BYS 311 Exam 1 GA

sequences of the telomeres (the ends of th echromosomes)

A DNA library has been constructed by purifying chromosomal DNA from mice, cutting the DNA with the restriction enzyme NotI, and inserting the fragments into the NotI site of a plasmid vector. What information cannot be retrieved from the library?

probe

A ______________ is a single-stranded DNA molecule attached to a radioactive or fluorescent compound that is complementary to a specific sequence of DNA. Such pieces of DNA are used to identify and study cloned genes in hybridization experiments.

a virus that specifically infects bacteria

A bacteriophage is ____________.

False

A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal, linear form of self-replicating DNA.

True

Genetic engineering often relies on recombinant DNA technology and gene cloning to modify an organism's genome.

by looping out the intervening DNA between their binding site and the promoter

How are most eukaryotic transcription regulators able to affect transcription when their binding sites are far from the promoter?

Drosophila DNA contains more origins of replication than E. coli DNA.

If the genome of the bacterium E. coli requires about 20 minutes to replicate itself, how can the genome of the fruit fly Drosophila be replicated in only 3 minutes?

the two DNA strands run anti-parallel.

In a DNA double helix, _________________________

are produced from a precursor miRNA transcript

MicroRNAs ____________________.

results in a peptide bond

The chemical illustrated in the accompanying _____________.

microtubules

The cytoskeleton provides support, structure, motility, and organization, and it forms tracks to direct organelle and vesicle transport. Which of the cytoskeletal elements listed below is the thickest?

chemical bonds

The energy used by the cell to generate specific biological molecules and highly ordered structures is stored in the form of ______________.

replication, transcription, translation

The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions that result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino acids. Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions for the options presented here.

Transcription

The lac operon in bacteria serves to control which process?

Ribosomes

___________ bind to mRNA during translation and allow for polypeptides to be synthesized.

DNA polymerase

___________ is the enzyme that copies DNA during DNA replication. Thermostabile forms of this enzyme are essential for PCR.

DNA polymerase

____________ is the enzyme that copies DNA during DNA replication. Thermostabile forms of this enzyme are essential for PCR.

enzymes

Catalysts are molecules that lower the activation energy for a given reaction. Cells produce their own catalysts called ___________.

Methylation of RNA nucleotides

Each of the following can alter an organism's epigenome with the EXCEPTION of:

single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Subtle differences in DNA sequences that vary from person to person are called ______________.

UAA, UAG, UGA, all

Which of the following is a stop codon?

restriction nucleases recognizes specific sequences on single-stranded DNA (will only recognize double stranded DNA)

Which of the following statements about restriction nucleases is false?

The genetic code is redundant.

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is correct?

Mutations in somatic cells are passed on to individuals of the next generation.

Which of the following statements is false?

Agarose gel electrophoresis

Which of the following techniques is most commonly used to separate and analyse DNA by size?

Silent mutation

Which type of base-pair substitution mutation has no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Nonsense mutation

Which type of mutation is caused by InDels, often causing parts of a protein to have the wrong amino acid sequence?

Incorporation of a dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate leads to the termination of replication for that strand.

Why are dideoxyribonucleotide tripohsphates used during DNA sequencing

5'-ATGCAATC-3'

You are interested in a single-stranded DNA molecule that contains the following sequence: 5'-GATTGCAT-3' Which molecule can be used as a probe that will hybridize to your sequence of interest?

1) Cut genomic DNA and vector DNA with restriction enzymes. 2) Ligate genomic DNA and vector DNA. 3) Transform bacteria with recombinant plasmid. 4) Grow transformed cells on media with antibiotics and X-gal for blue-white screening 5) Hybridize library DNA with labeled probe for the rat insulin gene. 6) Transform bacteria with recombinant plasmid.

In what order would you perform the following steps to use a human genomic DNA library to clone the human insulin gene?

Ti vector

In which of the following types of DNA vectors can you clone the largest fragment of DNA to be grown in bacteria?

SDS-PAGE

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacylamide Gel Electrophoresis is a process where proteins are boiled in the presence of SDS to denature the protein and attach sulfate (negatively charged) groups to each amide link in a protein so that they can be separated by their number of charges by electrophoresis in a gel made of polyacrylimide.

Forensic Biotechnology

Which of the following fields of biotechnology deals with the detection of an organism's unique DNA sequences?

DNA polymerase gene sequence

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of a cloning vector for use in bacteria.

reactions that incorporate each ddNTP in four separate tubes

Which of the following is NOT used during automated DNA sequencing?

The sequence at eh beginning and end of the DNA to be amplified must be known.

Which of the following limits the use of PCR to detect and isolate genes?

The sequence at the beginning and end of the DNA to be amplified must be known.

Which of the following limits the use of PCR to detect and isolate genes?

introduction of restriction enzyme sites into the primers used for PCR

Which of the following mechanisms can be used to help clone a gene fragment into a plasmid vector using PCR?

mirochondrion

Which of the following organelles has both an outer and an inner membrane?

