bsc2086 chapter 20

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The chambers of the human heart include __.

2 atria and 2 ventricles

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton? Select all that apply.

Anchors cardiac muscle Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles Provides structural support for the heart

Which groove encircles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles?

Coronary sulcus

What internal structure of the heart is marked by the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci?

Interventricular septum

What structure is the arrow pointing to on this illustration of a heart section?

Interventricular septum

The histology of the heart may be described by which phrases? Select all that apply.

Involuntary muscle tissue Composed mostly of cardiac muscle tissue

What is the double-layered sac that surrounds the heart called?

Pericardium

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is depicted in this figure?

Period of ejection

Which valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle?

Tricuspid

the _______ refractory period is the time when the muscle cell cannot be further stimulated, no matter the strength of the stimulus..

absolute

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the

aorta

The upper dashed red line indicates pressure changes in the ________

aorta

The vessel that carries blood out of the left ventricle is the

aorta

What vessel(s) carries blood out of the left ventricle?

aorta

When blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery, it reflects blood pressure in the ______.

aorta

The ______ receive blood from veins.

atria

An increase in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload and therefore a(n) ______ in stroke volume.

increase, increase

A drop in pH and rise in carbon dioxide _______ heart rate.

increases

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior ____________ sulcus.

interventricular

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior ____________ sulcus.

interventricular

The right and left ventricles are divided from each other by the ___________ septum

interventricular

When mechanisms within the heart regulate cardiac output, it is referred to as _____ regulation.

intrinsic

Which ventricle has thicker walls?

left

The chamber marked by an arrow in this posterior view of the heart is the

left atrium

The chamber marked in this posterior view is the ______.

left atrium

The artery that travels under the left auricle and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery, and a marginal artery is the ______ artery.

left coronary

What blood vessel is the arrow pointing to on this picture of the heart?

left coronary

On this anterior view of the heart, the blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______.

left pulmonary artery

The blood vessel marked by the arrow in this posterior illustration of the heart is the ______.

left pulmonary artery

The blood vessel marked in this depiction of the posterior heart is the ________ ________ artery

left pulmonary artery

The chamber of the heart indicated by the arrow in this posterior figure is the ______.

left ventricle

The solid black line in this figure represents the pressure changes in the ______.

left ventricle

the walls of the __________ ventricle are thicker than the walls of the ____________ ventricle

left, right

The electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane in excitable cells is referred to as the resting _______ potential

membrane

The membrane potential when a cardiac muscle cell is relaxed is the resting ______.

membrane potential

The alternate name for the left atrioventricular valve is the _______ valve

mitral

The valve indicated by the arrow on the figure is the _______ valve

mitral or bicuspid

At rest, the heart will operate ______ in a healthy aged individual.

normally

An increase in stimulation by what branch of the nervous system lowers the heart rate?

parasympathetic

the ________ is a double-walled sac enclosing the heart.

pericardium or pericardia

The mean arterial pressure is dependent on two factors: cardiac output and the force against which blood must be pumped or _______ ________

peripheral resistance

On this anterior view of the heart, the blood vessel marked with an arrow is the left

pulmonary artery

The vessels labeled A are ______ and the vessel labeled B is the ______.

pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava

The thick-walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called

right and left ventricles

The valve indicated by the arrow in this section of the heart is the ______ valve.

right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

On the picture of the heart, the blood vessel marked by the arrow in the figure is the ______ artery.

right coronary

The artery that runs along the coronary sulcus, and supplies blood to the right ventricle and the posterior, inferior heart muscle is the ______ artery.

right coronary

The right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery are branches of the

right coronary

The chamber of the heart indicated by the arrow in the figure is the ______.

right ventricle

The pulmonary trunk carries blood away from the _____.

right ventricle

The pulmonary circuit receives blood from the ______ side of the heart and the systemic circuit receives blood from the ______ side of the heart.

right, left

Identify the ions that affect cardiac muscle function. Select all that apply.

sodium calcium potassium

The period of contraction of a heart chamber is called

systole

In maintaining homeostasis, regulation of the pumping action of the heart ensures ______.

the metabolic demands of tissues are maintained

True or false: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures reflect pressure changes in the aorta.

true

The heart sounds are made by the action of which of the following?

