C224

+ (plus) sign

Concurrent data collection

Quantitative researchers most often follow which scientific method to test hypotheses?

Confirmatory

A researcher interviews 20-30 women who are in abusive relationships and from this research she develops a theory to explain the dynamics of abusive relationships. This would likely be an example of which type of qualitative research? A) Phenomenology B) Ethnography C) Case Study D) Grounded Theory

D) Grounded Theory

Creative synthesis works in conjunction with which analysis strategy? A) Holistic perspective B) Context sensitivity C) Unique case orientation D) Inductive analysis

D) Inductive analysis Creative synthesis occurs after a researcher has inductively analyzed available data for patterns and themes, thereby providing content for synthesis.

Which of the following would represent the emic perspective in an integration study of an inner-city middle school? A) Research study of a similar school from another state B) Quote from school board member at a public meeting C) Newspaper article on proposed budget cuts in that county D) Interview with eighth-grade student at risk for dropping out

D) Interview with eighth-grade student at risk for dropping out

An established "strength" of qualitative research occurs when data is collected in which kind of setting? A) Small population pool B) Researcher-biased C) Unrepeatable D) Naturalistic

D) Naturalistic Data collected from naturalistic settings qualifies as a "strength" of qualitative research, as it provides both relevant and holistic understanding.

What is the relationship between amount of time studied and grades for high school students? Example of: Descriptive, Casual or Predictive Questions

Descriptive

Qualitative research uses the __________, __________, or __________, part of an inclusive scientific method.

Exploratory Bottom Up Inductive

Ethnography Data Collection

Extended fieldwork on participant or non-participant observations, interviews; documents analyzed during/after study to gain insider's perspective on people and interactions.

Ethnography Research Report:

Extensive description of the physical and social settings aimed at holistic understanding.

multiple validities

Extent to which all of the pertinent validities (quantitative, qualitative and mixed) are addressed and resolved successfully

T/F Causal-comparative research is considered the best design for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

FALSE

T/F In studying specific phenomena, quantitative researchers attempt to include as much personal bias as possible into the given situation.

FALSE Quantitative researchers avoid including personal bias in their studies, as this can interfere with experimental situations or survey results.

T/F: Qualitative analysis is a narrowly focused process.

FALSE Since qualitative research studies can yield information from a vast array of sources and perspectives, analysis of such data can cover complex ideas and strategies.

Fact/Myth Quantitative research often focuses on testing specific hypotheses.

Fact

T/F Qualitative research is just the opinion of the researcher and is based only on idiosyncratic and anecdotal information.

False

T/F Mixed methods research employs a narrow-angle lens rather than a multi-angle lens of research focus.

False Mixed methods research utilizes a multi-lens approach so that it can both help explore and generate explanations (i.e., theories) as well as test and justify those theories.

Categorical Variables

Gender Religion Ethnicity Method of Therapy Political Party Type of School Marital Status Teaching Method Computer Use Type of Feedback Problem Solving Strategy Memory Strategy Social Class Personality type Native Language College Major Learning Style

Random Sampling Strategies Goal

Goal - each individual in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

Quantitative Variable Examples

Height Weight Temperature Aptitude Tests Achievement Tests School Size / Class Size Self-esteem Grade Point Average Teacher-pupil ratio Time Spent on Homework Numerical Behavioral Outbursts Reading Performance Number of performance error Job Satisfaction Drop out rate Annual Income

CAPITAL letters

Higher priority/weight in study

Postmodernism

Historical intellectual movement that constructs its self-image in opposition to modernism Emphasizes the primacy of individuality, differences, fragmentation, flux, constant change, lack of foundations for through, interpretation

Poststructuralism

Historical intellectual movement that rejects universal truth and emphasizes differences, deconstruction, interpretation, and the power of ideas over people's behavior

The qualitative analysis strategy focusing on complex interdependencies and system dynamics is __________ perspective.

Holistic Perspective Holistic perspective focuses on interdependencies and system dynamics to understand the given phenomenon as a complex system.

Strength/Limitation qualitative research Statements: Influence of researcher's bias

Limitation because Bias is certainly a great risk in qualitative research, but something researchers can be cognizant of and take steps to avoid.

Strength/Limitation qualitative research Statements: Time-consuming

Limitation because Time-consuming is a negative characteristic of qualitative research, delaying the results due to the process of data collection and analysis.

A specific culture's language differentiates one concept (e.g., snow) into many varied types not recognized in outside populations. This is known as ______________

Linguistic relativity Linguistic relativity is a unique concept among some languages.

_________________ variables determine how the relationship between the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) changes due to differences in contexts or for different kinds of people.

Moderator

Case Study Origin:

Multi-disciplinary

___________ in qualitative research emphasizes individuals' personal realities and truths rather than objective or universal ones.

Ontology

Does social popularity in elementary school predict the number of friends a student will have in high school?

Predictive

Monodata- monoanalysis

Qualitative analysis of qualitative data

Empathic neutrality and mindfulness

Researcher adopts an empathic stance in interviewing and seeks vicarious understanding without judgment (neutrality) by showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness, and responsiveness. In observation this means being fully present (mindful).

Triangulation

Seeks convergence, correspondence, and corroboration of results from different methods.

