocytes. c) Merkel cells. d) Adipocytes. e) Keratinocytes

e) Keratinocytes

21) The hair present only prenatally is called _____, most of which is replaced by _____ by the time of birth. a) Pilus; terminal hair. b) Lanugo; terminal hair. c) vellus; terminal hair. d) vellus; lanugo. e) Lanugo; vellus

e) Lanugo; vellus

6) Which of the following are associated with the sense of touch? a) Fibroblasts. b) Melanocytes. c) Keratinocytes. d) Dendritic cells. e) Merkel cells.

e) Merkel cells.

31) Secretions from __________ glands contribute to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin. a) Mammary. b) Ceruminous. c) Sebaceous. d) Apocrine sweat. e) Merocrine sweat.

e) Merocrine sweat.

61) All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands, except that it a) Helps to prevent bacteria from colonizing the skin. b) Contains electrolytes and waste products. c) Is more than 99 percent water. d) Helps cool the body when it evaporates. e) Produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

e) Produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

65) Nail production occurs at the nail a) Cuticle. b) Hyponychium. c) Body. d) Bed. e) Root.

e) Root.

84) Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because a) The epidermis of the skin has a rich supply of small blood vessels. b) Fibroblasts in the dermis can give rise to new germinal cells in the epidermis. c) Cells of the stratum germinativum cannot migrate to other positions in the skin. d) Contraction in the area of the injury brings cells of adjacent strata together. e) Stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.

e) Stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.

5) This layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells. a) Stratum basale. b) Stratum spinosum. c) Stratum granulosum. d) stratum lucidum e) Stratum corneum

e) Stratum corneum

47) The layer of the epidermis that contains melanocytes is the a) Stratum spinosum. b) Stratum lucidum. c) Stratum granulosum. d) Stratum corneum. e) Stratum germinativum.

e) Stratum germinativum

45) Which epidermal layer found only in the skin of the palms, the hands, and the soles? a) Stratum germinativum. b) Stratum spinosum. c) Stratum corneum. d) Stratum granulosum. e) Stratum lucidum.

e) Stratum lucidum.

120) Which of the following is an indication of melanoma: a) a symmetrical mole b) a pigmented spot that has smooth borders c) a spot on the skin that is smaller than the size of a pencil eraser d) a pigmented spot that is black e) a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors

e) a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors

89) Characteristics of the epidermis include a) Multilayered. b) Serving as UV radiation protection. c) Self-repairing. d) Flexible. e) all of the above

e) all of the above

59) Mammary glands are a type of ________ gland. a) eccrine sweat b) ceruminous c) merocrine sweat d) sebaceous e) apocrine sweat

e) apocrine sweat

119) If a person has severe burns, the two most life-threatening concerns are: a) pain and loss of intact skin b) loss of mobility and sensation c) redness and swelling d) reduction in blood supply to the affected areas e) dehydration and infection

e) dehydration and infection

103) Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is: a) serous fluid b) melanin c) mucus d) carotene e) keratin

e) keratin

104) Which of the following has no blood supply of its own: a) epidermis and the dermis. b) dermis and the subcutaneous connective tissue. c) subcutaneous connective tissue. d) the dermis . e) the epidermis.

e) the epidermis.

49) Which of the following is not an effect of ultraviolet radiation? a) sunburn b) chromosomal damage in germinative cells or melanocytes c) increased activity by melanocytes d) production of cholecalciferol by epidermal cells e) vitiligo

e) vitiligo(spots on skin due to no pigment)

Hair root

each hair has a root deep in a hair follicle

Cerumen is produced by glands located in the __________.

ear canal

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands

effect of aging on the skin

Which type of connective tissue stabilizes the positions of the vertebrae, cushions shocks, and permits expansion and contraction of organs?

elastic tissue

The protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is

elastin

The protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is?

elastin

Antecubitis

elbow (anticubitus)

Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by

elevated levels of estrogen

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in what type of connective tissue.

embryonic

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are

endocrine glands

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

endosteum

Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as ________.

enzymes; hormones

Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following, except?

epidermis

The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the?

epidermis

The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the

epidermis.

The tip of a long bone is called the

epiphysis

Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ________ tissue.

epithelial

The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is

epithelial tissue.

Major categories of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of

epithelium.