2

You have a piece of circular DNA that can be cut by the restriction nucleases XhoI and SmaI, as indicated in the figure If you were to cut this circular piece of DNA with both XhoI and SmaI, how many fragments of DNA would you end up with?

False

All functional DNA sequences inside a cell code for protein products.

heat

At first glance, it may seem that living systems are able to defy the second law of thermodynamics. However, on closer examination it becomes clear that although cell create organization from raw materials in the environment, they also contribute to disorder in the environment by releasing __________.

4^(100)

Because there are four different monomer building blocks that can be used to assemble RNA polymers, the number of possible sequence combinations that can be created for a RNA molecule made of 100 nucleotides is _____________.

restriction mapping

Before DNA sequencing was invented, what technique was commonly used to give some information about DNA sequences within a fragment of a cloned gene?

hydrogen bonds

Both DNA and RNA are synthesized by covalently linking a nucleotide triphosphate to the previous nucleotide, constantly adding to a growing chain. in the case of DNA, the new strand becomes part of a stable helix. The two strands are complementary in sequence and antiparallel in directionality. What is the principal force that holds these two strands together?

True

Chromosomes exist at different levels of condensation, depending on the stage of the cell cycle.

recombinant DNA technology

Combining DNA from different sources is an example of _____________.

each daughter DNA molecule consists of one strand from the parent DNA molecule and one new strand

DNA replication is considered semi-conservative because ___________________________.

heat disrupts hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotides

During PCR, a double-stranded DNA molecule can be separated into single strands by heating it to 94 C because __________________________.

traveling through a matrix containing a microscopic network of pores

During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments ____________________.

CO2, H2O

During respiration, energy is retrieved from the high-energy bonds found in certain organic molecules. Which of the following, in addition to energy, are the ultimate products of respiration?

introns

Nonprotein coding pieces of pre-mRNA that are removed during RNA splicing are called _____________.

Insulin

One example of a drug-related protein commonly manufactured from cloned genes is

contain a cluster of genes transcribed as a single nRNA

Operons ________________________________________________________.

sugar

Photosynthesis enables plants to capture the energy from sunlight. In this essential process, plants incorporate the carbon from CO2 into high-energy ____________ molecules, which the plant cell mitochondria use to produce ATP.

Hershey and Chase

Several experiments were required to demonstrate how traits are inherited.Which scientist or team of scientists obtained definitive results demonstrating that DNA is the genetic molecule?

base-pair change

Sickle-cell anemia is an example of an inherited disease. Individuals with this disorder have misshapen (sickle-shaped) red blood cells caused by a change in the sequence of the beta-glogin gene. What is the nature of the change?

bioinformatics

The use of computer hardware and software to analyze biological data, such as DNA sequence comparison data, is known as _____________.

mRNA

Total nucleic acids are extracted from a culture of yeast cells and are then mixed with resin beads to which the polynucleotide 5'-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3' has been covalently attached. After a short incubation, the beads are then extracted from the mixture. When you analyze the cellular nucleic acids that have stuck to the beads which of the following is most abundant?

nucleotide polymerization occurs only in the 5'-to-3' direction

Transcription is similar to DNA replication in that _________________.

inserting DNA into bacteria cells.

Transformation in a cloning experiment is best described as

4 different kinds of nucleotides

What are the basic "building blocks" of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

relative abundance of gene expression

What can cDNA libraries indicate that genomic libraries cannot?

Cytoskeleton

What of the following is NOT one of the four fundamental types of chemical polymers found in living cells?

micrometers

What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical human cell?

Reverse transcriptase

When making a complementary DNA (cDNA) library, which enzyme is used to copy mRNA into DNA?

Cells are grown in fermenters or bioreactors and then harvested for their protein products

When making a product using biotechnology, proteins are often made in large amounts. In most common approach to accomplish this,

Mitochondria

Which Eukaryotic organelles form the site of ATP production by aerobic cellular respiration?

A-T and C-G

Which base pairs are found in DNA?

A-U and C-G

Which base pairs are found in RNA?

The ribosome binds to the mRNA

Which of the following does NOT occur before a eukaryotic mRNA is exported from the nucleus?

sulfer

Which of the following elements is least abundant in living organisms?

antibiotic resistance gene

Which of the following features of a plasmid allows for selection of bacteria containing the plasmid?

DNA primer

Which of the following is NOT a key component or feature of DNA Replication?

a camera-based detector

In the 454 method of next generation sequencing, which of the following is NOT used?

histone proteins

The DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes is folded into a compact form by interactions with:

gene silencing

The N-terminal tail of histone H3 can be extensively modified, and depending on the number, location, and combination of these modifications these changes may promote the formation of heterochromatin. What is the result of heterochromatin formation?

nuclear envelope

The ___________ _____________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

methionine (AUA and AUG )

The piece of RNA bellow includes the region that codes the binding site for the initiator tRNA needed in translation. 5'-GUUUCCCGUAUACAUGCGUGCCGGGGGC-3' Which amino acid will be on the tRNA that is the first to bind to the A-site (AUA) of the ribosome?

Phosphate group

The polarity in a DNA strand is indicated by referring to one end as the 3' end and the other as the 5' end. Which structure is on the 3' end?