Initiation

Seeks the discovery of paradox and contradiction, new perspectives and new frameworks, and the recasting of questions or results from one method with questions or results from the other method.

→ (arrow)

Sequential data collection

Grounded Theory Origin:

Sociology

Unique case orientation

The researcher assumes that each case is special and unique. The first level of analysis is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases being studied; cross-case analysis follows from—and depends on—the quality of individual case studies.

Context sensitivity

The researcher places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context and is careful about, even dubious of, the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across time and space. Emphasizes instead careful comparative case analyses and extrapolating patterns for possible transferability to and adaptation in new settings.

Inductive analysis and creative synthesis

The researcher seeks immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important patterns, themes, and interrelationships. Begins by exploring, then confirming; is guided by analytical principles rather than rules. Study ends with a creative synthesis.

Purpose of Triangulation

These contrasting perspectives can provide researchers with insights and help in the development of a more cogent explanation that fits their data.

Nonexperimental methods tend to be _____________________ for establishing definitive conclusions without the presence of manipulation.

Weaker

Epistemology

acts as the overall understanding of how knowledge is created or shared

Nonrandom samples are said to be _________________________ samples because they are almost always systematically different from the population on certain characteristics.

biased

intramethod mixing intra - means "within"

both quantitative and qualitative data are obtained through the creative use of a single method of data collection (i.e., using a mixed form of just one of the six major methods of data collection).

A ___________________ variable is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables.

dependent

Objectives of Qualitative Research

exploration, discovery, and understanding

Epistemology

focuses on how knowledge is created, discovered, and justified or warranted, and mixed methods research adds to its research a focus on general and contextual elements of understanding and how they relate. In other words, mixed methods epistemology likes both the general and the particular and attempts to connect them through what you can call "practical theory," which is theory that works in particular places.

Assumption of the reality of subjective (personal experience), intersubjective (e.g., languages and cultures), and objective or material realities (e.g., material reality that will be present when humans are long gone such as mountains, oceans, and stars) is part of the _______________ of mixed methods research.

ontology

The _____________________ of quantitative research assumes that truth is based in objectivity.

ontology

The philosophy of ________ is popular in mixed methods research.

pragmatism

Another term for criterion-based selection is _______

purposive sampling

If a sample resembles the population from which it was drawn in all respects, except for total size, it is considered _________________

representative

Qualitative research

research approach that is focused on studying particular phenomena through the collection of nonnumerical data such as words, images, pictures, and interpretive categories. Qualitative researchers study the phenomena as they naturally occur, without manipulating conditions.

Representative sample

resembles the population that it came from onall characteristics (the proportions of males and females, teachers and nonteachers, young and old people, and so forth) except total size. - representative sample is like the population except that it is smaller.

Competing explanations for the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable are sometimes called _________ hypotheses

rival

Extraneous variables can produce explanations of an outcome separate from the independent variable, thereby creating a _____________

rival hypothesis

When Sampling the researcher:

studies the characteristics of a subset (called the sample) selected from a larger group (called the population) in order to understand the characteristics of the larger group (the population).

Sociopolitical Validity

the degree a mixed researcher addresses the interests, value and viewpoints of multiple stake-holders in a research process

Weakness Minimization Validity

the degree researcher combines qualitative and quantitative approaches with non-overlapping weaknesses

Sequential Validity

the degree to which a mixed researcher appropriately addresses and/or builds on findings from earlier qualitative and quantitative phases.

Sample Integration Validity

the degree to which a mixed researcher makes appropriate conclusions, generalizations, and meta-inferences from mixed samples

Paradigmatic/philosophical validity

the degree to which the mixed researcher clearly explains his or her philosophical beliefs about research

What is Qualitative Research commonly used for?

to understand people's subjective and shared experiences and to express their "insider" perspectives, often through systematic and careful observation and interviewing.

"A set of things" is an example of a:

variable

Ontology

what is real, and mixed methods research believes there are many kinds of reality in the human and material world that we live in.

5 Major Characteristics of Qualitative Research

1) Unique Case Orientation 2) Inductive analysis and creative synthesis 3) Holistic Perspective 4) Context Sensitivity 5) Voice Perspective and reflexivity

What kind of logic do confirmatory researchers follow in designing and carrying out studies? A) Justification B) Discovery C) Exploration

A) Justification Confirmatory research follows a justification logic pattern to establish understanding.

Ethnography Origin

Anthropology

A constant represents what in relation to a variable? A) A constant is a larger group containing multiple variables. B) A constant is a single value of the larger variable group. C) A constant is another name for the larger variable group.

B) A constant is a single value of the larger variable group. A variable represents a set group, while a constant is an individual value within it, such as male is a constant of the variable gender.

If one theory is "simple and succinct" when judged against similar theories, it is considered A) B) Parsimonious

B) Parsimonious Parsimonious theories are more concise than other theories, making them more appealing and easily adopted by researchers.

When quantitative and qualitative study parts are performed one after the other, this is considered which of the following? A) Synchronized B) Sequential C) Concurrent

B) Sequential Sequential refers to study parts being conducted in order, such as quantitative parts preceding qualitative parts.