The cuticle around a nail is the

eponychium

The cuticle around a nail is the?

eponychium.

Neutral solution

equal number of OH and H ions

What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?

erythrocyte

Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for her patient?

estrogen

Feedback mechanisms

events that occur in a loop in which a variable or condition is shifted from its normal balance, monitored, evaluated and changed either back to normal or further changed.

Disaccharides

ex sucrose (cane or beet sugar), lactose (milk), maltose (malt sugar)

The study of cells shed from epithelial surfaces, often for diagnostic purposes, is termed

exfoliative cytology.

Cells that are specialized for secretion

exhibit polarity

Cells that are specialized for secretion

exhibit polarity.

The pancreas produces ________ secretions.

exocrine and endocrine

Stratified epithelium

exposed to external environment, multiple layers, protects against friction, prevent dehydration, keep chemical and microbes out

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

external callus.

Free surface

external surface or internal passageway or cavity

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except

extracellular matrix.

Secondary homeostasis

fibrin reinforces the collagen plug from primary homeostasis

Which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue?

fibroblast

In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.

fibroblasts

Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?

fibroblasts

Which of these cells produce the fibers found within the reticular layer of the dermis?

fibroblasts

The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called

fibrosis.

Dense irregular connective tissue forms a

fibrous capsule found around organs and in the joints

Fibrin

fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood.

Connective tissue

fills the internal space. Provides structural support. Stores energy

Squamous

flat and scalelike protection, secretion, diffusion

Simple squamos epithelium

flat with flattened nucleus, found in areas of diffusion-BV, alveoli of lungs, also protects,

Dermal papillae

folder in the papillary layer of the dermis project into the epidermis like fingerprints. Contains tactile corpuscles

A hole through a bone is termed a

foramen

Antebrachium

forearm (antebrachial)

Stratified squamous epithelium

forms epidermis, produce keratin, dehydrate, interlock. Functions protection abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

fossa

Apocrine sweat glands

found in groin, nipples and axillae (armpit). thick sweat produced into ducts and is metabolized by bacteria. Creates body odor (axillary sweat). At the time of puberty

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

found in the ducts of certain sweat glands. Protection, secretion, absorption

Serous fluid

found in the pericardial cavity medial between the viceral layer and the parietal layer. Reduces friction

apocrine sudoriferous gland

found in the skin of the axilla, groin, and areolae; secretes a viscous, lipid- and protein-rich product into a hair follicle upon stimulation during emotional distress or sexual excitement

Stratum lucidum

found in thick skin (sole of feet and palms of hands). Found between stratum granulosum (deeper) and stratum corneum (more superficial)

Abdominopelvic cavity

found inferior to the diaphragm. Subdivided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

eccrine sudoriferous gland

found throughout the skin of most regions of the body, especially in skin of forehead, palms, and soles; secretes a less viscous product consisting of water, ions, urea, and ammonia; regulates body temperature and removal of metabolic wastes

Anterior

front, before

Tertiary protein structure

further folding due to side groups

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the

gap junction.

47) The triplet codes needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the

genes

Cell divisions within the stratum __________ replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off.

germinativum

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in

giantism.

During repair of the integument, fibroblasts follow areas of new capillary growth and produce ________ tissue

granulation

During repair of the integument, fibroblasts follow areas of new capillary growth and produce ________ tissue.

granulation

The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called ________.

granulation tissue

Inguinal

groin where the lower limb attaches to the pelvis (inguen)

The sticky material between cells of areolar connective tissue is called the

ground substance

Connective tissue matrix is composed of __________.

ground substance and protein fibers

Tissue

group of cells working together

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

grow longer.

Accessory structures

hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails.

Intermediate hairs

hairs on the arms and legs. protects. prevents foreign objects from entering the body

Cyanosis signifies that a patient

has oxygen starved skin

Cyanosis signifies that a patient

has oxygen starved skin.

Cyanosis signifies that a patient?

has oxygen-starved skin

Cyanosis signifies that a patient

has oxygen-starved skin.

Ethers

have an oxygen with 2 carbons attached to it

Mesothelium is to the body cavities as endothelium is to the

heart and blood vessels.

While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?

hematoma

Water properties

high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, universal solvent, lubricant, reactivity

Unlike cartilage, bone

highly vascular.

Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are

holocrine glands

Transpyloric plane

horizontal line above the navel

Transtubercular plane

horizontal line below the navel

Stage

horizontal shelf under the objective lenses

Acne

hormones prompt the production of more sebum. Ducts get clogged and the sebum overfills. Pimple

The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.

hyaline

Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?

hyaline cartilage

Peptide bond

hydroxide group of one aa with the H from an amino group. dehydration

The stratum corneum just under the free-edge of a nail is the

hyponychium

The stratum corneum just under the free-edge of a nail is the?

hyponychium.

71) A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called

hypotonic

A full-thickness burn injury can be life threatening. A physician treating a burn victim would likely order all of the following, except

ice packs applied to the burn area.

fibroblast

immature cell found in loose and dense connective tissues that can still divide and secrete matrix

Plasmin

important enzyme present in blood that degrades many blood plasma proteins, most notably, fibrin clots.

Mediastinum

in a cross section a cavity medial to the body and medial to two pleural cavities The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the midsagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs. It is within the thoracic cavity and contains the trachea, esophagus, major blood vessels, and heart.

Carboxyl groups are found

in acids

Secondary ossification centers occur

in the epiphyses.

Merocrine sweat glands when are they most active

increase in number and activity with aging

effects of ultraviolet radiation

increased activity by melanocytes, production of cholecalciferol within epidermal cells, wrinkles, chromosomal damage in germinative cells or melanocytes

Keratohyalin

increases durability and reduces water loss from the surface

If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition?

increases in blood levels of calcium bone fragility decreased bone density increased osteoclast activity

Peritonitis

infection of the peritoneum

A common cause of dandruff is

inflammation around sebaceous glands.

A common cause of dandruff is?

inflammation around sebaceous glands.

Pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium can cause heart compression

Mast cells are triggering a response to injury during which phase of repair?

inflammatory

Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that it

inhibits calcitonin secretion.

Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is termed ________ perspiration.

insensable

Rapid water loss from burned skin is an extreme form of ________ perspiration.

insensible

Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is termed ________ perspiration.

insensible

Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is termed perspiration

insensible

Salt

ionic compound with a cation (not hydrogen ion), and any anion (not hydroxide)

Trabeculae

irregular bony plates that are found in spongy bone.

How much water loss from insensible perspiration

is approximately 0.5 liters a day.

Water loss from insensible perspiration

is approximately 0.5 liters a day.

Water loss from insensible perspiration?

is approximately 0.5 liters a day.

All of the following are true of the subcutaneous layer, except it

is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

All of the following are true of the subcutaneous layer, except it?

is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands

is more than 99 percent water, contains electrolytes and waste products, helps cool the body when it evaporates, helps to prevent bacteria from colonizing the skin.

Sensible perspiration

is produced by mammary sweat glands.

Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following, except that it

is released in large amounts early in life.

the pigment melanin

is usually some shade of brown or black, protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation, is produced from the amino acid tyrosine, is produced by cells called melanocytes. in keratinocytes

Insensible perspiration

is water loss through evaporation through the stratum corneum.

Arm

joins body tube to the base

Subpapillary Plexus

just below dermal papillae, nourishes superficial dermal structures, dermal papillae, and deep epidermis, also aids in temperature regulation. Dermal BV hold 5% of blood in body.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a?

keloid

The protein that reduces water loss at the skin surface is

keratin

The protein that reduces water loss at the skin surface is?

keratin

The epidermis of the skin is composed of which type of tissue

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The epidermis of the skin is composed of which type of tissue?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis are

keratinocytes

The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis are?

keratinocytes

The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis are

keratinocytes.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

kidney and thyroid, and ducts, square cells, basal lamina, Limited protection, secretion, absorption

Retroperitoneal

kidneys and are located outside the peritoneum

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

lacuna

Lacunae are spaces located within the ____ where osteocytes reside.

lamella

The Haversian system (osteon) consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings called

lamellae

A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelia is the

lamina lucida.