valves

The left and right pulmonary _______ empty into the left atrium

veins

The right and left _______ are the thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries.

ventricles

The thick-walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called

ventricles

AV valves are open when ______.

ventricles are relaxed

During ventricular contraction, the ejection of blood out of the heart occurs because the pressure within the ______ exceeds the pressure within the ______.

ventricles, great arteries

The semilunar valves will open when the pressure within the ______ exceeds the pressure within the ______.

ventricles, great arteries

Electrical changes across the membrane cause the opening and closing of _____ gated ion channels..

voltage

Intrinsic regulation of cardiac output results from mechanisms ______ the heart.

within

he heart sounds heard through a stethoscope are the result of ______.

closing of the valves

Systole is a period of ______.

contraction

A period of relaxation is ______.

diastole

True or False: The chamber of the heart marked by the arrow on the picture is the right ventricle.

false

True or false: The coronary circulation is made up of all of the systemic blood vessels.

false

The vein indicated in the figure of the heart is the ______ vein.

great cardiac

Blood is forced from one area of the heart into another due to a ______ gradient

pressure

List in order the structures of the cardiac conduction system, starting with the pacemaker.

1 sinoatrial (SA) node 2 Atrioventricular (AV) node 3 Atrioventricular (AV) bundle 4 right and left bundle branches 5 Purkinje fibers 6 ventricular myocardium

List in order the events of the cardiac conduction system, starting with the first at the top.

1 the SA nodes fire 2 excitation spreads through the atrial myocardium 3 AV node fires 4 Excitation spreads down the AV bundle 5 Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through the ventricular myocardium

Correctly match the terms on the left with their actions on the right.

Atrial systole Atrial contraction Atrial diastole Atrial relaxation Ventricular systole Ventricular contraction Ventricular diastole Ventricular relaxation

What valves close at the time indicated by the circle?

Atrioventricular

What is the ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation called?

Autorhythmic

Why does blood flow through the systemic circulation from the aorta ultimately to the right atrium?

Blood flows from high pressure to lower pressure.

A knowledge of heart location would NOT be important for which of the following?

Blood pressure readings

Which autonomic system(s) innervate(s) the heart?

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Identify the vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. Select all that apply.

Coronary sinus Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava

What vessels empty into the right atrium? Select all that apply.

Coronary sinus Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava

The _____ is a composite recording of all cardiac action potentials.

EKG

What controls the opening of the ion channels in cardiac muscle cells during phases of the action potential?

Electrical changes

What structure allows blood to flow between the atria in the embryo and fetus?

Foramen ovale

The valve indicated in the figure is the ______.

Left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve

What vessels empty into the left atrium?

Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins

Cardiac Output X Peripheral Resistance = ______

Mean Arterial Pressure

Identify the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells. Select all that apply.

Organized myofilaments Intercalated discs between cells Elongated, branching cells

What must be overcome as blood travels through the vessels?

Peripheral resistance

What forces the movement of blood through the heart chambers and into the vessels?

Pressure changes

What vessel(s) exit(s) the right ventricle?

Pulmonary trunk

Which of the following vessels does NOT empty into the right atrium?

Pulmonary veins

Name the chamber of the heart indicated in the figure.

Right atrium

Identify the branches of the right coronary artery. Select all that apply.

Right marginal artery Posterior interventricular artery

left side of heart right side of heart

Supplies blood to the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues Supplies blood to the lungs for exchange of respiratory gases

Where is blood moving during the period of ejection?

Ventricles to great vessels

The strongest stimulus will not cause muscle contraction during the ______ refractory period.

absolute

A direct connection between multiple arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is an arterial ______.

anastomosis

A direct connection between two arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is called an arterial ____________

anastomosis, anastomoses, anastamosis, or anastamoses

From what vessel do the left and right coronary arteries arise?

aorta

The coronary sulcus is between ______.

atria and ventricles

The valves that prevent the backflow of blood into the atria are called _______ valves

atrioventricular

The valves that separate the upper and lower chambers of the heart are called ______ valves.

atrioventricular

When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the _______ valves are open

atrioventricular, AV

The thin-walled superior chambers of the heart are called the right and left

atrium

The chambers of the human heart are the right and left ________ and the right and left ___________

atrium, ventricle

The flaplike extension of each atrium is called the ______.