Which of the following is not an aspect of observation standardized by quantitative methods? A) Who is being observed B) Why observations take place C) When observations occur

B) Why observations take place

Which analysis procedure focuses on decreasing the number of dimensions in the quantitative and/or qualitative data? A) Data consolidation B) Data integration C) Data reduction

C) Data reduction

Cultural themes are at the heart of narrative reports when following which design? A) Phenomenology B) Case study C) Ethnography

C) Ethnography Ethnography focuses on cultural themes to establish the complex understanding of participants.

Which of the following is an important consideration before making the final decision to design a mixed study? A) Make sure the study will be published. B) Make sure the study has a good title. C) Make sure the study being planned is feasible.

C) Make sure the study being planned is feasible.

Which phrase refers to a researcher providing stronger evidence for a conclusion through convergence and corroboration of findings? A) Practical theory B) Principle of nonoverlapping weaknesses C) Principle of triangulation

C) Principle of triangulation

The theoretical framework of "Grounded Theory" originates from A) Anthropology B) Philosophy C) Sociology

C) Sociology

Science can answer many questions in life, except which of the following statements? A) What is the purpose of leopard's spots? B) What is the cause of hurricanes/monsoons? C) What is the meaning of life?

C) What is the meaning of life?

Causal Questions

Causal questions compare different variations of some phenomenon to identify the cause of something. They usually involve the manipulation of an independent variable and the comparison of the outcome of this manipulation to no manipulation. Structure of Question Does variation (or change) in (independent variable) produce changes (or an increase or decrease) in (a dependent variable)?

Ontology (nature of reality/truth"

- Objective - Material -Structural - Agreed-upon

Epistemology (theory of knowledge)

- Scientific Realism - Search for truth - Justification by empirical confirmation of hypotheses - Universal scientific standards

Quantitative research

- a major approach to research with the specific purpose of answering research questions that lend themselves to study through the collection of numerical data (e.g., rating scales, GPA, frequency of events) - quantitative research can be exploratory as well when it has a descriptive focus.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

- identify cause-and-effect relationships through replication and testing of studies on multiple people in multiple contexts - make probabilistic predictions and generalizations

Data Collection Methods

- tests - questionnaires - interviews - focus groups - observation - constructed and secondary or existing data

Principles of Qualitative Data Collection

1) Personal experience and engagement 2) Empathic neutrality and mindfulness 3) Dynamic systems

Variable

A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories such as age, grade point average, test scores, and gender.

Constant

A constant is something that does not change, but takes on a single value. Example: one level or value of a variable and do not change it.

Categorical variable

A variable that is made up of different types or categories of a phenomenon

Quantitative Variable

A variable that varies in degree or amount of a phenomenon

Which of the following is not usually found in a research study's abstract? A) Conflicting studies B) Purpose or goal C) Methods used D) Concise results

A) Conflicting studies Any conflicting studies on the topic are generally not included in the abstract. However, authors may choose to include them in the study itself if so desired.

Which of the following is emphasized within a narrative report of a phenomenological research study? A) Description of common perceptions of a unique event B) Discussion of themes, issues, and implications of a specific case C) Reporting of participants' stories and relationships over time D) Narrative description of a cultural context

A) Description of common perceptions of a unique event The phenomenology framework focuses on the people and situation surrounding a specific event, and narrative reports must reflect important shared characteristics.

In a mixed methods research study, when the researcher wants to focus on the purpose of complementarity , focus will be placed on the enhancement, illustration, and clarification of results from one method with that of another. Which of the following also falls under this purpose? A) Elaboration B) Exaggeration C) Extension of the breadth of the study

A) Elaboration Complementarity purposes can include elaboration of results from one method with results from another method as well as clarification and illustration.

If a mixed methods research study intends to uncover unique perspectives and inconsistencies, which of the following is considered the study's purpose? A) Initiation B) Triangulation C) Development

A) Initiation In addition to discovering new perspectives, the rationale of initiation for a mixed methods study seeks paradoxes and contradictions in the data and world.

What does the problem of induction explain about the future? A) It might not be similar to the past. B) It will probably reproduce the past. C) It will duplicate the past.

A) It might not be similar to the past. A problem of induction is that the future might not be similar to the past, making inductive statements uncertain in nature.

In considering two-variable correlational and causal-comparative research studies, which of the following is not an important problem to consider? A) Lack of extraneous variables B) No researcher manipulation of independent variables C) Unclear temporal order of the variables

A) Lack of extraneous variables

A researcher interviews college students to learn more about their experiences of learning from bad instructors. This would be an example of which type of qualitative research? A) Phenomenology B) Ethnography C) Case Study D) Grounded Theory

A) Phenomenology

In qualitative data collection, which term refers to participants' self-reporting instruments? A) Questionnaires B) Secondary data C) Observation D) Focus groups

A) Questionnaires Questionnaires are self-reporting instruments that study participants use to provide their insights and opinions about the study's focus.

Qualitative researchers try to understand multiple layers of reality in research settings. Which of the following is not an example of one of these layers? A) Results from outside studies B) Established cultural norms C) Types of people in a group D) Relationships between participants

A) Results from outside studies Results from outside studies are not aspects of a research setting.

Replication studies are characterized by which of the following statements? A) Study examining same variables with different participants and techniques B) New study investigating population using untested variables and techniques C) Study copying same variables with same participants and techniques

A) Study examining same variables with different participants and techniques

Which analysis strategy contends that "complete objectivity is impossible"? A) Voice, perspective, and reflexivity B) Unique case orientation C) Inductive analysis and creative synthesis D) Context sensitivity

A) Voice, Perspective, and reflexivity Voice, perspective, and reflexivity as a strategy means that researchers understand that objectivity and subjectivity are elements that must be put into balance to create the best possible analysis.