Coarse adjustment knob

large dial for low. moves the focal plane through the sample

Colloid

large molecules are dispersed in an aqueous solution

Scar tissue is the result of

large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in injured areas

Scar tissue is the result of

large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

Scar tissue is the result of?

large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

Areolar connective tissue

layer 2

An intradermal injection is administered into which layer

layer 3

rickets

leads to weak bones, leads to skeletal deformity, prevented by vitamin D, prevented by sunlight

LUQ

left upper quadrant

Endothelium

lines blood vessels and heart chambers simple squamous epithelium. Lung air sacs

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

lines the nasal cavity, the trachea, bronchi, and parts of the male reproductive system. appears stratified because every cell touches the basal lamina. Goblet cells produce mucus

Transitional epithelium

lines urinary bladder stretch and shrink. made up of three types of cell layers: basal, intermediate, and superficial.

Transitional epithelium is found

lining the urinary bladder.

Leukotrienes

lipid signaling to convey information to either the cell producing them (autocrine signaling) or neighboring cells (paracrine signaling) in order to regulate immune responses.

Where does hair not cover

lips, nips, portions of the external genitalia, soles, palms fingers and toes

Prostaglandins

local hormones direct cellular activities. Regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue

Basal lamina

located between the epithelial and connective tissue layer

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

long

Fatty acids

long C and H chains with carboxyl

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

long bones have reached their adult length.

Aging has what effect on the skeletal system?

loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of

loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of?

loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.

Loin

lower back (lumbar or lumbus)

Right Inguinal Region

lower right, some LI not much

Supine

lying on back

Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are

macrophages.

Trunk

main part of the body

elastic cartilage in the ear has what function

maintains shape while affording flexibility

Homeostasis

maintenance of a relatively steady internal environment through physiological work

Fatty acid functions

makes triglycerides and phospholipids, makes ATP

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed ________.

malignant melanoma

Mammary

mama or breast

Stratified columnar epithelium

mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, pharynx, epiglottis, anus, and urethra. Functions protection

chondrocyte

mature cell found in cartilage. Wharton's jelly is an embryonic connective tissue found primarily in the umbilical cord

Focal depth

measure the thickness of a specimen is in focus aka depth of field greatest in low power

Depth of field

measure the thickness of a specimen is in focus aka focal depth. greatest in low power

Subdivisions of the thoracic cavity

mediastinum, pleural and pericardial

Liposuction

medical procedure in which a surgeon removes excess fat (adipose tissue)

The layer of soft keratin within the hair shaft is the ___________.

medulla

Fat is stored within the

medullary cavity.

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce

melanin

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce?

melanin

Skin exposed to ultraviolet light increases production of __________.

melanin

The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight.

melanin

Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of

melanin.

Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of?

melanin.

Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by

melanocytes

Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by

melanocytes.

synovium

membrane found in a synovial joint

Serous membrane

membrane surrounding heart lung stomach and intestines (double layer)

endosteum

membrane that lines the medullary cavity of bones and contains osteoclasts

pericardium

membrane that surrounds the heart

Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) ________ secretion

merocrine

Sensible perspiration is produced by ________ glands.

merocrine sweat

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.

mesenchymal

Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are

mesenchymal stem cells.

Iris diaphragm

metal plates creates an aperture regulating the amount of light going through

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the ________.

metaphysis

Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption or secretion usually have ________ at their free surface.

microvilli

15) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the

mitochondria

Types of glycerides

monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides

Stratum corneum

most superficial layer. Stratum lucidum (deeper). Many cell layers of flattened dead cells. Keratohyalin granules are converted to the fibrous protein keratin. Also contain carotene

Mechanical stage controls

move the stage on the transverse plane (x and y but not z)

Condenser adjustment knob

moves the condense vertically

Nonkeratinized

mucosal type stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?

mucous

Wharton's jelly is a form of

mucous connective tissue

What type of connective tissue is found only in the umbilical cord?

mucous connective tissue

Unicellular exocrine glands secrete

mucus.

Characteristics of the epidermis include:

multilayered flexible contains desmosomes serves as UV radiation protection

Characteristics of the epidermis include

multilayered, flexible, contains desmosomes, serves as UV radiation protection

Quaternary protein structure

multiple peptide chains folded together

Total magnification

multiply the lenses involved

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

muscle

ATP is used to

muscle contraction, transport, synthesis, movement of chromosomes,

The nail body covers the

nail bed

The nail body covers the?

nail bed

Fingernails grow from which structure?

nail root

Proximal

near

Cervical region

neck

pH

negative log of the percentage of H+

Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue

neural

Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as

neuroepithelia.

Two types of microphages include

neutrophils and eosinophils.

