Cardiovascular and Lymphatic

chordae tendinae

"heart strings" attached to each AV valve flap; tiny and white anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricular walls

Lymphoid Tissue

- houses lymphocytes and provides site where they can be altered - furnishes an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphoid cells

Lymphoid Cells -lymphocytes T and B

- the main warriors of the immune system - protect against antigens T cells and B cells

ventricles

-make up most of the volume of the heart -the discharging chambers, the actual pumps of the heart -when contracting, they propel blood out of the heart into circulation

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) form...

-tonsils peyer's patches in the small intestine appendix

atrioventriuclar (AV) valves - RIGHT -LEFT

AV valves prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract RIGHT: tricuspid LEFT: mitral or bicuspid

layers of the heart

Epicardium: most superficial layer myocardium: composed mainly of cardiac muscle and forms bulk of heart; contracts endocardium: lines the heart chambers; white sheet resting on a thin connective tissue layer

lymphoid organs - primary -secondary

Primary: where T and B cells mature; the red bone marrow and the thymus Secondary: where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and are activated; lymph nodes, spleen, MALT

pericardium

a double walled sac that encloses the heart

peyers patches

aggregated lymphoid nodules that are located in the wall of the small intestine

visceral layer

aka the Epicardium integral part of the heart wall

what is the name of the landmark of the heart that projects inferiority towards the left hip

apex

what are the names of the 2 chambers found on each side of the heart?

atrium and ventricle

anastomoses

blood vessels form special interconnections provide alternate pathways, called collateral channels, for blood to reach a given body region

coronary arteries

both left and right arise from base of the aorta and encircle the heart provide the arterial supply of the coronary circulation

capillary beds

capillaries do not function independently interweaving networks through which blood flows from arteriole to venule

venules

capillaries united extremely porous and fluid

coronary veins - cardiac veins - coronary sinus

cardiac veins: venous blood is collected coronary sinus: veins join to form this enlarged vessel; empties blood into the right atrium

veins

carry blood from the capillary beds towards the heart

from the lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows throuh successively larger and thickr walled channels called

collecting lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic ducts

coronary sinus

collects blood draining from the myocardium

appendix

contains high concentration of lymphoid follicles prevent bacteria from breaching intestinal wall

mediastinum

contains the pericardial cavity (encloses the heart) and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

the right atrium receives ____ blood from the vena cava and the coronary sinus, and the left atrium recieves ___ blood from the pulmonary veins

deoxygenated oxygenated

Blue blood designates____ blood, which is only seen in the chambers of the ____ side of the heart

deoxygentated right

the inferior surface of the heart rests on a domed sheet of muscle called the

diaphragm

muscular arteries

distal to the elastic arteries deliver blood to specific body organs more active in vasoconstriction and less capable of stretching

lymphatic vessels

elaborate networks of drainage vessels that collect the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream

List the layers of the heart wall,from interior to exterior

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

an adult heart is about the size of a

fist

lymphatic vessels

form a one way system in which lymph flows only toward the heart

tonsils

gather and remove many pathogens entering the pharynx

What is the function of the heart in relationship to the circulatory system?

it controls the circulation of blood throughout the body

what is the function of the myocardium?

it produces the heart's strong and continuous pumping action

which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

left atrium

which chamber propels blood into systematic circulation

left ventricle

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

fibrous pericardium

loosely fitting superficial part of the pericardium tough and dense connective tissue 1)protects heart 2) anchors is to surrounding structures 3) prevents overfilling of the heart with blood

transport of lymph begins in

lymphatic capillaries

the heart is located between the lungs, in a cavity called the

mediastinum

the next layer you encounter after the pericardium, composed mainly of cardiac tissue and forms the bulk of the heart is...

myocardium

lymphatic system

network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials

lymph

once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels it is called this

tunica externa

outermost layer that protects and reinforces the vessel, anchoring it to surrounding structures

pulmoary trunk

oxygen poor (red blood) is pumped from the right ventricle to this

red blood designates ______ blood, which is only seen in the chambers on the _____ side of the heart

oxygenated left

aorta

oxygenated blood returns from the pulmonary veins is pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta largest artery in the body

the right and left ventricles contain _______ muscles, which contract to pull on the chorae tendineae. The purpose of the Chordae tendineae is to

papillary prevent inversion of the heart valves

the heart is enclosed in a double walled sac called the

pericardium

The thin sac that surrounds the heart is called the ____ and its function is _______

pericardium enclosing and protecting the heart

apex

points inferior toward the left hip

base of the heart

posterior surface, of the heart is directed toward the right shoulder

Semilunar valves - aortic - pulmonary

prevent back flow into the associated ventricles

oxygenated blood enters the heart through which vessels

pulmonary veins

atria

receiving chambers for blood returning to the hard contract minimally

inferior vena cava

returns blood from body below the diaphragm

superior vena cava

returns blood from body superior to diaphragm

which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body

right atrium

which chamber propels blood into pulmoary circulation

right ventricle

pulmonary trunk

right ventricle pumps blood into here routes blood to the lungs

pulmonary circulation

short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart right side receives oxygen poor blood, then pumps this to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel CO2

capillaries

smallest blood vessels thin walls; one red blood cell at a time exchange materials between blood and interstitial fluid

arterioles

smallest of the arteries blood flow into capillary beds is affected by arteriole diameter so they are called resistance vessels dilated= increase blood flow

deoxygenated blood enters the heart through which 3 vessels

superior vena cava inferior vena cava coronary sinus

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

superior: drains body regions above the diaphragm inferior: blood draining from organs inferior to the diaphragm

coronary sulcus

the atria of the heart are separated from the ventricles by this

coronary circulation

the functional blood supply of the heart shortest circulation in the body how the heart gets nourishment

tunica intima

the innermost tunic that is in intimate contact with the blood in the lumen contains the endothelium

What separates the right and left ventricles?

the interventricular septum

aorta

the largest artery in the body left ventricle ejects blood into here

systemic circulation

the left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and pumps this blood through the body provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues

tunica media

the middle tunic that is mostly circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin bears the chief responsibility for maintaining blood pressure and circulation vasoconstriction: lumen diameter decreases as smooth muscle contracts vasodilation: lumen diameter increases as smooth muscle relaxes

lobar arteries

the pulmonary arteries subdivide into these

pulmonary capillaries and veins

the pulmonary capillary beds drain into venules, which join to form two pulmonary veins exiting each lung

pulmonary arteries

the pulmonary trunk divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries

Why is the heart called a "double pump"?

the right and left sides of the heart work in coordination to pump oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs

compare the right and left atrioventricular valves

the right atrioventricular valve has 3 cusps and the left AV valve has 2 cusps

which of the following statements accurately compares the right and left atria

the right atrium is larger than the left atrium

compare the functions of the right and left ventricles

the right ventricle pumps deoxygneated blood into the pulmonary trunk, wheras the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the ascending aorta

the endocardium lines the interior walls of the all of the following

the visceral pericardium

elastic arteries

thick walled, near the heart; largest in diameter and most elastic the aorta conducting arteries: low resistance pathways that conduct blood from the heart

serious pericardium

thin, slippery,2 layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart

what is the purpose of the heart valves?

to control the flow of blood through the heart and prevent blood backflow

pulmonary veins

transport blood from the lungs back to the heart enter the left atrium

interatrial spetum

wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria

inter-ventricular septum

wall separating the ventricles