bsc2086 chapter 20
The chambers of the human heart include __.
2 atria and 2 ventricles
What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton? Select all that apply.
Anchors cardiac muscle Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles Provides structural support for the heart
Which groove encircles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles?
Coronary sulcus
What internal structure of the heart is marked by the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci?
Interventricular septum
What structure is the arrow pointing to on this illustration of a heart section?
Interventricular septum
The histology of the heart may be described by which phrases? Select all that apply.
Involuntary muscle tissue Composed mostly of cardiac muscle tissue
What is the double-layered sac that surrounds the heart called?
Pericardium
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is depicted in this figure?
Period of ejection
Which valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle?
Tricuspid
the _______ refractory period is the time when the muscle cell cannot be further stimulated, no matter the strength of the stimulus..
absolute
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the
aorta
The upper dashed red line indicates pressure changes in the ________
aorta
The vessel that carries blood out of the left ventricle is the
aorta
What vessel(s) carries blood out of the left ventricle?
aorta
When blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery, it reflects blood pressure in the ______.
aorta
The ______ receive blood from veins.
atria
An increase in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload and therefore a(n) ______ in stroke volume.
increase, increase
A drop in pH and rise in carbon dioxide _______ heart rate.
increases
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior ____________ sulcus.
interventricular
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior ____________ sulcus.
interventricular
The right and left ventricles are divided from each other by the ___________ septum
interventricular
When mechanisms within the heart regulate cardiac output, it is referred to as _____ regulation.
intrinsic
Which ventricle has thicker walls?
left
The chamber marked by an arrow in this posterior view of the heart is the
left atrium
The chamber marked in this posterior view is the ______.
left atrium
The artery that travels under the left auricle and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery, and a marginal artery is the ______ artery.
left coronary
What blood vessel is the arrow pointing to on this picture of the heart?
left coronary
On this anterior view of the heart, the blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______.
left pulmonary artery
The blood vessel marked by the arrow in this posterior illustration of the heart is the ______.
left pulmonary artery
The blood vessel marked in this depiction of the posterior heart is the ________ ________ artery
left pulmonary artery
The chamber of the heart indicated by the arrow in this posterior figure is the ______.
left ventricle
The solid black line in this figure represents the pressure changes in the ______.
left ventricle
the walls of the __________ ventricle are thicker than the walls of the ____________ ventricle
left, right
The electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane in excitable cells is referred to as the resting _______ potential
membrane
The membrane potential when a cardiac muscle cell is relaxed is the resting ______.
membrane potential
The alternate name for the left atrioventricular valve is the _______ valve
mitral
The valve indicated by the arrow on the figure is the _______ valve
mitral or bicuspid
At rest, the heart will operate ______ in a healthy aged individual.
normally
An increase in stimulation by what branch of the nervous system lowers the heart rate?
parasympathetic
the ________ is a double-walled sac enclosing the heart.
pericardium or pericardia
The mean arterial pressure is dependent on two factors: cardiac output and the force against which blood must be pumped or _______ ________
peripheral resistance
On this anterior view of the heart, the blood vessel marked with an arrow is the left
pulmonary artery
The vessels labeled A are ______ and the vessel labeled B is the ______.
pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava
The thick-walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called
right and left ventricles
The valve indicated by the arrow in this section of the heart is the ______ valve.
right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
On the picture of the heart, the blood vessel marked by the arrow in the figure is the ______ artery.
right coronary
The artery that runs along the coronary sulcus, and supplies blood to the right ventricle and the posterior, inferior heart muscle is the ______ artery.
right coronary
The right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery are branches of the
right coronary
The chamber of the heart indicated by the arrow in the figure is the ______.
right ventricle
The pulmonary trunk carries blood away from the _____.
right ventricle
The pulmonary circuit receives blood from the ______ side of the heart and the systemic circuit receives blood from the ______ side of the heart.
right, left
Identify the ions that affect cardiac muscle function. Select all that apply.
sodium calcium potassium
The period of contraction of a heart chamber is called
systole
In maintaining homeostasis, regulation of the pumping action of the heart ensures ______.
the metabolic demands of tissues are maintained
True or false: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures reflect pressure changes in the aorta.
true
The heart sounds are made by the action of which of the following?
