Bus4 188 midterm 1

Computer data: binary data

-A bit is either a zero or a one -Bits are used for computer data because they are easy to represent physically -they are dichotomy of one another

Electronic erasable programmable ROM

-A type of non-volatile memory used in computers, integrated in microcontrollers for smart cards and remote keyless systems, and other electronic devices to store relatively small amounts of data but allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed.

What are the four marketable skills?

-Abstract reasoning: think outside of the box; look at diff. solutions from diff. views -Systems Thinking: being able to identify the roles & players in the system & how critical it is to the system -Collaboration: social ability to work w/ other people; obtain feedback & utilize feedback, very important -Ability to Experiment: careful and reasoned analysis of an opportunity, envisioning potential products or solutions or applications of technology and then developing those ideas that seem to have the most promise, consistent with the resources you have. One of four key skills for nonroutine cognitive thinking

Economies of Scale

-Average cost decreases as size of operation increases. -Major cloud vendors operate enormous data centers (Web farms). -Data centers are dispersed throughout the county or the world

what are the five laws?

-Bell's Law -Moore's Law -Metcalf's Law -Nielson's Law -Kyrder's Law

VPNs

-Creates a secure tunnel from one location (ex: computer) to a destination -Uses internet as a way to securely connect to a network or system -VPNs protect Content delivery network

Database management systems DBMS

-DBMS= program/software used to create, process, & administrate a database (Exel is a database) -MSSSQL, MySQL, MS Access, and Oracle

Database terms (look at image for help)

-Database: A self-describing collection of integrated records -Columns / Fields: used to represent the attributes of an entity. Examples are PartNumber, EmployeeName, and SalesDate. -Rows / Records -Table: groups of similar rows or records in a database. -Byte: a character of data. In databases, bytes are grouped into columns, such as Student Number and Student Name

What is the cloud?

-Elastic leasing of pooled computer resources via Internet Elastic: -Automatically adjusts for unpredictable demand, -Limits financial risks. -Detects changes in demand Pooled: -Same physical hardware -Economies of scale -Used for more web connections

Central processing unit

-Every computer has a central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes called "the brain" of the computer. The portion of a computer that selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons, and stores results of operations in memory

Storage

-Hardware that saves data and programs. Magnetic disks are by far the most common storage device, although optical disks, such as CDs and DVDs, also are popular. -hold your apps, pics, vids

What is the five component framework?

-Hardware: electronic components and related gadgetry -Software: instructions for computers -Data: recorded facts or figures -Procedures: instructions for humans -People: those who operate computers , maintain data, use the system -EX: Microsoft Word-> software, Dell Web Server -> hardware

Operating systems

-IOS, Windows closed source, owned by prospective owner -Linux is open source

Two roles for IS regarding products

-Information Systems as part of the product. -Information Systems that supports the product

New tech affect competitive strategies

-Internet of Things -Autonomous (Self Driving) Cars -3D Printing -BYOD

Crows feet, notations

-Maximum cardinality- max # of entities in a relationship. Vertical bar= at least one entity required -Minimum cardinality- min # of entities in a relationship. Small oval means entity is optional; relationship need not have entity of that type

Effective critical feedback

-Needs to be specific (target what you think) -Offer Suggestions (point @ specific areas where there is a gap) -Avoid Personal Comments -Strive for Balance (feedback from every member) -Question your emotions -Do not Dominate -Demonstrate commitment (offer suggestions, offer how you can contribute)

Hardware types and difference

-Non-volatile: Doesn't need power to hold data (CD/DVD, USB drive (Flash), Solid state (Flash) or Hard disk drive (Magnetic)) -Volatile: Loses data when there is no power (RAM and Cache memory)

Clients and servers (client system is when users interact w it)

-Nonmobile clients: operating systems are used on personal computers. -Mobile clients: People interact with the client system.

Open vs. closed source software (main difference: open source you have access to source code)

-One big difference: Open source have access to the recipe Open (access to recipe): -Free -Source code available* -Support is limited or none at all - Community support• -Depends on community for features/advancements/fixes Closed (no access to recipe) -Cost money - Can be free with limited features - Free Trial -Pay for support -Cannot view source code*

Purpose of a database

-Organize and keep track of things. Ex: microsoft excel, grocery lists (ppl used excel) -Keep track of multiple themes. -General rule: Single theme-store in a spreadsheet. Multiple themes-use a database.