ATP

nitrogen base (adenine), 5 carbon sugar, phosphate

Inorganic molecules

none carbon hydrogen based

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed a(n)

occluding junction.

The substance called sebum is commonly known as ________.

oil???

Lanugo is found?

on a fetus

Lanugo is found

on a fetus.

Superficial

on or close to the surface

The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found where?

on the palms of the hands

The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found

on the palms of the hands.

endoderm

one of the three primary embryonic germ layers. Tissue of the endoderm will eventually form the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary bladder, and the urethra

First degree burns

only the epidermis no deeper than stratum germinativum. Sun burn

Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

osseous tissue

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as

ossification

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

osteoblasts

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

osteocytes

The most abundant cell type in bone is

osteocytes.

Compact bone is composed of long cylindrical columns called

osteons

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

osteons

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons.

If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become

osteopenic

A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes is called

osteoporosis

Cortex

outer part of a hair shaft.

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

parallel.

Visceral layer

part of the serous membrane, directly attached to organs (ex. visceral pericardium is directly attached to the heart)

Parietal layer

part of the serous membrane, superficial to the to the visceral. Outer layer

Abdominal region

pelvis belly (abdomen)

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous

perichondrium.

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the

peritoneum.

Transverse

perpendicular to the vertical orientation of the body, parallel to the ground (superior / inferior)

Melanin

pigment that absorbs UV light protecting the deeper tissue layers. Produced by stratum germinativum

Antibodies are produced by

plasmocytes.

extracellular matrix, which surrounds connective tissue cells, consists of a variety of different protein fibers and a ground substance. The type of fibers and components of the ground substance varies depending on the tissue type. Generally, the ground substance consists of

polysaccharides and proteins, which are secreted by the connective tissue cells. The ground substance can range from liquid (blood and lymph) to semi-solid (cartilage) to solid (bone).

Intramembranous ossification

produces flat bones as in the bones of the roof of the skull.

All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands, except that it

produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands, except that it?

produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

Tissue changes with age include all of the following, except

proliferation of epidermal cells

Epidermal growth factor exerts

promotes cell division, stimulates keratin synthesis, accelerates tissue repair, speeds up glandular function

Two types of eicosanoids

prostaglandins, and leukotrienes

Nails

protect the dorsal side and tips of the fingers and toes. Tightly packed keratinized cells.

periosteum

protective membrane that surrounds bone tissues and contains osteoblasts

Meninges

protective three layered membrane the surrounds the brain and spinal

Glycoprotein

protein with sugar

The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering.

protein-crystal

Proteoglycans

proteins with sugar

Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways, except

provide strong connections between muscles and bones.

Brachium

proximal part of the upper limb

Hypogastric region

pubic Lower Middle, Appendix SI bladder

Negative feedback

receptor measures variable, control center looks to counter the environmental effect. Body temperature goes up so body adjusts to bring it back down. Opposite the environmental effect. Blood sugar goes up, so insulin breaks down the blood

Positive feedback

receptor measures variable, control center looks to reinforce the environmental effect. Muscle contractions from labor increase until birth. Blood clotting increases until clotting occurs

Response to cold temperatures

receptor message to hypothalamus (control center). Smooth muscle on skin (effector) hair becomes erect. Shivering (muscle effector) to increase metabolism. Constriction of blood vessels of the skin (effector). Heat conservation

Response to hot temperatures

receptor message to hypothalamus (control center). dialing blood vessels of the skin (effector). Sweat glands to produce sweat and cool (effector). Cooled blood returns and cools the internal organs

In the condition known as erythema, the skin takes on a(n) ________ color.

reddish

Treatment of full thickness burns

replacing fluids, increasing caloric intake, preventing infection, assisting tissue repair

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false?

results in short, stubby fingers

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.

reticular

The layer primarily responsible for the strength of the skin is the __________ layer.

reticular

The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue

reticular connective

The dermis is composed of the papillary layer and the ___________.

reticular layer

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the?

reticular layer

The framework of organs such as the spleen and liver is made up of _________ tissue

reticular tissue

Structural carbohydrates

ribose, deoxyribose, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans

lamella

rings of bone tissue where the lacunae chambers are found

Nail production occurs at the nail

root

Nail production occurs at the nail?

root

Nosepiece

rotating piece of lenses

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a?

scab

Glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are ________ glands.

sebaceous

Which of the following glands secretes oil into the hair follicle?

sebaceous

Dermis

second layers of the integument deeper to the epithelium. Thick layer of irregular arranged connective tissue that supports the epidermis and secures the integuments.