In terms of mixed methods design, "QUAN → qual" refers to __________. A) a predominately quantitative core design supplemented by qualitative approaches B) a concurrent design with the researcher listening to and interacting equally with the quantitative and qualitative approaches C) a qualitative core design supplemented by quantitative approaches

A) a predominately quantitative core design supplemented by qualitative approaches

In the Mixed Methods Design Matrix, the use of a plus sign indicates __________. A) concurrent data collection in the mixed methods design B) sequential data collection in the mixed methods design C) priority (primary or supplemental) of use of the qualitative and quantitative approaches

A) concurrent data collection in the mixed methods design The matrix uses a plus sign (+) to indicate concurrent data collection.

When based on random samples, quantitative research is very useful for making __________. A) statistical generalizations about populations B) speculative generalizations about populations C) random generalizations about populations

A) statistical generalizations about populations Random samples are very useful for creating statistical generalizations about populations.

There are still some details of mixed research that remain to be worked out by research methodologists, including all of the following except __________. A) techniques for quantitatively analyzing qualitative data B) problems of paradigm mixing C) how to interpret conflicting results

A) techniques for quantitatively analyzing qualitative data

_____________ research type is best utilized at solving pressing local issues within educational communities.

Action

Case Study Purpose:

Addressing research questions through in-depth analysis

Dynamic systems

Attention is paid to process. Researcher assumes change is ongoing whether the focus is on an individual, an organization, a community, or an entire culture; therefore, the researcher is mindful of—and attentive to—system and situation dynamics.

Which of the following is not a function of variables in quantitative research? A) Comprehending existing studies B) Discrediting experiments C) Constructing experiments

B) Discrediting experiments Experiment discrediting is not a function of quantitative research variables.

A study that intends to describe the shared beliefs and practices of individuals living in a community in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains would be an example of which type of qualitative research? A) Phenomenology B) Ethnography C) Case Study D) Grounded Theory

B) Ethnography

Which theoretical framework utilizes coding to build explanatory models during the data analysis phase? A) Phenomenology B) Grounded Theory C) Narrative Inquiry D) Ethnography

B) Grounded Theory

What tool is designed to collect data by including question items, response categories, and instructions for researchers? A) Interview transcript B) Interview protocol C) Interview proposal

B) Interview protocol

When a researcher collects qualitative and quantitative data through a mixed version of one method of data collection such as a mixed questionnaire, this is known as what? A) Intermethod mixing B) Intramethod mixing

B) Intramethod mixing Intramethod mixing makes use of a single method to collect quantitative and qualitative data.

Before deciding to design a mixed study, which of the following is a crucial point to consider? A) Will the study be published? B) Is the planned study feasible? C) Does the study have a good title?

B) Is the planned study feasible?

A study on new technology integration collects ratings-scale questionnaire data from a middle-school's faculty for the quantitative phase. Evaluation of the data from the quantitative phase leads to in-depth observation of two of the middle school faculty for the qualitative phase that takes place two months later. A) Parallel concurrent B) Nested sequential C) Multilevel concurrent D) Identical sequential

B) Nested sequential This study is an example of nested sequential mixed sampling design because participants selected for one phase are a subset of the participants in the other phase. Data are collected for the quantitative phase and qualitative phase in different time periods, one following the othe

Which of the following is not a major qualitative research analysis strategy? A) Context sensitivity B) Purposeful sampling C) Holistic perspective D) Creative synthesis

B) Purposeful sampling Purposeful sampling is not an analysis strategy, but a design strategy best considered earlier in the research process.

A researcher is seeking out multiple studies on a specific topic. What is the most applicable to their search? A) Theory assessment B) Research literature C) Explanatory research D) Emic perspective

B) Research literature Research literature is a collective term for several studies concentrated on a shared topic.

Which of the following is a key problem with two-variable cases of nonexperimental research? A) Lack of extraneous variables B) Unclear temporal order of the variables C) Too much manipulation of independent variables

B) Unclear temporal order of the variables Not being able to determine which of the variables occurs first is a problem of two-variable nonexperimental cases.

A variable that controls the change of relationship between the IV and DV is known as __________. A) a mediating variable B) a moderator variable C) an extraneous variable

B) a moderator variable Moderator variables are what changes the relationship between IV and DV, thereby illuminating how the IV changes in different situations.

Mixed methods researchers usually agree with the __________. A) realism thesis B) compatibility thesis C) incompatibility thesis

B) compatibility thesis The compatibility thesis is the idea that quantitative and qualitative approaches can be used together in a single research study as long as you respect the assumptions associated with quantitative and qualitative research and construct a thoughtful combination that will help you to address your research question(s). The compatibility thesis sees positive value in qualitative and quantitative views on human behavior as these can provide essential insight on a wide range of research questions. In short, the compatibility thesis is a key idea in mixed methods research.