auricle

What are the small flaplike projections on the atria called?

auricles

The cardiac muscle cells are described as ______ because individual cells can depolarize on their own without outside stimulation.

autorhythmic

Altered blood pressure can lead to changes in heart rate. The input for this reflex response is from the ______ of the large arteries, which monitor blood pressure changes.

baroreceptors

Pressure sensors found in the aortic arch and the carotid sinus are categorized as _______.

baroreceptors

Which is another name for mitral valve?

bicuspid

The ____ valve and the ______ valve close at the time marked by the arrow.

bicuspid, mitral, AV, or right atrioventricular tricuspid or left atrioventricular

The sequence of events that begins with heart muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction is called the ________ __________.

cardiac cycle

What is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles per minute called?

cardiac output

Mean arterial pressure is equal to ______.

cardiac output times peripheral resistance

It is important to know the location of the heart for ______. Select all that apply.

cardiopulmonary resuscitation applying leads for ECG listening to heart sounds

An organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals is classified as a

chemoreceptor

The input for the reflex response to blood pH comes from the ______ in the large arteries, which detect changes in blood chemicals.

chemoreceptors

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the left _________ artery

coronary

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the right ______ artery

coronary

The blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart muscle make up the specific type of circulation called the ______ circulation.

coronary

The three vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are the _______ veins and the superior and inferior ________ _________

coronary vena cava

In the posterior atrioventricular sulcus is a large vein called the ______ that collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.

coronary sinus

The expanded blood vessel designated by the arrow in the figure of the heart is the

coronary sinus

The expanded blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______.

coronary sinus

The majority of the venous drainage from the coronary veins is collected by the __________ ___________ which then drains into the right atrium.

coronary sinus

The right coronary artery runs along the ______ sulcus and supplies blood to the ______.

coronary, right ventricle

Colder body temperatures will result in a(n) ______ in heart rate.

decrease

A decrease in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload, and therefore, a(n) ______ in stroke volume.

decrease , decrease

During surgical procedures, the body temperature can be ______ to minimize blood flow.

decreased

Systole is to contraction as ____ is to relaxation

diastole

The period in which a heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood is called _______

diastole

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ______.

ejected by the ventricles per minute

Place in order the three layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer first to superficial.

endocardium myocardium epicardium

The three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial are the

endocardium myocardium epicardium

True or False: The artery that exits the aorta and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery, and a marginal artery is the right coronary artery.

false

True or false: Blood flows from areas of lower pressure to areas of higher pressure.

false

True or false: During one heartbeat, blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and during the next heartbeat, blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle.

false

True or false: The pumping activity of the heart rarely changes over the course of one's life.

false

The fetal opening in the interatrial septum is referred to as the

foramen ovale

Channels in intercalated disks are ______.

gap junctions

The _______ _________ are channels in intercalated discs that allow ions to flow directly from the cytoplasm of one cardiocyte to another.

gap junctions

The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the left side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the ____________ _____________ vein.

great cardiac

The blood vessel that collects blood from the left side of the heart is the ______.

great cardiac vein

Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles is one function of the _______.

heart skeleton

Match the labeled structure with the correct vein.

A Superior vena cava B Pulmonary veins C Inferior vena cava D Pulmonary arteries

What is an ECG?

A recording of cardiac action potentials measured at the body's surface

At a given point in time, blood flows in the heart from ______.

both atria to both ventricles

The ions that affect cardiac muscle function are _________, _________ and potassium.

calcium, Ca, Ca++, or Ca2+ sodium, Na, or Na+

Elongated, branching cells with organized myofilaments, centrally located nuclei, and numerous gap junctions describes _______ muscle cells

cardiac

The heart is predominately composed of ______ muscle tissue.

cardiac

The heart is predominately composed of _______ muscle tissue

cardiac

The __ is a repeating series of contraction and relaxation events that move blood through the heart.

cardiac cycle

The valve found in the right side of the heart between the upper and lower chamber is the ______ valve.

tricuspid

The valve indicated by the letter A in the figure of the heart is the ________ valve

tricuspid

True or false: Normal aging does not substantially change the heart's ability to function at rest.

true


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