valves
The left and right pulmonary _______ empty into the left atrium
veins
The right and left _______ are the thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries.
ventricles
The thick-walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called
ventricles
AV valves are open when ______.
ventricles are relaxed
During ventricular contraction, the ejection of blood out of the heart occurs because the pressure within the ______ exceeds the pressure within the ______.
ventricles, great arteries
The semilunar valves will open when the pressure within the ______ exceeds the pressure within the ______.
ventricles, great arteries
Electrical changes across the membrane cause the opening and closing of _____ gated ion channels..
voltage
Intrinsic regulation of cardiac output results from mechanisms ______ the heart.
within
he heart sounds heard through a stethoscope are the result of ______.
closing of the valves
Systole is a period of ______.
contraction
A period of relaxation is ______.
diastole
True or False: The chamber of the heart marked by the arrow on the picture is the right ventricle.
false
True or false: The coronary circulation is made up of all of the systemic blood vessels.
false
The vein indicated in the figure of the heart is the ______ vein.
great cardiac
Blood is forced from one area of the heart into another due to a ______ gradient
pressure
List in order the structures of the cardiac conduction system, starting with the pacemaker.
1 sinoatrial (SA) node 2 Atrioventricular (AV) node 3 Atrioventricular (AV) bundle 4 right and left bundle branches 5 Purkinje fibers 6 ventricular myocardium
List in order the events of the cardiac conduction system, starting with the first at the top.
1 the SA nodes fire 2 excitation spreads through the atrial myocardium 3 AV node fires 4 Excitation spreads down the AV bundle 5 Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through the ventricular myocardium
Correctly match the terms on the left with their actions on the right.
Atrial systole Atrial contraction Atrial diastole Atrial relaxation Ventricular systole Ventricular contraction Ventricular diastole Ventricular relaxation
What valves close at the time indicated by the circle?
Atrioventricular
What is the ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation called?
Autorhythmic
Why does blood flow through the systemic circulation from the aorta ultimately to the right atrium?
Blood flows from high pressure to lower pressure.
A knowledge of heart location would NOT be important for which of the following?
Blood pressure readings
Which autonomic system(s) innervate(s) the heart?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Identify the vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. Select all that apply.
Coronary sinus Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava
What vessels empty into the right atrium? Select all that apply.
Coronary sinus Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava
The _____ is a composite recording of all cardiac action potentials.
EKG
What controls the opening of the ion channels in cardiac muscle cells during phases of the action potential?
Electrical changes
What structure allows blood to flow between the atria in the embryo and fetus?
Foramen ovale
The valve indicated in the figure is the ______.
Left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve
What vessels empty into the left atrium?
Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins
Cardiac Output X Peripheral Resistance = ______
Mean Arterial Pressure
Identify the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells. Select all that apply.
Organized myofilaments Intercalated discs between cells Elongated, branching cells
What must be overcome as blood travels through the vessels?
Peripheral resistance
What forces the movement of blood through the heart chambers and into the vessels?
Pressure changes
What vessel(s) exit(s) the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk
Which of the following vessels does NOT empty into the right atrium?
Pulmonary veins
Name the chamber of the heart indicated in the figure.
Right atrium
Identify the branches of the right coronary artery. Select all that apply.
Right marginal artery Posterior interventricular artery
left side of heart right side of heart
Supplies blood to the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues Supplies blood to the lungs for exchange of respiratory gases
Where is blood moving during the period of ejection?
Ventricles to great vessels
The strongest stimulus will not cause muscle contraction during the ______ refractory period.
absolute
A direct connection between multiple arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is an arterial ______.
anastomosis
A direct connection between two arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is called an arterial ____________
anastomosis, anastomoses, anastamosis, or anastamoses
From what vessel do the left and right coronary arteries arise?
aorta
The coronary sulcus is between ______.
atria and ventricles
The valves that prevent the backflow of blood into the atria are called _______ valves
atrioventricular
The valves that separate the upper and lower chambers of the heart are called ______ valves.
atrioventricular
When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the _______ valves are open
atrioventricular, AV
The thin-walled superior chambers of the heart are called the right and left
atrium
The chambers of the human heart are the right and left ________ and the right and left ___________
atrium, ventricle
The flaplike extension of each atrium is called the ______.