In mixed methods research, one important kind of legitimation or validity requires that the researcher strategically alternate between the qualitative or emic perspective and the quantitative or etic perspective. Through this process the researcher attempts to create an integrated viewpoint. When this is done successfully, the researcher will have achieved __________. A) weakness minimization validity B) inside-outside validity C) sociopolitical validity

B) inside-outside validity

The researcher has obtained what kind of validity in mixed methods research when he or she has addressed the relevant various mixed validity types as well as the kinds of validity required for the qualitative and quantitative parts of the research study? A) sequential validity B) multiple validities C) paradigmatic/philosophical validity

B) multiple validities Explanation: This is known as multiple validities and is important because it reminds you that you need to conduct the qualitative and quantitative parts of your study well and attempt to determine what the combined findings mean (i.e., what meta-inference can be made?).

When a mixed methods research study considers the relative weight given to quantitative or qualitative parts, or if one is the core part of the study, this is known as __________. A) time orientation decision B) paradigm/research-approach emphasis decision C) complementarity

B) paradigm/research-approach emphasis decision Paradigm/research-approach allows for equal or unequal weight for quantitative and qualitative research parts of the study. This often means that one part is the core part of the study and the other part is added to the study.

When evaluating a particular theory, which question would not be suitable to ask? A) Has it endured falsification attempts? B) Is it logical and coherent? C) Does it provide irrefutable assertions?

C) Does it provide irrefutable assertions? When evaluating a given theory, it would not be suitable to seek irrefutable assertions, as these would not be helpful in testing said theory.

Which mixed research purpose seeks to "broaden the breadth and range of inquiry" by combining research methods? A) Development B) Initiation C) Expansion

C) Expansion

Mixed methods researchers reject which philosophical belief? A) Compatibility thesis B) Pragmatism C) Incompatibility thesis

C) Incompatibility thesis The incompatibility thesis is contrary to the message of mixed methods research. For philosophical reasons, it allows the use of either quantitative or qualitative research but it says those are incompatible and therefore cannot be combined/mixed in a single research study.

Which type of data analysis is best represented by both quantitative and qualitative data being analyzed by quantitative data analysis techniques in the same study? A) Monoanalysis B) Multianalysis C) Mixed data analysis

C) Mixed data analysis

A study on elementary math skills simultaneously collects classroom data using teacher interviews in its qualitative phase and individual students' achievement scores from that classroom in its quantitative phase. A) Identical sequential B) Nested concurrent C) Multilevel concurrent D) Parallel sequential

C) Multilevel concurrent This study is multilevel concurrent mixed sampling design because the samples for the quantitative and qualitative are collected from two different levels of the studied population (students and teachers) and data collection is taking place at the same time.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of epistemology? A) Standards for judging knowledge B) Process of knowledge generation C) Mysteries of knowledge's origin

C) Mysteries of knowledge's origin Epistemology does not focus on the origin of knowledge. Instead, epistemology includes the study of the process of knowledge generation and how the adequacy of knowledge can be judged.

What is the hallmark of nonexperimental research studies? A) High control of extraneous variables B) Full manipulation of the dependent variable C) No manipulation of an independent variable

C) No manipulation of an independent variable

A mixed methods researcher is studying the effect of recently changed curriculum standards. Which of the following would best reflect intermethod mixing data collection? A) Interviewing both teachers and students for insider perspectives B) Comparing test scores from the current and previous school year C) Obtaining test scores and interviewing students

C) Obtaining test scores and interviewing students Correct! By using numerical test score data and interview data, this option is an example of intermethod mixing data collection (i.e., the use of two or more methods of data collection).

A study on 12th grade AP English Literature curriculum pulls test scores of students in one classroom for the quantitative phase of the study. A few weeks later, open-ended questionnaires are used to collect data from students in a different classroom in the same school for the qualitative phase. A) Nested concurrent B) Identical concurrent C) Parallel sequential D) Multilevel sequential

C) Parallel sequential This study is an example of a parallel sequential mixed sampling design as samples are collected from different sections of the same population (12th grade classroom students), with one data collection phase following another.

For researchers looking to gather information regarding study participant opinions, which tool would be recommended? A) Weighted scales B) Grading scales C) Rating scales

C) Rating scales Rating scales provide a quantitative frame for data that would otherwise be more qualitative in nature.

The compatibility thesis states that quantitative and qualitative approaches can be used together in a single research study as long as researchers construct a thoughtful combination that will help to address their research question, as well as adhere to which of the following? A) Respect assumptions of quantitative methods over qualitative methods B) Respect assumptions of qualitative methods over quantitative methods C) Respect for the assumptions of each method equally

C) Respect for the assumptions of each method equally

Intervening variables are also known as __________. A) dividing variables B) inconsequential variables C) mediating variables

C) mediating variables Intervening variables mediate between two variables in a cause-and-effect chain of events.

Good mixed methods research understands and integrates the important ideas from the quantitative and qualitative data, findings, and perspectives. This is called __________. A) emic perspective B) statistical generalization C) meta-inference

C) meta-inference

Most of the time, the mixed methods researcher collects qualitative and quantitative data. When this researcher makes appropriate claims from the quantitative data (perhaps a generalization was made from a random sample) and makes appropriate claims from the qualitative data (perhaps in-depth interviews provided deep understanding of the participants' perspectives), this researcher has achieved __________. A) inside-outside validity B) sequential validity C) sample integration validity

C) sample integration validity Explanation: That is an example of sample integration validity because the appropriate claims were made from the quantitative and qualitative data. You would not have sample integration validity if the researcher correctly made a claim about a population based on a random sample of 500 people but incorrectly also made strong claims about the population based on just a few interviews that the researcher could easily locate.