Database terms cont'd

-Primary key= classification of a field, has to be unique it can't be same Ex: student ID #, social security #, fingerprints -Foreign key= a table that references another table's primary key Ex: 'student #' is a 'primary key' for a 'Student' -Relational databases= data within databases they have some sort of relationship or connection -metadata= data that describes other data

Database operations

-Read -Insert-database can add info add data into base -Modify- whatever data is it can change -Delete data- deletes record or value somewhere in the database

Firmware

-Special software installed on read-only memory (ROM) -Printers, print servers, communication devices. -As if program's logic is designed into device's circuitry. -Can be changed and upgraded like other software, but normally a task for IS professionals

synchronous vs. asynchronous

-Synchronous communication: Occurs when all team members meet at the same time EX: conference calls, text chat, face-to-face meetings, FaceTime, zoom, shared whiteboards. -Asynchronous communication: Occurs when team members do not meet at the same time. EX: Employees who work different shifts at the same location or team members who work in different time zones around the world must meet asynchronously; email, team surveys, discussion forms

ACID

-Test databases to ensure it is functional; use ACID test to ensure it meets standards -Atomic- tests for database operations; going all the way to the end -Consistent- if you perform info has to be the same way as you've done it the first time -Isolated- only affects data that its targeting -Durable- is the operational transaction your performing can compromise; back in the day databases were not really durable

Technologies that support the Cloud (cont'd)

-Virtualization- where use software to define computers -Software Defined Networks (SDN)- 10-15 yrs ago a lot of networking devices like firewall had dedicated devices you will normally buy and you install it somewhere in the bulging for you. -Today you no longer need this, now you buy a computer system with all these different port systems -Physical Hardware devices (Firewall, switches, routers, Servers,etc) -Software applications (Web services, databases, etc)

When Shouldn't you use the Cloud?

-When law or standard industry practice require physical control or possession of the data -Financial institutions are legally required to maintain physical control over its data.

Bell's Law

-a new computer class forms roughly each decade establishing a new industry -digital devices evolve quickly creating new platforms EX: pagers -> flip phones -> smart phones

3 criteria for successful outcome

-achieved outcome -improve team capability over time -meaningful & satisfying experience EX: sports teams -> have to put in collaborative effort

4 primary purposes of collaboration

-become informed -make decisions -solve problems -manage projects EX: construction site (plumbers, landscapes, designers)

Hardware component

-consists of electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software -All hardware today has more or less the same components, at least to the level that is important to us.

Digital Revolution

-conversion from mechanical and analog devices to digital devices -EX: typewriter to word processors -records to streaming on the internet

Nielsen's Law

-high end user's connection speed grows by 50% per year EX: Blockbusters -> Netflix

Moore's Law

-microprocessors double every 18 months

Making decisions:

-operational: day to day bus. decisions EX: items on shelf are low, so owner tells worker to order more -managerial: managing resources (time, $, ppl) EX: managers making decision of letting workers get day off -strategic decisions: affects entire business EX: opening restaurant -> becomes successful -> wants to expand -structured: tends to lead you towards a certain decision -unstructured: less of a step by step process

Characteristics of collaboration

-people working together to achieve a common goal (each member CONTRIBUTES work) -feedback & iteration loop (always gonna be working w/ ppl, there's always gonna be a need bc one does not know everything)

Information Age

-period in history where the production, distribution, and control of information is the primary driver of the economy -make decisions based on gathered info -EX: In the past, relied on another person's experience

Metcalfe's Law

-value of a product/service based on the # of users; something w/ more value there are more users/cutsomers EX: myspace -> FB

Value Chain Structures

-value: what your willing to pay -margin: whatever ppl will pay, but you have to take away the cost -value chain: when product/service goes thru development, it increases in value

Solve problems

1. Define the Problem 2. Identify Alternative Solutions 3. Specify evaluation criteria 4. Evaluate alternatives 5. Select an alternative 6. Implement solution

Kyrder's Law

increases exponentially every year; storage

Quiz 2 Q2 You do this to customers by making it difficult or expensive for them to move to another product/service.

lock in customers/buyers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cloud-based hosting?

no obsolecense

Quiz 3 Q 1 A(n) ________ is a request for data from a database.

query

Inbound logistics

receiving, storing, and disseminating inputs to the products

Virtualization

running multiple systems simultaneously on one physical computer

Quiz 3 Q 4 In what situation would you use a database instead of a spreadsheet?

there are multiple themes

Quiz 3 Q 8 Which main technology we discussed in class in that enables cloud-based hosting possible?

virtualization

Quiz 3 Q 6 When does it not make sense to use a cloud-based hosting provider?

when you're required to have full control of the data

Quiz 2 Q 8 Virtualization is the process by which __________.

One physical computer hosts many different virtual computers within it

Internet Addressing

Public IP addresses: -Identifies a unique device on the Internet. -Assigned by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Private IP addresses: -Identifies a device on a private network, usually a LAN. -Assignment LAN controlled. -Private IP addresses are not routable out to the internet 192.168.x.x 10.0.x.x Ex: hotel room # its private, can't tell taxi driver that as "address" bc its private and they won't know if you tell him address of hotel instead he will know

SQL vs NoSQL

SQL: -Language used in database environment that informs a database on what to do -SQL transaction- process that makes a change in database -SQL is very structured -Different than excel bc in excel you click whatever cell you want, w sQL there is no cell you create bc you tell it what to create Ex: walk in closet cubby Ex: you can drill down whatever you want, NOSQL: -Uses semi-structured and unstructured data Highly scalable Less features and functionalities of SQL Used in big data business/industries (google, amazon facebook) Ex: goes to a nightclub and they have a coat check. He gives to lady she can store it wherever as long as he gets it back later Ex: dry cleaners Ex: google maps, gives you traffic data, communicates there's no SQL language, whatever it has it gives to you

Quiz 1 Q. 3 Which of the following is considered as information rather than data?