Merocrine sweat glands

secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

Chondroblasts

secrete matrix and are located within the cells of the perichondrium membrane

Sebum

secreted by sebaceous follicles associated with hair. Lubricates the skin and some antibacterial actions

Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for

secretion.

Lamellated corpuscles

sensory receptors in the reticular layer of the dermis, detect deep pressure. Pacinian corpuscles.

A bacterial infection that is often fatal in burn patients is called ________.

sepsis

Mesothelium

serous membrane simple squamous epithelial cells lining organs

Peritoneum

serous membrane surrounding the digestive organs (peritoneal cavity)

Adhesions between abdominopelvic organs occur when

serous membranes are damaged.

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

serous membranes.

Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones.

sesamoid

Stratum Spinosum

several cell layers thick, spiny appearance to cells from artifacts from desmosomes, cells contain tonofilaments-tension filaments. Langerhans cells found here police outer body surface.

Blue filter

short wavelength of blue light provides max resolution

Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?

simple columnar epithelium

The epithelium that forms air sacs in the lungs is

simple squamous epithelium.

The heart and blood vessels are lined by

simple squamous epithelium.

The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as

simple squamous.

Myosatellite cells are found in association with

skeletal muscle.

Where in the body does the production of precursors for the synthesis of calcitriol occur?

skin

Arrector Pilli

small bands of smooth muscles that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue, cause hair to stand on end when frightened or cold

Fine adjustment knob

small dial for med high and oil. moves the focal plane through the sample

Condense

small lens under the stage the narrow the light beam

The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.

smooth

Arrector pili muscle

smooth muscle attached to the follicle. When animals with fur get cold the hairs stand on end to trap heat. In humans creates goosebumps

Plantar

sole of the foot (planta)

Working distance

space between lens and stage

Cranial Cavity

space within the cranium of the skull that encases and protects the brain. continuous with the cranial cavity

Vertebral cavity

spaced formed by the vertebral column that houses the spinal cord

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.

spongy

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

squamous

Types of skin cancers include?

squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma

Types of skin cancers include

squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma.

Types of skin cancers include

squamous cell carcinoma. B) malignant melanoma. C) basal cell carcinoma

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because

stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective tissue components of the skin even after injury

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because

stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective tissue components of the skin even after injury.

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because

stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.

Adipose tissue functions to

store triglycerides, protect internal organs, and insulate against heat loss

Cerumen is produced by glands located in the __________.

stratum corneum

Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the?

stratum corneum

The epidermal layer that consists almost entirely of keratin is the __________.

stratum corneum

The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the?

stratum corneum

Five layers of the epidermis

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the

stratum corneum.

The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the

stratum corneum.

The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the

stratum germinativum

The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the?

stratum germinativum

The layer of the epidermis that contains abundant desmosomes is the?

stratum spinosum

The layer of the epidermis that contains abundant desmosomes is the

stratum spinosum.

Physiology

study of how body functions and the work of cells

Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance and adipocytes and mast cells fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the

superficial fascia between skin and muscle.

The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the

superficial fascia.

Papillary layer

superficial portion of the dermis. Areolar tissue (cushions, support found in deep dermis, digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts) in with numerous collagen and elastic fibers. Folds called dermal papillae

Epidermis

superficial region of the skin

Parietal peritoneum

superficial serous membrane around the digestive organs

Parietal pericardium

superficial serous membrane around the heart attached to the diaphragm

Abdominal cavity

superior part of the abdominal pelvic cavity, contains most digestive organs liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, SI and LI

Hundreds of years ago explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented?

supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in Vitamin C

The functions of bone include

support, protection, serving as the site of muscle attachment (thereby enabling movement), and housing the cells that form blood.

Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of tissue?

supporting connective tissue

Functions of epithelia include all of the following, except

supporting muscle cells.

extracellular matrix

surrounds mature connective tissue cells

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

sutural

Sudoriferous glands are also called __________ glands.

sweat

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

tendons

Coarse pigmented hairs are called ________.

terminal hairs

Resolution

the ability to distinguish between two objects

Hair bulb

the area that surrounds the papilla

Dorsal

the back

bulb

the base of a hair follicle and its surrounding dermal root sheath, containing the papilla of the hair and matrix

stratum basale

the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells

If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed,

the hair matrix will lose its blood supply

If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed

the hair matrix will lose its blood supply.

If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed,

the hair matrix will lose its blood supply.

Matrix (of a hair)

the living proliferative part of the hair. Undergo mitotic division and the hair elongates.

When stress is applied to a bone,

the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.

Connective tissue

the most extensively distributed body tissue consists of cells and the extracellular matrix those cells secrete

stratum corneum

the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells

Integument

the natural covering of an organ or organism. Skin, husk, shell or rind

Anatomical position

the person is standing erect, facing forward, with the upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward, and the legs slightly apart, and feet facing forward.

root

the portion of a hair that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous layer

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

the roof of the skull and the clavicle

Stretch marks occur when

the skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic limits are exceeded.

Ventral body cavity

the space of the body trunk anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum (Breastbone)

Histology

the study of tissues.

shaft

the superficial portion of the hair

epidermis

the superficial, thinner layer of skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Field of view

the viewing area under the lens

Lunula

the whitish portion of the proximal part of the nail. Nail body and blood vessels do not show due to the layer of keratinized cells

Organism

the whole thing

All of the following are true of neurons, except that

they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.

Terminal hairs

thick heavy hairs on the scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes

Femoral

thigh (femur)

Simple squamous epithelium

thin tissue appears a sheet of cells. lining ventral cavities, lining heart and blood vessels, portions of the kidney tubules. Reduces friction, controls vessel, permeability, performs absorption and secretion

The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a

third degree

Charlie is badly burned in an accident. When he reaches the emergency room, the examining physician finds that he can remove entire hair follicles from Charlie's arm when he gently pulls on a hair with his forceps. Charlie is suffering from a(n)

third degree burn

Substage condenser

three parts blue filter, iris diaphragm and condenser lens

Organ level

tissues and cells in organs

Tissue level

tissues or cells working together

Strata

tissues organized into layers

Sebum functions

to lubricate the hair and skin. an antibiotic.

Goal of homeostasis

to maintain these variables within specific limits set by the control center of the homeostasis system

Pseudostratified epithelium

touch the basal lamina. Different heights

You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

trachea

blood functions to

transport gases, wastes, and nutrients as well as to provide immunity

Cross section

transverse section

The drug ________ increases dermal blood flow and makes the skin red.

tretinoin

5 important lipids

triglycerides, eicosanoids, steroids, phospholipids, glycolipids

Important lipids

triglycerides, eicosanoids, sterols, phospholipids, and glycolipids

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

trochanter

The papillary layer is more superficial than the reticular layer of dermis. True or false?

true

Malignant melanoma

tumor of the melanocytes. Extremely dangerous. Spreads to the lymphatic system. 14% survival

Transitional epithelium

type of stratified epithelium stretch and recoil

Deep

underneath the upper layers bottom

Mesenchyme

undifferentiated embryonic tissue that can give rise to all types of connective tissues

Parasagittal

unequal left and right sections

Helicase

unwinds DNA during DNA replication

Compound microscope

use multiple lenses to direct a narrow beam of light

Which statement best describes connective tissue?

usually contains a large amount of matrix

Which of the following statements about rickets is not true?

usually genetic

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

vertebra

Frontal section

vertically divides the body into front and back aka Coronal

Coronal section

vertically divides the body into front and back aka Frontal

Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for her patient?

vitamin C vitamin D calcium supplements dairy products

An important vitamin that is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight is

vitamin D.

Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except

vitamin E

An important vitamin that is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight is

vitamin d

Which of the following is not an effect of ultraviolet radiation?

vitiligo

Buffers

weak acid or base that resists ph change

The disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are

weaker and more flexible.

sebaceous glands are located

wherever hair follicles exist

lucocyte

white blood cell

Merocrine sweat glands are located

widely distributed across the body surface,

Damage to elastic fibers in the skin of the elderly results in __________.

wrinkles

Carotene

yellow / orange pigments common in light skinned individuals. Found in stratum corneum (Most superficial skin layer)