Which type of Qualitative Research design is "Addressing research questions through in-depth analysis of a single (or small group of) instance(s) or individual(s)"

Case Study

Does variation in amount of homework assigned produce a change in students' test performance? Example of: Descriptive, Casual or Predictive Questions

Casual

Does variation in number of students assigned to a classroom alter the level of individualized instruction?

Casual

Structure of Question Does variation (or change) in (independent variable) produce changes (or an increase or decrease) in (a dependent variable)? Example of: Descriptive, Casual or Predictive Questions

Casual

Dependent Variable

Changes effected by another variable Ex: Amount of studying (IV) affects test scores (DV)

In inferential statistics, sample data are used to estimate what?

Characteristics of the population

Mediating (intervening) Variable

Comes between other variables in a chain of cause and effect Ex: Amount of studying (IV) leads to organization of knowledge in the long-term memory (mediating variable) which affects test scores (DV) Ex: in the case of smoking, perhaps an intervening variable is the development of damaged lung cells. In other words, smoking tends to lead to the development of damaged lung cells, which tends to lead to lung cancer

A researcher studies English as a second language development in preschoolers, but includes only children whose native language is Spanish. In this case, native language is a __________. Variable or Constant

Constant

Grounded Data Report:

Contains methodological description, then proposes and discusses the grounded theory built during the research study.

Grounded Data Collection:

Continual activity running concurrent to analysis as interview and observational data are distilled (or coded) and compared to build a working theory grounded in collected data.

Which of the following is not a common objective of qualitative research? A) Unobtrusive observation B) Holistic descriptions C) Naturalistic observation D) Laboratory experimentation

D) Laboratory experimentation Laboratory experimentation is not an objective of qualitative research, as it contradicts other objectives such as naturalistic observation and does not provide for a holistic description of participants or events.

John Dewey suggested that good research provides the researcher with warranted assertibility. What is warranted assertibility? A) The belief that survey samples from the quantitative side of the research project will provide a place to begin planning for the qualitative side. B) The belief that with the proper mix of qualitative and quantitative research a researcher can ensure that his or her findings are absolutely true. C) The belief that qualitative research will provide a deductive foundation on which the quantitative research can be structured. D) The belief that although a researcher cannot provide absolute truth, high-quality research can provide evidence that will be good enough for most purposes.

D) The belief that although a researcher cannot provide absolute truth, high-quality research can provide evidence that will be good enough for most purposes. Good research provides us with the ability to make claims that have warranted assertibility. Your claims have warranted assertibility when you have good evidence supporting your research claims.

4 types of Triangulation

Data Method Investigator Theory

Ethnography Purpose:

Describing cultural characteristics of a group of people

Phenomenology Purpose:

Describing individual(s)' experience of phenomena

Narrative Inquiry Purpose:

Describing people's lives/stories to add to our understanding

How frequently do kindergarten children engage in aggressive acts on the playground? Example of: Descriptive, Casual or Predictive Questions

Descriptive

What is the relationship between academic intelligence and social intelligence in adolescents?

Descriptive

Descriptive Questions

Descriptive research questions seek to answer questions such as "How much?" "How often?" or "What changes over time or over different situations?" - can seek to identify the degree of relationship that exists between two or more variables.

Purpose of experimental quantitative research

Determine cause-and-effect relationships

Which type of Qualitative Research Design is "Describing cultural characteristics of a group of people"

Ethnography

T/F There is only one "correct" way to analyze qualitative data.

False Not only does each design influence and adjust the nature of data, but the many different strategies make analysis a complex operation.

Which type of Qualitative Research Design is "Inductively generating a theory explaining a process"

Grounded Theory

Moderator Variable

How relationship changes under different conditions Ex: Relationship between studying (IV) and test scores (DV) changes according to the different levels of use of drug such as Ritalin (moderator) Ex: A researcher might analyze a set of research data and find little or no difference between the performance scores of students who are taught by using the lecture approach and the scores of students who are taught by using the cooperative learning approach.

Narrative Inquiry Origin:

Human storytelling & education

Grounded Theory Purpose:

Inductively generating a theory describing a phenomenon

In qualitative research, the researchers can also be known as the ________ of data collection. A) Instrument B) Bystander C) Organizer D) Manipulator

Instrument

Phenomenology Data collection and analysis:

Interview data are searched for significant statements that capture the essence of participants' perceptions and experiences.

Qualitative Research Data Collection Methods

Interviews Observations

According to the module, ___________ are not considered a key component of qualitative research.

Lab results

lowercase letters

Lower priority/weight in study

Extraneous Variable

May compete with independent variable in explaining outcome Ex: Perhaps an observed relationship between coffee drinking (IV) and cancer (DV) is actually due to smoking cigarettes

Narrative Inquiry Data Collection:

Multiple conversations with a participant and inquiry into related artifacts and documents are used to gain understanding and retell stories of experience.

Case Study Data Collection & Analysis

Multiple methods and data sources are used to answer specific questions about one or more cases.

