CARBOHYDRATE: THE EFFICIENT FUEL CH. 4

What is xylitols mechanisms of action against caries?

- inhibits growth of cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) - inhibits plaque growth - decreases transmission of cariogenic bacteria - promotes remineralization - complements fluoride toothpaste use

What are the soluble fibers?

- naturally occurring substance (a polysaccharide) found in berries, apples and other fruit. When heated together with sugar, it causes a thickening that is characteristic of jams and jellies - gums and mucilages: barley, legumes and oat bran

What is the RDA of carbohydrates per day?

130g/day

Roles of dietary fiber include the following: a. Laxation effect b. Normalization of blood lipid concentrations c. Attenuation of blood glucose response d. All of the above e. None of the above

All of the above - Dietary fiber provides laxative effects, while stabilizing blood lipid concentrations and attenuating blood glucose levels. This is provided by dietary fibers, including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, psyllium, and gums and mucilages

Glucose is used by the body for which processes? a. Provides energy to cells b. Principal breakdown product of disaccharides and polysaccharides c. Transported through the body via the bloodstream to nourish all cells d. All of the above e. None of the above

All of the above - Glucose is the principal product formed by the digestion of disaccharides and polysaccharides. It provides energy for cells via the bloodstream. Glucose is the only sugar transported through the bloodstream that can nourish all cells in the body

What is a disaccharide?

Composed of 2 simple sugars joined together containing 12 carbon atoms

What are polysaccharides?

Contain more than 10 monosaccharides

What is sucrose?

Disaccharide - glucose and fructose, found in cane, beet, maple sugar, fruits and vegetables

What is lactose?

Disaccharide - glucose and galactose, found in milk products only

What is maltose?

Disaccharide - glucose and glucose, found in beer and cereals

What does nondigestible mean?

Enzymes in the human gastrointestinal tract cannot digest and absorb the substance; therefore, plant cells remain largely intact through the gastrointestinal digestive process. Fiber has demonstrable health effects

Which carbohydrate is typically found in honey and many fruits? a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Galactose d. Sugar alcohol

Fructose - Fructose, also known as levulose, is found naturally in honey and fruits. It is the sweetest of the monosaccharides and is a product of the digestion of sucrose. Fructose can be manufactured from glucose

Which are the major types of carbohydrates the body uses? I. Monosaccharides II. Disaccharides III. Polysaccharides IV. Amino acids V. Nucleic acids a. I, II b. I, III c. I, IV, V d. I, II, III e. IV, V

I, II, III - Monosaccharides are simple sugars containing two to six carbon atoms. Disaccharides are composed of two simple sugars joined together containing 12 carbon atoms. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates containing a minimum of 10 units of various simple sugars

Which disaccharide is found in milk? a. Sucrose b. Lactose c. Maltose d. Sugar alcohol

Lactose - The sugar found in milk is lactose. Lactose, which contains galactose and glucose, is unique to mammalian milk. In the fermentation of milk, some of the lactose is converted to lactic acid, giving buttermilk and yogurt their characteristic flavors

What is a starch?

Mixture of two polymers: amylose and amylopectin, found in grains, legumes and potatoes

What is glucose?

Monosaccharide - dextrose, fruits and vegetables

What is galactose?

Monosaccharide - lactose

What is fructose?

Monosaccharide - levulose, fruits and vegetables

What are the simplest carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What does fiber refer to?

Nondigestible components of food

What is the cause of obesity?

Not sugars - intake of excess calories whether from CHO, protein, fats or alcohol

What are the physiological roles of carbohydrates?

Provides energy, glucose is the preferred fuel - 4kcal/g

What are monosaccharides?

Simple sugars containing 2-6 carbon atoms. The simplest carbohydrates, monosaccharides, are absorbed without further digestion

What are the insoluble fibers?

Speed stool through the bowels, reducing contact with carcinogens - cellulose such as wheat bran - hemicellulose such as cereals, vegetables, legumes, fruit and vegetable skins - lignin such as vegetables

Which polysaccharide is typically found in cereal grains, roots, vegetables, and legumes? a. Starch b. Glucose polymers c. Glycogen d. Dietary fiber

Starch - Starches are composed of many glucose units that may be in long chains or branched. Most food sources of complex carbohydrates are in the form of starch from cereal grains, roots, vegetables, and legumes

What is the only anticariogenic carbohydrate?