The return on investment of an advertising campaign

Cloud vs. In-House Hosting

Cloud: -Small capital investment -Speedy development- creating database that you can store info on there; create easy -Flexible and adaptable- more accounts -> you add more accounts; do things directly from browser -Known cost structure- we won't know cost til it happens -No obsolescence -Economy of scale In-House Hosting: -Control of data location -In depth visibility -Increased maintenance cost/ Support cost -Staff and train personnel- may have to require engineers certified; have to train them -Increased management -Cannot adapt to fluctuating demand -Obsolescence- things become obsolete over time

Components of a database

Database= -tables/files -Relationships among rows in tables -Metadata: data that describes other data (Ex: #'s only in field)

Quiz 2 Q4 Which of the following principles of competitive advantage is associated with product implementations?

Differentiating service offerings

Porter's 5 Forces

Competitive Force -competition from vendors who sell substitutes -competition from new competitors -competition from existing rivals Bargaining Power Forces -bargaining power of suppliers EX: One pharmaceutical has a cure to the coronavirus, charge as much as you want. -bargaining power of customers

Quiz 2 Q 10 This version of Unix is developed by an open source community

Linux

QUIZ 1 Q. 1 Which skill is likely to be massed produced?

Accounting Skills

Quiz 2 Q 9 Bits are used for computer data because they __________.

Are easy to represent physically

Quiz 2 Q 6 Which of the following is a characteristic of volatile memory?

Contents are lost when power is off

quiz 3 Q 9 What type of network where media (audio and video) are stored at various physical locations to allow quicker access by the user

Content Delivery Networks

Quiz 1 Q. 10 Which of the following is true about working with Google Drive?

Google tracks document revisions, with brief summaries and changes made

Quiz 3 Q 7 The ________ protocol standard is also known as Ethernet.

IEEE 802.3

Difference between Info and Data

INFO: -knowledge derived from data -meaningful context -processed data, ordering, averaging, grouping, comparing, or similar operations -"a difference that makes a difference" DATA: -accurate, timely, relevant, just sufficient, worth its cost

Quiz 2 Q 7 Which of the following operating systems is used by Apple?

IOS

Quiz 2 Q3 A retail company sells agricultural produce and consumer products. The retail company procures materials from farmers and other local producers and they re-supply the retailer's inventory weekly. This process is an example of __________.

Inbound logistics

Quiz 2 Q5 Maggie's Style and Wear clothing store is looking to get more customers, so she decides to add more variety of clothing that includes popular styles from around the world rather than just popular local trends. As a first among her competitors she also created a mobile app that uses augmented reality to help people try on clothes virtually. This is an example of _______.

Industry-wide differentiation

Quiz 1 Q. 5 What best describes the Digital Revolution?

It was the conversion from mechanical and analog devices to digital devices

Quiz 1 Q. 6 What is the key difference between managerial decisions and operational decisions?

Managerial decisions concern with the allocation of resources. Operational decisions concern day-to-day activities

Quiz 3 Q 2 Which type of database is not considered to be a relational database?

NoSQL

Types of Cloud

Private Cloud: -Wants full control over everything -Built Solely for the org itself Public Cloud: -Available to anybody as long as your willing to pay for it Hybrid Cloud: -Have servers, apps that run in their own data center that manages sensitive information -Some can be private, some can be public Community Cloud: -Tend to be formed by like minded communities with orgs. within the same industry -Want cloud solution that tailors to this particular like minded industry -Create a sharing environment where data can be interconnected

Quiz 1 Q. 4 Microsoft Office Word and Excel is an example of what component of an information system?

Software

Quiz 1 Q. 9 A company uses a formula to calculate and automate the reorder quantity of an item in inventory. What type of decision process does this example represent?

Structured

Quiz 1 Q. 7 The use of a conference call is an example of what type of communication?

Synchronous

Quiz 1 Q. 2 According to Moore's Law, the __________

The compute power of processors double about every 18 months

Quiz 1 Q. 8 Which is the key difference between collaboration and cooperation?

Unlike cooperation, collaboration emphasizes iteration and feedback

Quiz 3 Q 3 Metadata are_______?

data that describe data

Quiz 3 Q 5 The term ________ implies that either all transactions related to a traditional relational DBMS are processed or none of them are processed.

atomic

Quiz 2 Q1 The local mall's food court has a dozen different types of fast food/restaurants. All the business owners decides to work together to lower the cost of napkins, utensils, and cleaning materials They do this by creating bulk buys through a particular supplier. This would be an example of which Porter's Five Forces?

bargaining power of customers