Fact/Myth Researchers conducting a quantitative study prefer to examine the breadth and depth of a phenomenon from a subjective point of view.

Myth

Which type of Qualitative Research Design is "Describing lives/stories to add to understanding."

Narrative Inquiry

Narrative Inquiry Research Report:

Narrative account including patterns, connections, and insights uncovered and carefully synthesized.

Researchers conducting a qualitative study focus on exploring the world as it ____________ occurs in order to capture participants' perspectives.

Naturally

Which of the following is a characteristic of non-experimental research design? A) Active manipulation of independent variables B) Random assignment of groups C) No manipulation of independent variables

No manipulation of independent variables

Researchers choosing a quantitative research approach collect which type of data to test hypotheses?

Numerical data

View of Thought & Behavior

Personal Social Contextual Fluid Unpredictable

Which type of Qualitative Research Design is "Describing an individuals' experiences of a particular event, such as the death of a loved one"

Phenomenology

5 Major Designs of Qualitative Research

Phenomenology Grounded Theory Case Study Narrative Inquiry Ethnography

Phenomenology Origin:

Philosophy

Does parental educational level predict students' propensity to drop out of high school? Example of: Descriptive, Casual or Predictive Questions

Predictive

Predictive Questions

Predictive questions ask whether one or more variables can be used to predict some future outcome. Structure: Does (predictor variable) predict (outcome variable) in (setting)?

Independent Variable

Presume to cause change to occur in another variable Ex: amount of studying (IV) affects test scores (DV)

qual/QUAL

Qualitative Research

Multidata-Multianalysis

Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of qualitative and quantitative data

Multidata-Monoanalysis

Qualitative analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data

__________ research usually focuses on the relationships among variables, while __________ research attempts to understand concrete human reality in its local context, with all of its complexity.

Quantitative Qualitative

Monodata-Multianalysis

Quantitative Analysis and qualitative analysis of quantitative data

quan/QUAN

Quantitative research

Epistemology (theory of knowledge)

Relativism Individual/group justification

What is the purpose of standardization of observational procedures?

Reliable data collection

Stages of Mixed Methods Research

Research Question 1. Determine whether a mixed design is appropriate 2. Rationale for using mixed design 3. Select a mixed research design and mixed sampling design 4. Collect Data 5. Analyze the Data 6. Continually validate data 7. Continually interpret the data and findings 8. Write the report

Personal experience and engagement

Researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under study. The researcher's personal experiences and insights are an important part of the inquiry and critical to understanding the phenomenon.

Phenomenology Research Report:

Rich narrative allowing readers to vicariously experience the phenomenon through the eyes of the participants.

Case Study Research report:

Rich, holistic narrative that triangulates data and places the case into a meaningful context.

Expansion

Seeks to extend the breadth and range of inquiry by using different methods for different inquiry components.

Development

Seeks to use the results from one method to develop or inform the other method, where development is broadly construed to include sampling and implementation as well as measurement decisions.

Strength/Limitation qualitative research Statements: Examination of complex processes

Strength because Exploring complex, interrelated phenomena is a key strength of qualitative research as compared to quantitative research.

Strength/Limitation qualitative research Statements: Explanatory Theory

Strength because Qualitative research can provide a tentative explanatory theory for a situation, which is a big strength and benefit of these kinds of studies.

Commensurability

The degree to which metainferences made in a mixed research study reflect a mixed worldview

Conversion Validity

The degree to which quantitizing or qualitizing yields high-quality meta-inferences

Inside-out Validity

The degree to which the researched accurately understands, uses, and presents the participants' subjective insider (emic) views and researchers objective outside (etic) view

Voice, perspective, and reflexivity

The qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about her or his own voice and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and trustworthiness. Complete objectivity being impossible and pure subjectivity undermining credibility, the researcher's focus is on balance—understanding and depicting the world authentically in all its complexity while being self-analytical, politically aware, and reflexive in consciousness.

Holistic perspective

The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more than the sum of its parts. The focus is on complex interdependencies and system dynamics that cannot meaningfully be reduced to a few discrete variables and linear, cause-effect relationships.

4 Purposes for Mixed Research

Triangulation Development Initiation Expansion

T/F Interviews are rarely used in quantitative research but may be possible if handled correctly.

True

T/F Qualitative research focuses on studying particular people, groups, schools, and places.

True

T/F Qualitative research uses an inductive mode of science and often focuses on exploration and discovery.

True

T/F Mixed methods research assumes that thought and behavior are partially predictable and dynamic, and often complex.

True

True/False Objectivity is of the highest priority for quantitative researchers.

True

T/F Mixed methods research contends that human behavior and thought is both complex and predictable to a degree.

True - Because mixed methods researchers incorporate elements of both quantitative and qualitative methods, they reconcile the different views on human thought and behavior to establish a complex view of human thought and behavior in its various contexts.

A researcher wants to study if there is a relationship between students' average grades in their first semester of college and whether they started college immediately after graduating from high school or took time off in between. In this case, going directly to college or not is a __________. Variable or Constant

Variable

Employment status in a study comparing working and nonworking college students Variable or Constant

Variable

Overly abstract theories are considered what in terms of quantitative research strengths and limitations? Strength Weakness

Weakness Overly abstract theories create a definite weakness in quantitative research, which inhibits application outside of the specific studies.