auricle
What are the small flaplike projections on the atria called?
auricles
The cardiac muscle cells are described as ______ because individual cells can depolarize on their own without outside stimulation.
autorhythmic
Altered blood pressure can lead to changes in heart rate. The input for this reflex response is from the ______ of the large arteries, which monitor blood pressure changes.
baroreceptors
Pressure sensors found in the aortic arch and the carotid sinus are categorized as _______.
baroreceptors
Which is another name for mitral valve?
bicuspid
The ____ valve and the ______ valve close at the time marked by the arrow.
bicuspid, mitral, AV, or right atrioventricular tricuspid or left atrioventricular
The sequence of events that begins with heart muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction is called the ________ __________.
cardiac cycle
What is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles per minute called?
cardiac output
Mean arterial pressure is equal to ______.
cardiac output times peripheral resistance
It is important to know the location of the heart for ______. Select all that apply.
cardiopulmonary resuscitation applying leads for ECG listening to heart sounds
An organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals is classified as a
chemoreceptor
The input for the reflex response to blood pH comes from the ______ in the large arteries, which detect changes in blood chemicals.
chemoreceptors
The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the left _________ artery
coronary
The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the right ______ artery
coronary
The blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart muscle make up the specific type of circulation called the ______ circulation.
coronary
The three vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are the _______ veins and the superior and inferior ________ _________
coronary vena cava
In the posterior atrioventricular sulcus is a large vein called the ______ that collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.
coronary sinus
The expanded blood vessel designated by the arrow in the figure of the heart is the
coronary sinus
The expanded blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______.
coronary sinus
The majority of the venous drainage from the coronary veins is collected by the __________ ___________ which then drains into the right atrium.
coronary sinus
The right coronary artery runs along the ______ sulcus and supplies blood to the ______.
coronary, right ventricle
Colder body temperatures will result in a(n) ______ in heart rate.
decrease
A decrease in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload, and therefore, a(n) ______ in stroke volume.
decrease , decrease
During surgical procedures, the body temperature can be ______ to minimize blood flow.
decreased
Systole is to contraction as ____ is to relaxation
diastole
The period in which a heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood is called _______
diastole
Cardiac output is the volume of blood ______.
ejected by the ventricles per minute
Place in order the three layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer first to superficial.
endocardium myocardium epicardium
The three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial are the
endocardium myocardium epicardium
True or False: The artery that exits the aorta and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery, and a marginal artery is the right coronary artery.
false
True or false: Blood flows from areas of lower pressure to areas of higher pressure.
false
True or false: During one heartbeat, blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and during the next heartbeat, blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle.
false
True or false: The pumping activity of the heart rarely changes over the course of one's life.
false
The fetal opening in the interatrial septum is referred to as the
foramen ovale
Channels in intercalated disks are ______.
gap junctions
The _______ _________ are channels in intercalated discs that allow ions to flow directly from the cytoplasm of one cardiocyte to another.
gap junctions
The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the left side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the ____________ _____________ vein.
great cardiac
The blood vessel that collects blood from the left side of the heart is the ______.
great cardiac vein
Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles is one function of the _______.
heart skeleton
Match the labeled structure with the correct vein.
A Superior vena cava B Pulmonary veins C Inferior vena cava D Pulmonary arteries
What is an ECG?
A recording of cardiac action potentials measured at the body's surface
At a given point in time, blood flows in the heart from ______.
both atria to both ventricles
The ions that affect cardiac muscle function are _________, _________ and potassium.
calcium, Ca, Ca++, or Ca2+ sodium, Na, or Na+
Elongated, branching cells with organized myofilaments, centrally located nuclei, and numerous gap junctions describes _______ muscle cells
cardiac
The heart is predominately composed of ______ muscle tissue.
cardiac
The heart is predominately composed of _______ muscle tissue
cardiac
The __ is a repeating series of contraction and relaxation events that move blood through the heart.
cardiac cycle
The valve found in the right side of the heart between the upper and lower chamber is the ______ valve.
tricuspid
The valve indicated by the letter A in the figure of the heart is the ________ valve
tricuspid
True or false: Normal aging does not substantially change the heart's ability to function at rest.
true