Xylitol

Which recommendations reduce the risk of dental caries? I. Consume milk, yogurt, or cheese II. Consume sugar in moderation and with meals III. Brush teeth after eating, or chew a xylitol, sorbitol, or xylitol-sorbitol chewing gum IV. Rinse mouth with water after consuming acidic beverages a. I, II, IV b. I, III, IV c. I, II, III d. I, II, III, IV

I, II, III, IV - Some foods, such as milk, yogurt, and aged cheese, actually protect the teeth by increasing oral pH and inhibiting acid production. If snacks are needed when oral hygiene cannot be performed, suggest snacks consisting of low-fat milk products, aged cheese, or yogurt, or chew xylitol-containing gum. Total elimination of sweets is unrealistic. The best advice is to (1) use sugar in moderation, (2) limit the frequency of sugar exposure, (3) consume sweets with a meal, and (3) brush the teeth after consuming sugar-containing products. If oral hygiene cannot be performed, chew xylitol, sorbitol, or xylitol-sorbitol chewing gum. Encourage patients to rinse their mouth with water after consuming acidic beverages, rather than brushing their teeth, which may increase dental erosion

Which statements are TRUE regarding carbohydrates in the caries process? I. The amount of carbohydrate is unrelated to caries-forming potential II. Natural sugars are as potentially cariogenic as sucrose III. Sugar alcohols are less likely to promote caries IV. Using a straw with beverages may lessen caries risk a. I, II, IV b. I, III, IV c. I, II, III, IV d. II, III, IV

I, II, III, IV - The amount of carbohydrate in a food is unrelated to its caries-forming potential; all carbohydrate foods are potentially cariogenic. Natural sugars, primarily fructose and glucose, in unprocessed foods such as bananas and raisins are potentially as cariogenic as sucrose. Brush teeth before consuming acidic foods and rinse with water or chew sugarless gum after consuming acidic foods and beverages. Vegetables such as lettuce, celery, and broccoli contain carbohydrates but do not cause acid production or demineralization of enamel in humans. Sugar alcohols are less likely to promote caries; xylitol seems to prevent caries formation. Highly acidic foods may prevent bacterial fermentation but cause enamel erosion. Replacing potentially cariogenic snacks with foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables; low-fat cottage cheese, cheese, and yogurt (flavored with nutmeg, cinnamon, or fresh fruit); peanuts; or low-fat popcorn can decrease caries and promote other health-conscious nutritional habits. Using a straw with beverages such as carbonated drinks or lemonade may lessen contact with teeth and may lessen risk of caries. Consumption of sodas should be limited to 8 oz or less daily with a meal. High-carbohydrate foods, especially complex unrefined carbohydrates, are high in fiber and other nutrients

Dietary carbohydrates serve which functions? I. Provide energy II. Store energy III. Constituent of amino acids, collagen, nerve tissue IV. Spare protein V. Normal fat metabolism VI. Gastrointestinal motility a. I, II, III, IV, V, VI b. I, II, IV, V c. I, III, IV, VI d. I, II, IV, VI e. I, IV, V, VI

I, II, III, IV, V, VI - Dietary carbohydrates have many physiologic functions, including ALL of the following: provide energy; fat storage; conversion to other carbohydrates; conversion to amino acids; normal fat metabolism; spare protein; intestinal bacteria; gastrointestinal motility; and provide other nutrients

Which food groups are dietary sources of carbohydrate? I. Meats II. Milk III. Fruits IV. Vegetables V. Grains a. I, II, III, IV b. I, II, IV, V c. II, III, IV, V d. II, IV, V

II, III, IV, V - Carbohydrates are furnished by the following food groups: milk, grain, fruits, and vegetables. The only animal foods supplying significant quantities of carbohydrates are milk and milk products, which furnish the disaccharide lactose

What do disaccharides contribute to the body?

Intact disaccharides cannot be metabolized by the body, but they contribute to body functions after they have been digested