Research Focus

Wide Angle and deep angle Examining Breadth & depth of phenomena Not interested in generalizing beyond individuals/group studied

Triangulation

a validation approach based on the search for convergence of results obtained by using multiple investigators, methods, data sources, and/or theoretical perspectives.

Data Collection Tests (Quantitative Research)

achievement tests aptitude tests affective tests Multiple choice, true-false, and matching are the most popular item types for these kinds of quantitative measurement instruments.

The independent variable is an ____________________ variable because it must come before another variable if it is to produce a change in it

antecedent

Extraneous variables that become intertwined with the independent variable are know as __________.

confounding variables

Triangulation is a validation approach based on the search for the ____________ of results obtained by multiple sources and perspectives.

convergence

Common objectives of quantitative research

description prediction control explanation

In a quantitative research report, evaluation of the study results is found in the _____________ section.

discussion

The _________ of qualitative research contends that knowledge is socially constructed and relativistic.

epistemology

The ___________ of mixed methods research often values the standard of determining what works for whom in particular contexts.

epistemology Epistemology focuses on how knowledge is created, discovered, and justified or warranted, and mixed methods research adds to its research a focus on general and contextual elements of understanding and how they relate. In other words, mixed methods epistemology likes both the general and the particular and attempts to connect them through what you can call "practical theory," which is theory that works in particular places.

Hypothesis justification based on experience or experiment applies to:

epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, of quantitative research.

Causal-comparative Research

examines the relationship between one or more categorical independent variables and one or more quantitative dependent variables.

Of the different forms of explanatory research, ____________ studies are generally believed to be the strongest for establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

experimental

What do qualitative research rely on?

exploratory or inductive mode of the scientific method, focusing on understanding just the particular, or starting with the particular and then cautiously moving toward an understanding of the general.

Postmodernism emphasizes the primacy of individuality, fragmentation, constant change, and ________

flux

A small group of research participants discussing issues in one setting at the same time

focus group

An overall strength of qualitative research is the yield of _________ insights.

holistic

Qualitative researchers often conduct data collection and analysis ___________ during the study process.

in repeated cycles over time Data collection and analysis is done repeatedly throughout the research process to best establish a qualitative understanding.

A cause-and-effect relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable is present when changes in the ___________ variable tend to cause changes in the ___________ variable.

independent variable tend to cause changes in the dependent variable.

Quantitative research often uses ____________________ statistics to go beyond the immediate data and to infer the characteristics of populations based on samples

inferential

Although quantitative and qualitative research methods have advantages, mixed methods researchers generally consider single approach or monomethod research studies to be ____________ in addressing many research questions.

limiting Mixed researchers tend to believe that using just one research method can limit the scope and design of a research study and, therefore, the answers it provides to research questions

Data collected in qualitative research are analyzed and interpreted and then written using a __________ report style that is less formal and includes contextual description and direct quotations.

narrative

In order to focus in on a single or select few factors of a given situation, quantitative researchers use a ________________ lens.

narrow angle

Purpose Non-experimental Quantitative Research

no manipulation of an independent variable no random assignment to groups by the researcher

Quantitative Research is broken into two categories:

non-experimental and experimental

Researchers call the dependent variable an _______________ or a _______________ variable because it is used to measure the effect of one or more independent variables.

outcome variable response variable

This statement reflect a ______________________ cause: "Adolescents who become involved with drugs and alcohol are more likely to drop out of high school than are adolescents who do not become involved with drugs and alcohol."

probabilistic cause

This statement reflect a ______________________ cause: "Students who study two hours each day are more likely to make good grades than students who do not study two hours each day."

probabilistic cause

Quantitative researchers use the laws of _______________________ to make inferences about populations based on sample data

probability

An overall limitation of external validity in qualitative research is the use of _________ sampling techniques

purposive

A type of sampling in which the researcher specifies the characteristics of the population of interest and locates individuals with those characteristics is called ________

purposive sampling

identical concurrent

quantitative and qualitative data are collected at approximately the same time

Quantitative research is most useful for determining cause-and-effect relationships when ___________________ assignment is used.

random

Quantitative researchers use _____________________ sampling techniques when possible

random

Applied research (e.g., action research) seeks to answer questions in a __________ setting.

real world

The _________ of qualitative studies involves a "wide-angle" lens to capture the entirety of a phenomenon.

research focus

In qualitative research, "designs" refers to __________________

research methods

Ontology

research's inherent understanding of reality and truth as perceived by the researchers themselves

An important epistemological assumption of quantitative research is __________________

scientific realism - search for truth - justification by empirical confirmation of hypothesis - universal scientific standards

Ontology- Nature of Reality/truth (mixed methods research)

subjective mental personal constructed

Sampling

the process of drawing a sample from a population

Perspectives on __________ in qualitative studies are fluid and highly contextualized in qualitative research, providing researchers with many situational perspectives.

thought and behavior

Data collection and analysis in qualitative studies are often ____________ and _______________.

triangulated and thematic Extended data collection allows qualitative researchers to use data triangulated from multiple viewpoints, measures, and periods in the study, forming a complex analysis strategy suiting the themes and other patterns in complex phenomena.

Intermethod Mixing inter- means "between"

two or more of the methods of data collection are used in a research study

Warranted Assertibility

when you have good evidence about your research claim